1
|
Thompson AM, Smit HGJ, Witte JC, Stauffer RM, Johnson BJ, Morris G, von der Gathen P, Van Malderen R, Davies J, Piters A, Allaart M, Posny F, Kivi R, Cullis P, Anh NTH, Corrales E, Machinini T, da Silva FR, Paiman G, Thiong’o K, Zainal Z, Brothers GB, Wolff KR, Nakano T, Stübi R, Romanens G, Coetzee GJR, Diaz JA, Mitro S, ‘bt Mohamad M, Ogino SY. Ozonesonde Quality Assurance: The JOSIE-SHADOZ (2017) Experience. BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY 2019; 100:155-171. [PMID: 33005057 PMCID: PMC7526588 DOI: 10.1175/bams-d-17-0311.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The ozonesonde is a small balloon-borne instrument that is attached to a standard radiosonde to measure profiles of ozone from the surface to 35 km with ~100-m vertical resolution. Ozonesonde data constitute a mainstay of satellite calibration and are used for climatologies and analysis of trends, especially in the lower stratosphere where satellites are most uncertain. The electrochemical-concentration cell (ECC) ozonesonde has been deployed at ~100 stations worldwide since the 1960s, with changes over time in manufacture and procedures, including details of the cell chemical solution and data processing. As a consequence, there are biases among different stations and discontinuities in profile time-series from individual site records. For 22 years the Jülich [Germany] Ozone Sonde Intercomparison Experiment (JOSIE) has periodically tested ozonesondes in a simulation chamber designated the World Calibration Centre for Ozonesondes (WCCOS) by WMO. In October-November 2017 a JOSIE campaign evaluated the sondes and procedures used in SHADOZ (Southern Hemisphere Additional Ozonesondes), a 14-station sonde network operating in the tropics and subtropics. A distinctive feature of the 2017 JOSIE was that the tests were conducted by operators from eight SHADOZ stations. Experimental protocols for the SHADOZ sonde configurations, which represent most of those in use today, are described, along with preliminary results. SHADOZ stations that follow WMO-recommended protocols record total ozone within 3% of the JOSIE reference instrument. These results and prior JOSIEs demonstrate that regular testing is essential to maintain best practices in ozonesonde operations and to ensure high-quality data for the satellite and ozone assessment communities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Herman G. J. Smit
- Institute of Chemistry and Dynamics of the Geosphere: Troposphere, Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Jacquelyn C Witte
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
- Science Systems and Applications Inc., Lanham, MD
| | - Ryan M. Stauffer
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
- Universities Space Research Association, Columbia, MD
| | - Bryan J. Johnson
- NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Global Monitoring Division, Boulder, CO
| | - Gary Morris
- St. Edwards University, Natural Sciences, Austin, TX
| | | | | | - Jonathan Davies
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ankie Piters
- Royal Dutch Meteorological Institute, de Bilt, The Netherlands
| | - Marc Allaart
- Royal Dutch Meteorological Institute, de Bilt, The Netherlands
| | - Françoise Posny
- Laboratoire de l’Atmosphère et des Cyclones, UMR8105 (Université, Météo- France, CNRS), La Réunion, France
| | - Rigel Kivi
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Sodankylä, Finland
| | - Patrick Cullis
- NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Global Monitoring Division, Boulder, CO
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Boulder, CO
| | | | | | | | - Francisco R. da Silva
- Laboratory of Environmental and Tropical Variables, Brazilian Institute of Space Research, Natal, Brazil
| | - George Paiman
- Meteorological Service of Suriname, Paramaribo, Surinam
| | | | - Zamuna Zainal
- Malaysian Meteorological Department, Atmospheric Science and Cloud Seeding Division, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Katherine R. Wolff
- Science Systems and Applications Inc., Lanham, MD
- NASA Wallops Flight Facility, Wallops Is., VA
| | | | | | | | | | - Jorge A. Diaz
- University of Costa Rica, San José, San Pedro, Costa Rica
| | - Sukarni Mitro
- Meteorological Service of Suriname, Paramaribo, Surinam
| | - Maznorizan ‘bt Mohamad
- Malaysian Meteorological Department, Atmospheric Science and Cloud Seeding Division, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Shin-Ya Ogino
- Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Department of Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere-Land Processes Research, Yokosuka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wargan K, Orbe C, Pawson S, Ziemke JR, Oman LD, Olsen MA, Coy L, Knowland KE. Recent decline in extratropical lower stratospheric ozone attributed to circulation changes. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS 2018; 45:5166-5176. [PMID: 30381777 PMCID: PMC6204267 DOI: 10.1029/2018gl077406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
1998-2016 ozone trends in the lower stratosphere (LS) are examined using the Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications Version 2 (MERRA-2) and related NASA products. After removing biases resulting from step-changes in the MERRA-2 ozone observations, a discernible negative trend of -1.67±0.54 Dobson units per decade (DU/decade) is found in the 10-km layer above the tropopause between 20°N and 60°N. A weaker but statistically significant trend of -1.17±0.33 DU/decade exists between 50°S and 20°S. In the Tropics, a positive trend is seen in a 5-km layer above the tropopause. Analysis of an idealized tracer in a model simulation constrained by MERRA-2 meteorological fields provides strong evidence that these trends are driven by enhanced isentropic transport between the tropical (20°S-20°N) and extratropical LS in the past two decades. This is the first time that a reanalysis dataset has been used to detect and attribute trends in lower stratospheric ozone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Wargan
- Science Systems and Applications Inc., Lanham, Maryland, USA
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, Code 610.1, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
| | - Clara Orbe
- Code 611, NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, NY, USA
| | - Steven Pawson
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, Code 610.1, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
| | - Jerald R. Ziemke
- Goddard Earth Science Technology & Research (GESTAR) Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD USA
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory, Code 614, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
| | - Luke D. Oman
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory, Code 614, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
| | - Mark A. Olsen
- Goddard Earth Science Technology & Research (GESTAR) Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD USA
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory, Code 614, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
| | - Lawrence Coy
- Science Systems and Applications Inc., Lanham, Maryland, USA
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, Code 610.1, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
| | - K. Emma Knowland
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, Code 610.1, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
- Goddard Earth Science Technology & Research (GESTAR), Universities Space Research Association (USRA), Columbia, MD USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Witte JC, Thompson AM, Smit HGJ, Vömel H, Posny F, Stübi R. First Reprocessing of Southern Hemisphere ADditional OZonesondes (SHADOZ) Profile Records: 3. Uncertainty in Ozone Profile and Total Column. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2018; 123:3243-3268. [PMID: 33154879 PMCID: PMC7641110 DOI: 10.1002/2017jd027791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Reprocessed ozonesonde data from eight SHADOZ (Southern Hemisphere ADditional OZonesondes) sites have been used to derive the first analysis of uncertainty estimates for both profile and total column ozone (TCO). The ozone uncertainty is a composite of the uncertainties of the individual terms in the ozone partial pressure (PO3) equation, those being the ozone sensor current, background current, internal pump temperature, pump efficiency factors, conversion efficiency, and flow-rate. Overall, PO3 uncertainties (ΔPO3) are within 15% and peak around the tropopause (15±3km) where ozone is a minimum and ΔPO3 approaches the measured signal. The uncertainty in the background and sensor currents dominate the overall ΔPO3 in the troposphere including the tropopause region, while the uncertainties in the conversion efficiency and flow-rate dominate in the stratosphere. Seasonally, ΔPO3 is generally a maximum in the March-May, with the exception of SHADOZ sites in Asia, for which the highest ΔPO3 occurs in September-February. As a first approach, we calculate sonde TCO uncertainty (ΔTCO) by integrating the profile ΔPO3 and adding the ozone residual uncertainty, derived from the McPeters and Labow [2012] 1-σ ozone mixing ratios. Overall, ΔTCO are within ±15 DU, representing ~5-6% of the TCO. TOMS and OMI satellite overpasses are generally within the sonde ΔTCO. However, there is a discontinuity between TOMS v8.6 (1998-2004/09) and OMI (2004/10-2016) TCO on the order of 10DU that accounts for the significant 16DU overall difference observed between sonde and TOMS. By comparison, the sonde-OMI absolute difference for the eight stations is only ~4DU.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacquelyn C Witte
- Science Systems and Applications Inc., Lanham, Maryland, USA
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Herman G J Smit
- Institute of Chemistry and Dynamics of the Geosphere: Troposphere, Research Centre Juelich, Juelich, Germany
| | - Holger Vömel
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Earth Observing Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Françoise Posny
- Laboratoire de l'Atmosphère et des Cyclones, UMR8105 (Université, Météo-France, CNRS), La Réunion, France
| | - Rene Stübi
- Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology MeteoSwiss, Payerne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Damadeo RP, Zawodny JM, Remsberg EE, Walker KA. The impact of nonuniform sampling on stratospheric ozone trends derived from occultation instruments. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2018; 18:535-554. [PMID: 32572335 PMCID: PMC7306915 DOI: 10.5194/acp-18-535-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This paper applies a recently developed technique for deriving long-term trends in ozone from sparsely sampled data sets to multiple occultation instruments simultaneously without the need for homogenization. The technique can compensate for the nonuniform temporal, spatial, and diurnal sampling of the different instruments and can also be used to account for biases and drifts between instruments. These problems have been noted in recent international assessments as being a primary source of uncertainty that clouds the significance of derived trends. Results show potential "recovery" trends of ∼2-3 % decade-1 in the upper stratosphere at midlatitudes, which are similar to other studies, and also how sampling biases present in these data sets can create differences in derived recovery trends of up to ∼1 % decade-1 if not properly accounted for. Limitations inherent to all techniques (e.g., relative instrument drifts) and their impacts (e.g., trend differences up to ∼2 % decade-1) are also described and a potential path forward towards resolution is presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kaley A. Walker
- University of Toronto, Department of Physics, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Detecting recovery of the stratospheric ozone layer. Nature 2018; 549:211-218. [PMID: 28905899 DOI: 10.1038/nature23681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
As a result of the 1987 Montreal Protocol and its amendments, the atmospheric loading of anthropogenic ozone-depleting substances is decreasing. Accordingly, the stratospheric ozone layer is expected to recover. However, short data records and atmospheric variability confound the search for early signs of recovery, and climate change is masking ozone recovery from ozone-depleting substances in some regions and will increasingly affect the extent of recovery. Here we discuss the nature and timescales of ozone recovery, and explore the extent to which it can be currently detected in different atmospheric regions.
Collapse
|
6
|
Wargan K, Labow G, Frith S, Pawson S, Livesey N, Partyka G. Evaluation of the Ozone Fields in NASA's MERRA-2 Reanalysis. JOURNAL OF CLIMATE 2017; 30. [PMID: 29527096 PMCID: PMC5842360 DOI: 10.1175/jcli-d-16-0699.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We describe and assess the quality of the assimilated ozone product from the Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, Version 2 (MERRA-2) produced at NASA's Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (GMAO) spanning the time period from 1980 to present. MERRA-2 assimilates partial column ozone retrievals from a series of Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet (SBUV) radiometers on NASA and NOAA spacecraft between January 1980 and September 2004; starting in October 2004 retrieved ozone profiles from the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) and total column ozone from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument on NASA's EOS Aura satellite are assimilated. We compare the MERRA-2 ozone with independent satellite and ozonesonde data focusing on the representation of the spatial and temporal variability of stratospheric and upper tropospheric ozone and on implications of the change in the observing system from SBUV to EOS Aura. The comparisons show agreement within 10 % (standard deviation of the difference) between MERRA-2 profiles and independent satellite data in most of the stratosphere. The agreement improves after 2004 when EOS Aura data are assimilated. The standard deviation of the differences between the lower stratospheric and upper tropospheric MERRA-2 ozone and ozonesondes is 11.2 % and 24.5 %, respectively, with correlations of 0.8 and above, indicative of a realistic representation of the near-tropopause ozone variability in MERRA-2. The agreement improves significantly in the EOS Aura period, however MERRA-2 is biased low in the upper troposphere with respect to the ozonesondes. Caution is recommended when using MERRA-2 ozone for decadal changes and trend studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Wargan
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, Code 610.1, NASA Goddard
Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
- Science Systems and Applications Inc., Lanham, MD
| | - Gordon Labow
- Science Systems and Applications Inc., Lanham, MD
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory, Code 614, NASA
Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
| | - Stacey Frith
- Science Systems and Applications Inc., Lanham, MD
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory, Code 614, NASA
Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
| | - Steven Pawson
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, Code 610.1, NASA Goddard
Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
| | - Nathaniel Livesey
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology,
Pasadena, CA
| | - Gary Partyka
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, Code 610.1, NASA Goddard
Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
- Science Systems and Applications Inc., Lanham, MD
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hurst DF, Read WG, Vömel H, Selkirk HB, Rosenlof KH, Davis SM, Hall EG, Jordan AF, Oltmans SJ. Recent divergences in stratospheric water vapor measurements by frost point hygrometers and the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder. ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES 2016; 9:4447-4457. [PMID: 28966694 PMCID: PMC5619251 DOI: 10.5194/amt-9-4447-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Balloon-borne frost point hygrometers (FPs) and the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) provide high-quality vertical profile measurements of water vapor in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS). A previous comparison of stratospheric water vapor measurements by FPs and MLS over three sites - Boulder, Colorado (40.0° N); Hilo, Hawaii (19.7° N); and Lauder, New Zealand (45.0° S) - from August 2004 through December 2012 not only demonstrated agreement better than 1% between 68 and 26 hPa but also exposed statistically significant biases of 2 to 10% at 83 and 100 hPa (Hurst et al., 2014). A simple linear regression analysis of the FP-MLS differences revealed no significant long-term drifts between the two instruments. Here we extend the drift comparison to mid-2015 and add two FP sites - Lindenberg, Germany (52.2° N), and San José, Costa Rica (10.0° N) - that employ FPs of different manufacture and calibration for their water vapor soundings. The extended comparison period reveals that stratospheric FP and MLS measurements over four of the five sites have diverged at rates of 0.03 to 0.07 ppmv year-1 (0.6 to 1.5% year-1) from ~2010 to mid-2015. These rates are similar in magnitude to the 30-year (1980-2010) average growth rate of stratospheric water vapor (~ 1% year-1) measured by FPs over Boulder (Hurst et al., 2011). By mid-2015, the FP-MLS differences at some sites were large enough to exceed the combined accuracy estimates of the FP and MLS measurements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dale F. Hurst
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Global Monitoring Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - William G. Read
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Holger Vömel
- Earth Observing Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Henry B. Selkirk
- Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
- Goddard Earth Science Technology and Research, Universities Space Research Association, Columbia, Maryland, USA
| | - Karen H. Rosenlof
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Sean M. Davis
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Emrys G. Hall
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Global Monitoring Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Allen F. Jordan
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Global Monitoring Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Samuel J. Oltmans
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Global Monitoring Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Davis SM, Rosenlof KH, Hassler B, Hurst DF, Read WG, Vömel H, Selkirk H, Fujiwara M, Damadeo R. The Stratospheric Water and Ozone Satellite Homogenized (SWOOSH) database: a long-term database for climate studies. EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCE DATA 2016; 8:461-490. [PMID: 28966693 PMCID: PMC5619261 DOI: 10.5194/essd-8-461-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we describe the construction of the Stratospheric Water and Ozone Satellite Homogenized (SWOOSH) database, which includes vertically resolved ozone and water vapor data from a subset of the limb profiling satellite instruments operating since the 1980s. The primary SWOOSH products are zonal-mean monthly-mean time series of water vapor and ozone mixing ratio on pressure levels (12 levels per decade from 316 to 1 hPa). The SWOOSH pressure level products are provided on several independent zonal-mean grids (2.5, 5, and 10°), and additional products include two coarse 3-D griddings (30° long × 10° lat, 20° × 5°) as well as a zonal-mean isentropic product. SWOOSH includes both individual satellite source data as well as a merged data product. A key aspect of the merged product is that the source records are homogenized to account for inter-satellite biases and to minimize artificial jumps in the record. We describe the SWOOSH homogenization process, which involves adjusting the satellite data records to a "reference" satellite using coincident observations during time periods of instrument overlap. The reference satellite is chosen based on the best agreement with independent balloon-based sounding measurements, with the goal of producing a long-term data record that is both homogeneous (i.e., with minimal artificial jumps in time) and accurate (i.e., unbiased). This paper details the choice of reference measurements, homogenization, and gridding process involved in the construction of the combined SWOOSH product and also presents the ancillary information stored in SWOOSH that can be used in future studies of water vapor and ozone variability. Furthermore, a discussion of uncertainties in the combined SWOOSH record is presented, and examples of the SWOOSH record are provided to illustrate its use for studies of ozone and water vapor variability on interannual to decadal timescales. The version 2.5 SWOOSH data are publicly available at doi:10.7289/V5TD9VBX.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sean M. Davis
- NOAA Earth Systems Research Laboratory (ESRL), Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - Birgit Hassler
- NOAA Earth Systems Research Laboratory (ESRL), Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Dale F. Hurst
- NOAA Earth Systems Research Laboratory (ESRL), Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - William G. Read
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Holger Vömel
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Henry Selkirk
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
- Universities Space Research Association, Columbia, MD, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|