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Weber JN, Kojima W, Boisseau RP, Niimi T, Morita S, Shigenobu S, Gotoh H, Araya K, Lin CP, Thomas-Bulle C, Allen CE, Tong W, Lavine LC, Swanson BO, Emlen DJ. Evolution of horn length and lifting strength in the Japanese rhinoceros beetle Trypoxylus dichotomus. Curr Biol 2023; 33:4285-4297.e5. [PMID: 37734374 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.08.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
What limits the size of nature's most extreme structures? For weapons like beetle horns, one possibility is a tradeoff associated with mechanical levers: as the output arm of the lever system-the beetle horn-gets longer, it also gets weaker. This "paradox of the weakening combatant" could offset reproductive advantages of additional increases in weapon size. However, in contemporary populations of most heavily weaponed species, males with the longest weapons also tend to be the strongest, presumably because selection drove the evolution of compensatory changes to these lever systems that ameliorated the force reductions of increased weapon size. Therefore, we test for biomechanical limits by reconstructing the stages of weapon evolution, exploring whether initial increases in weapon length first led to reductions in weapon force generation that were later ameliorated through the evolution of mechanisms of mechanical compensation. We describe phylogeographic relationships among populations of a rhinoceros beetle and show that the "pitchfork" shaped head horn likely increased in length independently in the northern and southern radiations of beetles. Both increases in horn length were associated with dramatic reductions to horn lifting strength-compelling evidence for the paradox of the weakening combatant-and these initial reductions to horn strength were later ameliorated in some populations through reductions to horn length or through increases in head height (the input arm for the horn lever system). Our results reveal an exciting geographic mosaic of weapon size, weapon force, and mechanical compensation, shedding light on larger questions pertaining to the evolution of extreme structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse N Weber
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
| | - Wataru Kojima
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8511, Japan
| | - Romain P Boisseau
- Division of Biological Sciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - Teruyuki Niimi
- Division of Evolutionary Developmental Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, 38 Nishigonaka Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Shinichi Morita
- Division of Evolutionary Developmental Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, 38 Nishigonaka Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Shuji Shigenobu
- Trans-Scale Biology Center, National Institute for Basic Biology, 38 Nishigonaka Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Hiroki Gotoh
- Department of Science, Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Oya, Suruga Ward, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Kunio Araya
- Faculty of Social and Cultural Studies, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka-city Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Chung-Ping Lin
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, No.88 Sec. 4, Tingzhou Rd, Taipei 11677, Taiwan
| | - Camille Thomas-Bulle
- Division of Biological Sciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80208, USA
| | - Cerisse E Allen
- Division of Biological Sciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - Wenfei Tong
- Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Laura Corley Lavine
- Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Brook O Swanson
- Department of Biology, Gonzaga University, 502 East Boone Avenue, Spokane, WA 99258-0102, USA
| | - Douglas J Emlen
- Division of Biological Sciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA.
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Wang S, Lu Y, Han M, Li L, He P, Shi A, Bai M. Using MaxEnt Model to Predict the Potential Distribution of Three Potentially Invasive Scarab Beetles in China. INSECTS 2023; 14:239. [PMID: 36975924 PMCID: PMC10054099 DOI: 10.3390/insects14030239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A hot topic in recent years is the prediction of the potential distribution of possible invasive insects. China is facing a great challenge due to invasive insects. Scarab beetles are a highly diverse group, and many of them are well-known invasive insects. Here, in order to prevent the invasion of scarab beetles in China, we screened the invasive insects globally and obtained a preliminary database of quarantine or invasive scarab beetles. From the obtained database, we selected the top five species (Popillia japonica, Heteronychus arator, Oryctes monoceros, Oryctes boas and Amphimallon majale) to discuss and analyzed the potential distribution of three species that have not invaded China by using the MaxEnt model. The prediction results show that every continent has potential distribution areas for these species. Specifically within China, Popillia japonica and Amphimallon majale were mainly concentrated in east central regions and Heteronychus arator and Oryctes boas were mainly distributed in the southwest areas, while Oryctes monoceros has no suitable area. Notably, Yunnan, Hunan, Jiangxi and Zhejiang province had a high risk of invasion. In general, local agriculture, forestry and customs departments in China should pay more attention to monitoring for the prevention of infestation by invasive insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangyi Wang
- College of Life Science, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637002, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yuanyuan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Mengyang Han
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Lulu Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Ping He
- Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Aimin Shi
- College of Life Science, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637002, China
| | - Ming Bai
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
- Northeast Asia Biodiversity Research Center, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Dutrillaux B, Dutrillaux AM. Why Are X Autosome Rearrangements so Frequent in Beetles? A Study of 50 Cases. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:150. [PMID: 36672891 PMCID: PMC9859168 DOI: 10.3390/genes14010150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Amongst the 460 karyotypes of Polyphagan Coleoptera that we studied, 50 (10.8%) were carriers of an X autosome rearrangement. In addition to mitotic metaphase analysis, the correct diagnosis was performed on meiotic cells, principally at the pachytene stage. The percentages of these inter-chromosomal rearrangements, principally fusions, varied in relation to the total diploid number of chromosomes: high (51%) below 19, null at 19, low (2.7%) at 20 (the ancestral and modal number), and slightly increasing from 7.1% to 16.7% from 22 to above 30. The involvement of the X in chromosome fusions appears to be more than seven-fold higher than expected for the average of the autosomes. Examples of karyotypes with X autosome rearrangements are shown, including insertion of the whole X in the autosome (ins(A;X)), which has never been reported before in animals. End-to-end fusions (Robertsonian translocations, terminal rearrangements, and pseudo-dicentrics) are the most frequent types of X autosome rearrangements. As in the 34 species with a 19,X formula, there was no trace of the Y chromosome in the 50 karyotypes with an X autosome rearrangement, which demonstrates the dispensability of this chromosome. In most instances, C-banded heterochromatin was present at the X autosome junction, which suggests that it insulates the gonosome from the autosome portions, whose genes are subjected to different levels of expression. Finally, it is proposed that the very preferential involvement of the X in inter-chromosome rearrangements is explained by: (1) the frequent acrocentric morphology of the X, thus the terminal position of constitutive heterochromatin, which can insulate the attached gonosomal and autosomal components; (2) the dispensability of the Y chromosome, which considerably minimizes the deleterious consequences of the heterozygous status in male meiosis, (3) following the rapid loss of the useless Y chromosome, the correct segregation of the X autosome-autosome trivalent, which ipso facto is ensured by a chiasma in its autosomal portion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Dutrillaux
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité, ISYEB-UMR 7205–CNRS, MNHN, EPHE, Sorbonne Université, 57 rue Cuvier CP50 F, 75005 Paris, France
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Wang Q, Liu L, Zhang S, Wu H, Huang J. A chromosome-level genome assembly and intestinal transcriptome of Trypoxylus dichotomus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) to understand its lignocellulose digestion ability. Gigascience 2022; 11:giac059. [PMID: 35764601 PMCID: PMC9239855 DOI: 10.1093/gigascience/giac059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignocellulose, as the key structural component of plant biomass, is a recalcitrant structure, difficult to degrade. The traditional management of plant waste, including landfill and incineration, usually causes serious environmental pollution and health problems. Interestingly, the xylophagous beetle, Trypoxylus dichotomus, can decompose lignocellulosic biomass. However, the genomics around the digestion mechanism of this beetle remain to be elucidated. Here, we assembled the genome of T. dichotomus, showing that the draft genome size of T. dichotomus is 636.27 Mb, with 95.37% scaffolds anchored onto 10 chromosomes. Phylogenetic results indicated that a divergent evolution between the ancestors of T. dichotomus and the closely related scarabaeid species Onthophagus taurus occurred in the early Cretaceous (120 million years ago). Through gene family evolution analysis, we found 67 rapidly evolving gene families, within which there were 2 digestive gene families (encoding Trypsin and Enoyl-(Acyl carrier protein) reductase) that have experienced significant expansion, indicating that they may contribute to the high degradation efficiency of lignocellulose in T. dichotomus. Additionally, events of chromosome breakage and rearrangement were observed by synteny analysis during the evolution of T. dichotomus due to chromosomes 6 and 8 of T. dichotomus being intersected with chromosomes 2 and 10 of Tribolium castaneum, respectively. Furthermore, the comparative transcriptome analyses of larval guts showed that the digestion-related genes were more commonly expressed in the midgut or mushroom residue group than the hindgut or sawdust group. This study reports the well-assembled and annotated genome of T. dichotomus, providing genomic and transcriptomic bases for further understanding the functional and evolutionary mechanisms of lignocellulose digestion in T. dichotomus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyun Wang
- National Joint Local Engineering Laboratory for High-Efficient Preparation of Biopesticide, Zhejiang A&F University, 666 Wusu Street, Lin'an, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Liwei Liu
- National Joint Local Engineering Laboratory for High-Efficient Preparation of Biopesticide, Zhejiang A&F University, 666 Wusu Street, Lin'an, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
- Zhejiang Museum of Natural History, No. 6 West Lake Cultural Square, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Sujiong Zhang
- Dapanshan Insect Institute of Zhejiang, Pan'an, Zhejiang 322300, China
| | - Hong Wu
- National Joint Local Engineering Laboratory for High-Efficient Preparation of Biopesticide, Zhejiang A&F University, 666 Wusu Street, Lin'an, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Junhao Huang
- National Joint Local Engineering Laboratory for High-Efficient Preparation of Biopesticide, Zhejiang A&F University, 666 Wusu Street, Lin'an, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
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Koçak Y, Yağmur E. New Contribution to the Knowledge on the Chromosome Numbers of Turkish Cerambycidae (Coleoptera). Folia Biol (Praha) 2021. [DOI: 10.3409/fb_69-2.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Information on the karyotypes of Turkish species of Cerambycidae is scanty. Our study contributes to the knowledge of the karyological data (chromosomal number and mechanism of sex determination) of five Turkish longicorn beetles; karyotypes of four taxa, one endemic, are described
for the first time and for the remaining one, Purpuricenus budensis (Götz, 1783), the previously published chromosome count is confirmed. The chromosome number of Purpuricenus desfontainii inhumeralis Pic, 1891 and Purpuricenus budensis (Götz, 1783) (Cerambycinae,
Trachyderini) was found to be 2n = 28 (13 + Xyp); Clytus rhamni Germar, 1817 and Plagionotus floralis (Pallas, 1773) (Cerambycinae, Clytini) 2n = 20 (9 + Xyp); and the endemic Dorcadion triste phrygicum Peks, 1993 (Lamiinae, Dorcadionini) 2n = 24
(11 + Xyp). In view of the paucity of data available until now, our study is important for both to improve the poor karyological knowledge of Turkish Cerambycidae and to provide an incentive for other researchers.
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Yang H, You CJ, Tsui CKM, Tembrock LR, Wu ZQ, Yang DP. Phylogeny and biogeography of the Japanese rhinoceros beetle, Trypoxylus dichotomus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) based on SNP markers. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:153-173. [PMID: 33437420 PMCID: PMC7790660 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The Japanese rhinoceros beetle Trypoxylus dichotomus is one of the largest beetle species in the world and is commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine. Ten subspecies of T. dichotomus and a related Trypoxylus species (T. kanamorii) have been described throughout Asia, but their taxonomic delimitations remain problematic. To clarify issues such as taxonomy, and the degree of genetic differentiation of Trypoxylus populations, we investigated the genetic structure, genetic variability, and phylogeography of 53 specimens of Trypoxylus species from 44 locations in five Asian countries (China, Japan, Korea, Thailand, and Myanmar). Using specific-locus amplified fragment sequencing (SLAF-seq) techniques, we developed 330,799 SLAFs over 114.16M reads, in turn yielding 46,939 high-resolution single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for genotyping. Phylogenetic analysis of SNPs indicated the presence of three distinct genetic groups, suggesting that the various subspecies could be treated as three groups of populations. PCA and ADMIXTURE analysis also identified three genetic clusters (North, South, West), which corresponded to their locations, suggesting that geographic factors were important in maintaining within population homogeneity and between population divergence. Analyses of SNP data confirmed the monophyly of certain subspecies on islands, while other subspecies (e.g., T. d. septentrionalis) were found to be polyphyletic and nested in more than one lineage. AMOVA demonstrated high level of differentiation among populations/groups. Also, pairwise F ST values revealed high differentiation, particularly between South and West, as well as between North and South. Despite the differentiation, measurable gene flow was inferred between genetic clusters but at varying rates and directions. Our study demonstrated that SLAF-seq derived markers outperformed 16S and COII sequences and provided improved resolution of the genetic differentiation of rhinoceros beetle populations from a large part of the species' range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Chong Juan You
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest ControlBeijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Clement K. M. Tsui
- Department of PathologySidra MedicineDohaQatar
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineWeill Cornell Medicine‐QatarAr‐RayyanQatar
- Division of Infectious DiseasesFaculty of MedicineUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
| | - Luke R. Tembrock
- Department of Agricultural BiologyColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCOUSA
| | - Zhi Qiang Wu
- Shenzhen BranchGuangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern AgricultureGenome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of AgricultureAgricultural Genomics Institute at ShenzhenChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesShenzhenChina
| | - De Po Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
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Silva AA, Braga LS, Corrêa AS, Holmes VR, Johnston JS, Oppert B, Guedes RNC, Tavares MG. Comparative cytogenetics and derived phylogenic relationship among Sitophilus grain weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Dryophthorinae). COMPARATIVE CYTOGENETICS 2018; 12:223-245. [PMID: 29997743 PMCID: PMC6037651 DOI: 10.3897/compcytogen.v12i2.26412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Cytogenetic characteristics and genome size are powerful tools for species characterization and identification of cryptic species, providing critical insights into phylogenetic and evolutionary relationships. Sitophilus Linnaeus, 1758 grain weevils can benefit from such tools as key pest species of stored products and also as sources of archeological information on human history and past urban environments. Moreover, the phylogenetic relationship among these weevil species remains controversial and is largely based on single DNA fragment analyses. Therefore, cytogenetic analyses and genome size determinations were performed for four Sitophilus grain weevil species, namely the granary weevil Sitophilus granarius (Linnaeus, 1758), the tamarind weevil S. linearis (Herbst, 1797), the rice weevil S. oryzae (Linnaeus, 1763), and the maize weevil S. zeamais Motschulsky, 1855. Both maize and rice weevils exhibited the same chromosome number (2n=22; 10 A + Xyp). In contrast, the granary and tamarind weevils exhibited higher chromosome number (2n=24; 11 A + Xyp and 11 A + neo-XY, respectively). The nuclear DNA content of these species was not proportionally related to either chromosome number or heterochromatin amount. Maize and rice weevils exhibited similar and larger genome sizes (0.730±0.003 pg and 0.786±0.003 pg, respectively), followed by the granary weevil (0.553±0.003 pg), and the tamarind weevil (0.440±0.001 pg). Parsimony phylogenetic analysis of the insect karyotypes indicate that S. zeamais and S. oryzae were phylogenetically closer than S. granarius and S. linearis, which were more closely related and share a more recent ancestral relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Avelar Silva
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Lucas Soares Braga
- Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Alberto Soares Corrêa
- Departamento de Entomologia e Acarologia, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz", Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP 13418-900, Brazil
| | | | | | - Brenda Oppert
- USDA-ARS, Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | | | - Mara Garcia Tavares
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil
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Albertoni FF, Krell FT, Steiner J, Zillikens A. Life history and description of larva and pupa of Platyphileurus felscheanus Ohaus, 1910, a scarabaeid feeding on bromeliad tissues in Brazil, to be excluded from Phileurini (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Dynastinae). Zookeys 2014:49-76. [PMID: 24715774 PMCID: PMC3974432 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.389.6888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The third instar larvae and the pupae of Platyphileurus felscheanus Ohaus, 1910 (Phileurini), recently synonymized with Surutu jelineki Endrődi, 1975 (Cyclocephalini), are described and illustrated, and some life history information is given. The larvae were collected and reared in bromeliads in rain forests of Santa Catarina state in southern Brazil. The systematic position of this monotypic genus is reassessed at the tribe level by considering larval and adult morphological characters. Both character sets, being described and illustrated, suggest the placement of Platyphileurus in the tribe Oryctini.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiano F Albertoni
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Embriologia e Genética, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário Trindade, 88.040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil ; Entomologia, Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Frank-Thorsten Krell
- Department of Zoology, Denver Museum of Nature & Science, 2001 Colorado Boulevard, Denver, Colorado 80205-5798, U.S.A
| | - Josefina Steiner
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Embriologia e Genética, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário Trindade, 88.040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Anne Zillikens
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Embriologia e Genética, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário Trindade, 88.040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil ; Medizinisch-Naturwissenschaftliches Forschungszentrum, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Ob dem Himmelreich 7, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
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