The study of the cytotoxic effect of disinfectants

The toxicity of individual disinfectants has been studied in vitro using human cell cultures (HT-29 (epithelial-like cells of colon adenocarcinoma), HEK 293 (human embryonic kidney cells)) to create a model for assessing the toxicity of residual amounts of disinfectants that can enter milk for a person. Standard tests have been used to assess cell viability and amount: methyl tetrazolium (MTT) test, neutral red cell staining (NRP), and sulforhodamine B (SRB) test. Disinfectants have a dose- and time-dependent cytotoxic effect on human cell cultures. IC50avg (concentration of the drug that suppresses a certain cell function by 50%) of disinfectants based on the effect on cell cultures (average value) is Biodez – 117.29 ±14 μl/l, Blanidas – 389.25 ±20.83 μl/l, Virkon-S – 343.04 ±28.04 μl/l, Neochlor  – 473.82 ±30.16 μl/l, Phan – 56.71 ±7.05 μl/l, Chlorination – 343.28 ±27.26 μl/l, Chlorinated lime – 117.35 ±9.44 μl/l. Mean toxic doses for cell cultures are lower than the mean lethal dose (based on literature data) for rats and mice by gastric administration. The novelty is that determining the cytotoxicity of disinfectants in vitro using human cell cultures can significantly reduce the number of animals for establishing LD50 during the registration procedure of new agents, making it possible to make preliminary conclusions about the toxicity of substances at the stage of chemical screening, preliminary hygienic regulation, identify target organs of toxic influence.

The technological properties of winter wheat grain during long-term storage

In the world, the demand for quality and safe grain products is increasing. The need to preserve wheat in the event of a natural disaster requires the study of optimal storage times of grain without degrading technological indexes. The purpose of the work was to study the dynamics of technological properties of winter wheat grown after peas, clover, corn for silage and the industrial, ecological, biological growing systems during 1, 3, and 5 years of storage in the conditions of the ordinary granary. The absence of significant differences in the technological parameters of the grain of wheat grown at industrial and ecological systems, but significantly lower indicators at a biological growing system was found. The highest hectolitre weight obtained when wheat grain was grown after corn for silage, and vitreousness – after the clover. Significantly higher biochemical parameters of grain and alveographic properties of flour were for the cultivation of wheat after peas, which provided additional accumulation of protein substances. There are no significant changes in the indicator of hectolitre weight during the grain storage. Other indicators increased significantly after 1 year of storage (on average by 10 – 30%). For further storage, vitreousness growth was insignificant. After 5 years of storage, the falling number significantly increased (on 21% compared to the initial values and on 7% – after 3 years of storage). The content of protein, gluten in the grain, and alveographic properties of flour significantly decreased after 5 years of storage. The possibility of obtaining grain of wheat with high technological parameters for a more safe ecological growing system was established. It was also confirmed to need for grain storage up to 1 year to improve quality indicators and it was established that it safely stored for 3 years.

The study of the productivity potential of grape varieties according to the indicators of functional activity of leaves

Photosynthetic activity in the leaf of ten grape varieties was studied in the conditions of the northern part of Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. From 2019 to 2020 meteorological data were recorded by the ‟Meteotrekˮ meteorological station. The influence of weather conditions of the spring-summer period at the beginning of the vegetation phases, which in 2019 took place on average 12 days earlier than in 2020, was noted. Analysis of changes in the induction of chlorophyll fluorescence (ICF) in leaves revealed the more efficient use of quantum energy of absorbed light by F0 in the leaves of most varieties was noted in the phase “the beginning of berry ripening”. During the three periods of the study, the varieties Aromatnyj, Zagadka, Ilichevskij rannij, and Kardishah showed a lower content of chlorophyll molecules, which do not have a functional connection with the reaction centers (RC). According to the Fp index the highest intensity of photosynthesis on average for all varieties was observed in the phase “the beginning of ovary growth”, the lowest – “the inflorescence is visible”. The potential productivity of grape plants determined by the ICF coefficient for all varieties was at a very high level and had a weak or moderate correlation with weather conditions during the growing season. The hydrothermal coefficient and Σ act t ≥10 °С had a weak effect on the efficiency of the light phase of photosynthesis (Ki) and a noticeable one (correlation coefficient r = 0.50 – 0.69) on the efficiency of dark photochemical processes (Rfd) in the leaves of most grape varieties.

The influence of yeast extract and jasmonic acid on phenolic acids content of in vitro hairy root cultures of Orthosiphon aristatus

Phenolic acids represent a big group of plant secondary metabolites that can be used as food additives, nutraceuticals, and pharmaceuticals. Obtaining phenolic acids from the plant in vitro cultures provide an attractive alternative to produce high-value plant-derived products. The impact of yeast extract and jasmonic acid on the induction of defense responses and consequently the production of phenolic acids in vitro hairy root cultures of  O. aristatus have been investigated.  Treatment of O. aristatus cultures with jasmonic acid caused accumulation of 12.98 mg.g-1 DW of phenolic acids, elicitation with yeast extract resulted in the highest amount of phenolic acids, particularly in 17.99 mg.g-1 DW as compared to 4.03 mg.g-1 DW for the non-treated cultures. Individual phenolic acids showed a different response to elicitation. Particularly rosmarinic acid content on the control plot reached 2.89 mg.g-1 DW, while after the treatment with jasmonic acid is increased to 10.84 mg.g-1 DW and after yeast application, it was 14.31 mg.g-1 DW. Also, caffeic acid content increased until 0.75 and 2.01 mg.g-1 DW after application of jasmonic acid and yeast extract, while at the control plot its concentration was 0.58 mg.g-1 DW. Application of yeast extract influenced synthesis of phenolic acids in vitro cultures of O. aristatus stronger as jasmonic acid treatment.

Diversity of winter common wheat varieties for resistance to leaf rust created in the V. M. Remeslo myronivka institute of wheat

The results of the investigations of resistance winter common wheat varieties to leaf rust are given. The high resistance to the pathogen manifest varieties that contain resistance genes: Lr9, Lr19, Lr37, Lr42 + Lr24, Lr43 (Lr21 + Lr39) + Lr24, Lr9 + Lr26, Lr10 + Lr24 are ascertained. The genes Lr13, Lr34, Lr37 in combination with other resistance genes provides long-term protection to leaf rust wheat. Winter wheat varieties, created at the V. M. Remeslo Myronivka Institute of Wheat, contain resistance genes Lr23, Lr24, Lr26, Lr34. The varieties Vesta, Snizhana, Demetra are protected by the resistance genes Lr26 + Lr34, variety Zolotokolosa– Lr24 + Lr34, Ekonomka – Lr3 + Lr26, Myronivska storichna – Lr3 + Lr23 + Lr10 + Lr26. The allele Lr34 (+) is contained in varieties: Kryzhynka, Vesta, Snizhana, Volodarka, Demetra, Vdiachna, Pamiati Remesla, Sviatkova, Podolianka, Berehynia myronivska, MIP Dniprianka, and Balada myronivska.  Sustainability is an important element of an integrated system of plant protection against many diseases, and to ensure increased yields it is necessary to create and distribute sustainable varieties that will be an environmentally promising way to develop the agro-industrial complex of Ukraine.