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Vidović K, Hočevar S, Menart E, Drventić I, Grgić I, Kroflič A. Impact of air pollution on outdoor cultural heritage objects and decoding the role of particulate matter: a critical review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:46405-46437. [PMID: 35501442 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20309-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric gases and particulate matter (PM) in contact with the material's surface lead to chemical and physical changes, which in most cases cause degradation of the cultural heritage material. Atmospheric damage and soiling are recognized as two pivotal forms of deterioration of cultural heritage materials caused by air pollution. However, the atmospheric damage effect of PM is rather complicated; its variable composition accelerates the deterioration process. Considering this, one of the important contributions of this work is to review the existing knowledge on PM influence on atmospheric damage, further recognize, and critically evaluate the main gaps in current understanding. The second phenomenon related to cultural heritage material and PM pollution is soiling. Even if soiling was recognized long ago, its definition and knowledge have not changed much for several decades. In the past, it was believed that black carbon (BC) was the primary soiling agent and that the change of the lightness could effectively measure the soiling. With the change of pollution situation, the lightness measurements do not represent the degree of soiling correctly. The additional contribution of this work is thus, the critical evaluation of soiling measurements, and accordingly, due to the change of pollution situation, redefinition of soiling is proposed. Even though numerous studies have treated soiling and atmospheric damage separately, there is an overlap between these two processes. No systematic studies exist on the synergy between soiling and atmospheric damage caused by atmospheric PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristijan Vidović
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Samo Hočevar
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Eva Menart
- National Museum of Slovenia, Muzejska ulica 1, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ivana Drventić
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Irena Grgić
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ana Kroflič
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Spezzano P. Estimates of the economic damage due to the soiling of residential buildings induced by air pollution in Italy. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:52336-52354. [PMID: 35257347 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17743-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The soiling of the external façades of buildings caused by air pollution has economic costs that are generally not borne entirely by the polluters but by society in general. The present paper attempts to estimate the maintenance costs attributable to the soiling of the façades of residential buildings exposed to ambient air pollution in Italy. In this study, dose-response functions were used to link the environmental concentrations of pollutants to the soiling rate of the opaque and transparent surfaces of the building façades. It was assumed that the spatial distribution of façade materials follows the distribution of population. The basic assumption was that maintenance is performed when critical levels, 35% loss of reflectance for opaque surfaces and 1% haze for glass surfaces, are reached. Several important elements seem to emerge from the analysis carried out. The cost of damage to opaque surfaces due to air pollution appears to be a non-negligible fraction of the total maintenance costs of building façades incurred in Italy. Moreover, the cost of soiling damage to residential buildings from particulate matter has the potential to significantly increase total external costs due to air pollution. The costs of cleaning window panes due to air pollution also appear significant. Finally, if the levels of atmospheric pollution in the most populated areas become similar to the concentrations currently present in the most remote areas in Italy, the overall cost at national level due to the soiling of the building façades could be reduced by about 50%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Spezzano
- ENEA, CR Frascati, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, SSPT-MET-INAT, Via Enrico Fermi, 45, 00044, Frascati, Italy.
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Abstract
The strong economic growth in China in recent decades, together with meteorological factors, has resulted in serious air pollution problems, in particular over large industrialized areas with high population density. To reduce the concentrations of pollutants, air pollution control policies have been successfully implemented, resulting in the gradual decrease of air pollution in China during the last decade, as evidenced from both satellite and ground-based measurements. The aims of the Dragon 4 project “Air quality over China” were the determination of trends in the concentrations of aerosols and trace gases, quantification of emissions using a top-down approach and gain a better understanding of the sources, transport and underlying processes contributing to air pollution. This was achieved through (a) satellite observations of trace gases and aerosols to study the temporal and spatial variability of air pollutants; (b) derivation of trace gas emissions from satellite observations to study sources of air pollution and improve air quality modeling; and (c) study effects of haze on air quality. In these studies, the satellite observations are complemented with ground-based observations and modeling.
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Abstract
The concentration of surface ozone (O3) strongly depends on environmental and meteorological variables through a series of complex and non-linear functions. This study aims to explore the performances of an advanced machine learning (ML) method, the boosted regression trees (BRT) technique, in exploring the relationships between surface O3 and its driving factors, and in predicting the levels of O3 concentrations. To this end, a BRT model was trained on hourly data of air pollutants and meteorological parameters, acquired, over the 2016–2018 period, in a rural area affected by an anthropic source of air pollutants. The abilities of the BRT model in ranking, visualizing, and predicting the relationship between ground-level O3 concentrations and its driving factors were analyzed and illustrated. A comparison with a multiple linear regression (MLR) model was performed based on several statistical indicators. The results obtained indicated that the BRT model was able to account for 81% of changes in O3 concentrations; it slightly outperforms the MLR model in terms of the predictions accuracy and allows a better identification of the main factors influencing O3 variability on a local scale. This knowledge is expected to be useful in defining effective measures to prevent and/or mitigate the health damages associated with O3 exposure.
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Varotsos CA, Krapivin VF, Mkrtchyan FA. New Optical Tools for Water Quality Diagnostics. WATER, AIR, & SOIL POLLUTION 2019; 230:177. [DOI: 10.1007/s11270-019-4228-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
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Baergen AM, Donaldson DJ. Seasonality of the Water-Soluble Inorganic Ion Composition and Water Uptake Behavior of Urban Grime. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:5671-5677. [PMID: 31013071 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b00532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Impervious surfaces, especially in urban environments, are coated with a film composed of a complex mixture of substances, referred to as urban grime. Despite its ubiquity, the factors that dictate urban grime composition are still not well understood. Here, we present the first study of the seasonal variation in composition of water-soluble inorganic ions present in urban grime, performed by analyzing samples collected in Toronto for 4-week intervals over the course of a year. A clear seasonality in the composition is evident, with NaCl dominating in the winter months and Ca2+ and NO3- dominant in the summer. We compare the grime composition to the water-soluble ion composition of PM2.5 and PM10 in order to infer chemistry occurring within the grime and find evidence that chemistry occurring within the urban grime matrix could provide a source of ClNO2 and NH3 to the urban atmosphere. The uptake of water by urban grime also shows a clear seasonality, which may be driven by the changing proportions of nitrate salts and/or oxidized organic compounds over the year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyson M Baergen
- Department of Chemistry , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3H6 , Canada
| | - D James Donaldson
- Department of Chemistry , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3H6 , Canada
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences , University of Toronto at Scarborough , Toronto , Ontario M1C 1A4 , Canada
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Christodoulakis J, Varotsos CA, Cracknell AP, Kouremadas GA. The deterioration of materials as a result of air pollution as derived from satellite and ground based observations. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT 2018; 185:91-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.04.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
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Varotsos C, Efstathiou M. Τhe observational and empirical thermospheric CO2 and NO power do not exhibit power-law behavior; an indication of their reliability. JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND SOLAR-TERRESTRIAL PHYSICS 2018; 168:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jastp.2018.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
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Tuo L, Zheng X, Chen X. A new online exhaust gas monitoring system in hydrochloric acid regeneration of cold rolling mills. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:26919-26926. [PMID: 26146370 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4856-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Measuring the content of hydrogen chloride (HCl) in exhaust gas used to take time and energy. In this paper, we introduce a new online monitoring system which can output real-time data to the monitoring center. The system samples and cools exhaust gas, and after a series of processing, it will be analyzed by a specific instrument. The core part of this system is remote terminal unit (RTU) which is designed on Cortex-A8 embedded architecture. RTU runs a scaled-down version of Linux which is a good choice of OS for embedded applications. It controls the whole processes, does data acquisition and data analysis, and communicates with monitoring center through Ethernet. In addition, through a software developed for windows, the monitoring process can be remotely controlled. The new system is quite beneficial for steel industry to do environment monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Tuo
- Intelligent Control Research Lab, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Xiang Zheng
- Intelligent Control Research Lab, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Xiong Chen
- Intelligent Control Research Lab, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
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De Marco A, Screpanti A, Mircea M, Piersanti A, Proietti C, Fornasier MF. High resolution estimates of the corrosion risk for cultural heritage in Italy. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 226:260-267. [PMID: 28381348 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.03.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution plays a pivotal role in the deterioration of many materials used in buildings and cultural monuments causing an inestimable damage. This study aims to estimate the impacts of air pollution (SO2, HNO3, O3, PM10) and meteorological conditions (temperature, precipitation, relative humidity) on limestone, copper and bronze based on high resolution air quality data-base produced with AMS-MINNI modelling system over the Italian territory over the time period 2003-2010. A comparison between high resolution data (AMS-MINNI grid, 4 × 4 km) and low resolution data (EMEP grid, 50 × 50 km) has been performed. Our results pointed out that the corrosion levels for limestone, copper and bronze are decreased in Italy from 2003 to 2010 in relation to decrease of pollutant concentrations. However, some problem related to air pollution persists especially in Northern and Southern Italy. In particular, PM10 and HNO3 are considered the main responsible for limestone corrosion. Moreover, the high resolution data (AMS-MINNI) allowed the identification of risk areas that are not visible with the low resolution data (EMEP modelling system) in all considered years and, especially, in the limestone case. Consequently, high resolution air quality simulations are suitable to provide concrete benefits in providing information for national effective policy against corrosion risk for cultural heritage, also in the context of climate changes that are affecting strongly Mediterranean basin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra De Marco
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and the Environment (ENEA), C.R. Casaccia, Via Anguillarese 301, 00123 S. Maria di Galeria, Rome, Italy.
| | - Augusto Screpanti
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and the Environment (ENEA), C.R. Casaccia, Via Anguillarese 301, 00123 S. Maria di Galeria, Rome, Italy
| | - Mihaela Mircea
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and the Environment (ENEA), C.R. Bologna, Via Martiri di Monte Sole 4, 40129 - Bologna, Italy
| | - Antonio Piersanti
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and the Environment (ENEA), C.R. Bologna, Via Martiri di Monte Sole 4, 40129 - Bologna, Italy
| | - Chiara Proietti
- Council for Agricultural Research and Agricultural Economy Analysis (CREA)- Research Centre for the Soil-Plant System, Via della Navicella 2- 4, 00184 Rome, Italy
| | - M Francesca Fornasier
- Institute for Environmental Protection and Research, ISPRA, Via Brancati 48, 00144 Rome, Italy
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Christodoulakis J, Tzanis CG, Varotsos CA, Ferm M, Tidblad J. Impacts of air pollution and climate on materials in Athens, Greece. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2017; 17:439-448. [DOI: 10.5194/acp-17-439-2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Abstract. For more than 10 years now the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece, has contributed to the UNECE (United Nations Economic Commission for Europe) ICP Materials (International Co-operative Programme on Effects on Materials including Historic and Cultural Monuments) programme for monitoring the corrosion/soiling levels of different kinds of materials due to environmental air-quality parameters. In this paper we present the results obtained from the analysis of observational data that were collected in Athens during the period 2003–2012. According to these results, the corrosion/soiling of the particular exposed materials tends to decrease over the years, except for the case of copper. Based on this long experimental database that is applicable to the multi-pollutant situation in the Athens basin, we present dose–response functions (DRFs) considering that dose stands for the air pollutant concentration, response for the material mass loss (normally per annum) and function, the relationship derived by the best statistical fit to the data.
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Major Issues of Air Pollution. SUSTAINABLE AIR POLLUTION MANAGEMENT 2016. [PMCID: PMC7122886 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-21596-9_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Environmental issues change from place to place and time to time. The issues include local as well as global issues. The understanding of issues is necessary to find solution. Air pollution issues have changed over a period of time. Issues like atmospheric brown cloud, climate change, hazardous air pollutants, black/muddy snow which are hardly discussed few decades back have now gaining importance. This chapter elaborates major issues due to air pollution.
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Abstract
There is rapid diminishing of water resources in many countries due to, for example, population growth and constant reduction in fresh water supply. The sewage wastewater, industrial effluents, and municipal wastewater are directly and indiscriminately discharged into rivers and lakes and thus primarily cause water pollution in Nepal. This has increased the water crisis and also causes environmental deterioration. Therefore, the need for the development of an effective, cheap, and environmentally friendly process for the treatment of wastewater before discharging into aquatic environment has emerged. Treatment by ozone produced from dielectric barrier discharge is one of the emerging technologies for such application. The ozonation process is more effective for disinfection and degradation of organic pollutants from water. The current study describes the treatment of wastewater of selected site within Kathmandu. Results on various physicochemical and microbial parameters of the inlet and outlet samples are discussed. Our results showed slight increase in pH, decrease in chemical oxygen demand, and significant increase in dissolved oxygen after ozonation. Importantly, ozonation caused total reduction of fecal coliform.
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Liu B, Wang DW, Guo H, Ling ZH, Cheung K. Metallic corrosion in the polluted urban atmosphere of Hong Kong. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2015; 187:4112. [PMID: 25400029 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-014-4112-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the relationship between air pollutants, particularly acidic particles, and metallic material corrosion. An atmospheric corrosion test was carried out in spring-summer 2012 at a polluted urban site, i.e., Tung Chung in western Hong Kong. Nine types of metallic materials, namely iron, Q235 steel, 20# steel, 16Mn steel, copper, bronze, brass, aluminum, and aluminum alloy, were selected as specimens for corrosion tests. Ten sets of the nine materials were all exposed to ambient air, and then each set was collected individually after exposure to ambient air for consecutive 6, 13, 20, 27, 35, 42, 49, 56, 63, and 70 days, respectively. After the removal of the corrosion products on the surface of the exposed specimens, the corrosion rate of each material was determined. The surface structure of materials was observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) before and after the corrosion tests. Environmental factors including temperature, relative humidity, concentrations of gaseous pollutants, i.e., sulfur dioxide (SO₂), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), carbon monoxide (CO), ozone (O₃), and particulate-phase pollutants, i.e., PM₂.₅ (FSP) and PM₁₀ (RSP), were monitored. Correlation analysis between environmental factors and corrosion rate of materials indicated that iron and carbon steel were damaged by both gaseous pollutants (SO₂ and NO₂) and particles. Copper and copper alloys were mainly corroded by gaseous pollutants (SO₂ and O₃), while corrosion of aluminum and aluminum alloy was mainly attributed to NO₂ and particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Liu
- Air Quality Studies, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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Villa F, Vasanthakumar A, Mitchell R, Cappitelli F. RNA-based molecular survey of biodiversity of limestone tombstone microbiota in response to atmospheric sulphur pollution. Lett Appl Microbiol 2014; 60:92-102. [DOI: 10.1111/lam.12345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2014] [Revised: 10/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Villa
- Dipartimento di Scienze per gli Alimenti; la Nutrizione e l'Ambiente; Università degli Studi di Milano; Milano Italy
| | - A. Vasanthakumar
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology; School of Engineering and Applied Sciences; Harvard University; Cambridge MA USA
| | - R. Mitchell
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology; School of Engineering and Applied Sciences; Harvard University; Cambridge MA USA
| | - F. Cappitelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze per gli Alimenti; la Nutrizione e l'Ambiente; Università degli Studi di Milano; Milano Italy
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Varotsos CA, Krapivin VF, Soldatov VY. Modeling the carbon and nitrogen cycles. FRONTIERS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 2014; 2. [DOI: 10.3389/fenvs.2014.00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
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17
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Varotsos C, Ondov J, Tzanis C, Öztürk F, Nelson M, Ke H, Christodoulakis J. An observational study of the atmospheric ultra-fine particle dynamics. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT 2012; 59:312-319. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
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Barker JR, Nguyen TL, Stanton JF. Kinetic Isotope Effects for Cl + CH4 ⇌ HCl + CH3 Calculated Using ab Initio Semiclassical Transition State Theory. J Phys Chem A 2012; 116:6408-19. [DOI: 10.1021/jp212383u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John R. Barker
- Department of Atmospheric,
Oceanic and Space Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2143, United States
| | - Thanh Lam Nguyen
- Department of Atmospheric,
Oceanic and Space Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2143, United States
| | - John F. Stanton
- Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, The University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712-0165, United States
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