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Mukherjee V, Ramakrishna P, Bora S, Kotteazeth S. Phytosteroid 28-homobrassinolide targets cholesterol and glucose homeostasis implicating ABCA1 and SREBP role in regulation. Steroids 2021; 165:108756. [PMID: 33171131 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2020.108756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Oxysterols are natural ligands of certain nuclear receptors known as liver X receptors (LXR). LXRs are regulators of fatty acid, cholesterol, and glucose homeostasis. Dietary phyto-oxysterol 28-homobrassinolide (28-HB) has been demonstrated to transactivate rat LXR α and β. In this study we assessed the potential of 28-HB to effect such changes in - (1) human HepG2 cancer cell line, (2) isolated perfused goat liver, and (3) high-fat diet-fed C57BL/6J mice. Serum and perfusate marker levels along with hexokinase activity were determined through enzyme assays. Fat deposition was studied by Oil Red O staining, ATP-binding cassette transporter (ABCA1), and sterol regulatory element-binding transcription factor 2 (SREBP2) protein expression by Western blot and their mRNA expression through real-time PCR. In HepG2 cells, 28-HB (5-20 μM) treatment indicated a 2-fold increase in glucose utilization and ABCA1 and SREBP2 protein expression within 12 h. Tissue glucose and cholesterol levels decreased in 28-HB perfused goat liver within 2 h, whereas cholesterol level increased 54% in the perfusate (p < 0.05) and tissue hexokinase activity increased 23% (p < 0.05). Glucokinase, ABCA1, and SREBF1 gene expression increased 2.6, 5.37, and 2.85 fold respectively in the perfused tissue after 4 h. High-fat diet-fed C57BL/6J mice when treated with 28-HB (1-20 µg/day) for 6 weeks exhibited a marked decrease in aortic fat deposit and serum marker levels. Our study suggests that 28-HB modulates cholesterol and glucose homeostasis in animal cells through activation of LXR involving ABCA1 and SREBP-1 and 2 augmentations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Mukherjee
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Kalapet, Pondicherry 605014, India; Interdisciplinary Program in Life Sciences (DBT-BUILDER) School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Kalapet, Pondicherry 605014, India
| | - Premalatha Ramakrishna
- Division of Biosciences, Pondicherry University Community College, Lawspet, Pondicherry 605008, India
| | - Sushmita Bora
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Kalapet, Pondicherry 605014, India
| | - Srikumar Kotteazeth
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Kalapet, Pondicherry 605014, India.
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Mukherjee V, Vijayalaksmi D, Gulipalli J, Premalatha R, Sufi SA, Velan A, Srikumar K. A plant oxysterol, 28-homobrassinolide binds HMGCoA reductase catalytic cleft: stereoselective avidity affects enzyme function. Mol Biol Rep 2016; 43:1049-58. [PMID: 27585573 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-016-4052-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the influence of ubiquitously present plant steroids on mammalian cell biology is currently of interest. Feedback inhibition of HMGCoA reductase (HMGCR) catalytic activity in the transformation of HMG-CoA to mevalonate is a significant regulatory step in sterol biosynthetic pathway. To assess the role of dietary steroids in this biochemical transformation, the phytosteroid isoform 28-homobrassinolide (28-HB), 90 % pure, obtained from Godrej Agrovet (India) was used to determine its effect on mammalian HMG-CoA reductase. Photometric assay of pure human and select rat tissue HMGCR post 28-HB oral feed, PCR-HMGCR gene expression, and in silico docking of 28-HB and HMGCoA on HMGCR protein template were carried out. Using an oral feed regimen of pure 28-HB, we noted a decrease of 16 % in liver, 17.1 % in kidney and 9.3 % in testicular HMGCR enzyme activity, 25 % in HMGCR gene expression and 44 % in the activity of pure human HMGCR due to this plant oxysterol. In silico docking studies yielded binding metrics for 28-HB-HMGCR lower than for HMGCoA-HMGCR, indicating stronger binding of HMGCR by this ligand. 28-HB exerts differential effects on rat tissue HMGCR, down regulates liver HMGCR gene expression and significantly inhibits HMGCR activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Mukherjee
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, 605014, India.,Interdisciplinary Program in Life Sciences, Department of Biotechnology, Govt. of India, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, 605014, India
| | - D Vijayalaksmi
- Centre for Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, 605014, India
| | - Jagadeesh Gulipalli
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, 605014, India
| | - R Premalatha
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, 605014, India
| | - Shamim A Sufi
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, 605014, India.,Interdisciplinary Program in Life Sciences, Department of Biotechnology, Govt. of India, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, 605014, India
| | - Athithan Velan
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, 605014, India
| | - Kotteazeth Srikumar
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, 605014, India. .,Interdisciplinary Program in Life Sciences, Department of Biotechnology, Govt. of India, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, 605014, India.
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Zhabinskii VN, Khripach NB, Khripach VA. Steroid plant hormones: effects outside plant kingdom. Steroids 2015; 97:87-97. [PMID: 25217849 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2014.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BS) are the first group of steroid-hormonal compounds isolated from and acting in plants. Among numerous physiological effects of BS growth stimulation and adaptogenic activities are especially remarkable. In this review, we provide evidence that BS possess similar types of activity also beyond plant kingdom at concentrations comparable with those for plants. This finding allows looking at steroids from a new point of view: how common are the mechanisms of steroid bioregulation in different types of organisms from protozoa to higher animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir N Zhabinskii
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Kuprevich St., 5/2, 220141 Minsk, Belarus.
| | - Natalia B Khripach
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Kuprevich St., 5/2, 220141 Minsk, Belarus
| | - Vladimir A Khripach
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Kuprevich St., 5/2, 220141 Minsk, Belarus
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Sundaram R, Naresh R, Shanthi P, Sachdanandam P. Ameliorative effect of 20-OH ecdysone on streptozotocin induced oxidative stress and β-cell damage in experimental hyperglycemic rats. Process Biochem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2012.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Naresh Kumar R, Sundaram R, Shanthi P, Sachdanandam P. Protective role of 20-OH ecdysone on lipid profile and tissue fatty acid changes in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2012; 698:489-98. [PMID: 23110815 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Revised: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Hyperlipidemia is an associated complication of diabetes mellitus. The association of hyperglycemia with an alteration of lipid parameters presents a major risk for cardiovascular complications in diabetes. The present study was designed to examine the antihyperlipidemic effect of 20-OH ecdysone on lipid profile and tissue fatty acid changes in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. The levels of blood glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, free fatty acids, phospholipids, low density lipoprotein, very low density lipoprotein, high density lipoprotein, lipoprotein lipase, lecithin cholesterol acyl transferase, 3-hydroxy 3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase and fatty acid composition were estimated in plasma, liver and kidneys of control and experimental groups of rats. Oral administration of 20-OH ecdysone at a dose of 5mg/kg bodyweight per day to STZ-induced diabetic rats for a period of 30 days resulted in a significant reduction in fasting blood glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, free fatty acids, phospholipids, low density lipoprotein, very low density lipoprotein, 3-hydroxy 3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase and elevation of high density lipoprotein, lipoprotein lipase and lecithin cholesterol acyl transferasein comparison with diabetic untreated rats. Moreover, administration of 20-OH ecdysone to diabetic rats also decreased the concentrations of fatty acids, viz., palmitic, stearic (16:1) and oleic acid (18:1), whereas linolenic (18:3) and arachidonic acid (20:4) were elevated. The antihyperlipidemic effect of 20-OH ecdysone was compared with glibenclamide a well-known antihyperglycemic drug. The result of the present study indicates that 20-OH ecdysone showed an antihyperlipidemic effect in addition to its antidiabetic effect in experimental diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendran Naresh Kumar
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, DRALM P-GIBMS, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai 600113, India
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