Combined use of intravenous and topical tranexamic acid following cementless total hip arthroplasty: a randomised clinical trial

Impact of tranexamic acid use in total hip replacement patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Purpose

Tranexamic acid (TXA) dose in the context of primary complete hip replacements (THA) is still a hot debate about the best way to administer TXA. The need to select the most efficient and secure TXA dosing regimen, taking into account elements like perioperative bleeding, postoperative complications, and patient outcomes, has been emphasized by numerous studies. Improving clinical procedures and the general efficacy and safety of employing TXA in THA surgeries requires addressing this ongoing debate.

Methods

For this systematic review, We looked at the safety and efficacy of administering TXA intravenously (iTXA) and topically (tTXA) during THA. A thorough search turned up ten randomized controlled trials with 1295 individuals. Parameters evaluated included blood loss, Hb level on the day following surgery, transfusion rates, and drainage volume.

Results

Strategies had comparable impacts on deep vein thrombosis occurrences and wound complications. iTXA produced considerably less intraoperative blood loss (WMD = -12.687), concealed blood loss (WMD = 14.276), and the greatest hemoglobin drop (WMD = -0.400) when compared to tTXA.

Conclusion

Both administration techniques were secure and efficient in primary THA, although iTXA showed superior results in lowering blood loss and Hb decline.

Efficacy and safety of topical application of tranexamic acid in patients undergoing reconstructive plastic surgery after excision of facial skin cancers: a randomised clinical trial

INTRODUCTION

Tranexamic acid (TA) has attracted increased attention among surgical specialties, but its use in plastic surgery is limited. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy and safety of topical administration of 3% TA solution in reconstructive surgery of the face and scalp after excision of skin cancers.

METHODS

a randomized, double-blind, parallel-group clinical trial was conducted in patients aged 18 years or older with malignant skin neoplasms in the face or scalp region (ICD-10 C44.9). The primary outcome was volume of blood loss in the intraoperative and immediate postoperative period. Secondary outcomes included difficult-to-control intraoperative haemorrhage, hematoma, ecchymosis, and other adverse events.

RESULTS

of the 54 included patients, 26 were randomised to TA group and 28 to placebo group. The mean blood loss was 11.42ml (SD 6.40, range 8.83-14.01) in the TA group, and 17.6ml (SD 6.22, range 15.19-20.01) in the placebo group, representing a mean decrease of 6.18ml (35.11%) (p=0.001). TA significantly reduced the risk of ecchymosis (RR = 0.046; 95% CI: 0.007-0.323). Only two patients in the placebo group experienced ischemia in the flaps, and one patient in the placebo group experienced tissue necrosis requiring surgical reintervention. There were no surgical wound infections, thromboembolic phenomena, or other adverse events related to TA.

CONCLUSIONS

topical TA may reduce intraoperative and immediate postoperative bleeding, with a significantly decreased risk of ecchymosis. There is no evidence of ischemic damage of flaps, systemic thromboembolic complications, or other adverse events.

Pharmacological interventions for the prevention of bleeding in people undergoing elective hip or knee surgery: a systematic review and network meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Hip and knee replacement surgery is a well-established means of improving quality of life, but is associated with a significant risk of bleeding. One-third of people are estimated to be anaemic before hip or knee replacement surgery; coupled with the blood lost during surgery, up to 90% of individuals are anaemic postoperatively. As a result, people undergoing orthopaedic surgery receive 3.9% of all packed red blood cell transfusions in the UK. Bleeding and the need for allogeneic blood transfusions has been shown to increase the risk of surgical site infection and mortality, and is associated with an increased duration of hospital stay and costs associated with surgery. Reducing blood loss during surgery may reduce the risk of allogeneic blood transfusion, reduce costs and improve outcomes following surgery. Several pharmacological interventions are available and currently employed as part of routine clinical care.

OBJECTIVES

To determine the relative efficacy of pharmacological interventions for preventing blood loss in elective primary or revision hip or knee replacement, and to identify optimal administration of interventions regarding timing, dose and route, using network meta-analysis (NMA) methodology.

SEARCH METHODS

We searched the following databases for randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and systematic reviews, from inception to 18 October 2022: CENTRAL (the Cochrane Library), MEDLINE (Ovid), Embase (Ovid), CINAHL (EBSCOhost), Transfusion Evidence Library (Evidentia), ClinicalTrials.gov and WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP).

SELECTION CRITERIA

We included RCTs of people undergoing elective hip or knee surgery only. We excluded non-elective or emergency procedures, and studies published since 2010 that had not been prospectively registered (Cochrane Injuries policy). There were no restrictions on gender, ethnicity or age (adults only). We excluded studies that used standard of care as the comparator. Eligible interventions included: antifibrinolytics (tranexamic acid (TXA), aprotinin, epsilon-aminocaproic acid (EACA)), desmopressin, factor VIIa and XIII, fibrinogen, fibrin sealants and non-fibrin sealants.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

We performed the review according to standard Cochrane methodology. Two authors independently assessed trial eligibility and risk of bias, and extracted data. We assessed the certainty of the evidence using CINeMA. We presented direct (pairwise) results using RevMan Web and performed the NMA using BUGSnet. We were interested in the following primary outcomes: need for allogenic blood transfusion (up to 30 days) and all-cause mortality (deaths occurring up to 30 days after the operation), and the following secondary outcomes: mean number of transfusion episodes per person (up to 30 days), re-operation due to bleeding (within seven days), length of hospital stay and adverse events related to the intervention received.

MAIN RESULTS

We included a total of 102 studies. Twelve studies did not report the number of included participants; the other 90 studies included 8418 participants. Trials included more women (64%) than men (36%). In the NMA for allogeneic blood transfusion, we included 47 studies (4398 participants). Most studies examined TXA (58 arms, 56%). We found that TXA, given intra-articularly and orally at a total dose of greater than 3 g pre-incision, intraoperatively and postoperatively, ranked the highest, with an anticipated absolute effect of 147 fewer blood transfusions per 1000 people (150 fewer to 104 fewer) (53% chance of ranking 1st) within the NMA (risk ratio (RR) 0.02, 95% credible interval (CrI) 0 to 0.31; moderate-certainty evidence). This was followed by TXA given orally at a total dose of 3 g pre-incision and postoperatively (RR 0.06, 95% CrI 0.00 to 1.34; low-certainty evidence) and TXA given intravenously and orally at a total dose of greater than 3 g intraoperatively and postoperatively (RR 0.10, 95% CrI 0.02 to 0.55; low-certainty evidence). Aprotinin (RR 0.59, 95% CrI 0.36 to 0.96; low-certainty evidence), topical fibrin (RR 0.86, CrI 0.25 to 2.93; very low-certainty evidence) and EACA (RR 0.60, 95% CrI 0.29 to 1.27; very low-certainty evidence) were not shown to be as effective compared with TXA at reducing the risk of blood transfusion. We were unable to perform an NMA for our primary outcome all-cause mortality within 30 days of surgery due to the large number of studies with zero events, or because the outcome was not reported. In the NMA for deep vein thrombosis (DVT), we included 19 studies (2395 participants). Most studies examined TXA (27 arms, 64%). No studies assessed desmopressin, EACA or topical fibrin. We found that TXA given intravenously and orally at a total dose of greater than 3 g intraoperatively and postoperatively ranked the highest, with an anticipated absolute effect of 67 fewer DVTs per 1000 people (67 fewer to 34 more) (26% chance of ranking first) within the NMA (RR 0.16, 95% CrI 0.02 to 1.43; low-certainty evidence). This was followed by TXA given intravenously and intra-articularly at a total dose of 2 g pre-incision and intraoperatively (RR 0.21, 95% CrI 0.00 to 9.12; low-certainty evidence) and TXA given intravenously and intra-articularly, total dose greater than 3 g pre-incision, intraoperatively and postoperatively (RR 0.13, 95% CrI 0.01 to 3.11; low-certainty evidence). Aprotinin was not shown to be as effective compared with TXA (RR 0.67, 95% CrI 0.28 to 1.62; very low-certainty evidence). We were unable to perform an NMA for our secondary outcomes pulmonary embolism, myocardial infarction and CVA (stroke) within 30 days, mean number of transfusion episodes per person (up to 30 days), re-operation due to bleeding (within seven days), or length of hospital stay, due to the large number of studies with zero events, or because the outcome was not reported by enough studies to build a network. There are 30 ongoing trials planning to recruit 3776 participants, the majority examining TXA (26 trials).

AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS

We found that of all the interventions studied, TXA is probably the most effective intervention for preventing bleeding in people undergoing hip or knee replacement surgery. Aprotinin and EACA may not be as effective as TXA at preventing the need for allogeneic blood transfusion. We were not able to draw strong conclusions on the optimal dose, route and timing of administration of TXA. We found that TXA given at higher doses tended to rank higher in the treatment hierarchy, and we also found that it may be more beneficial to use a mixed route of administration (oral and intra-articular, oral and intravenous, or intravenous and intra-articular). Oral administration may be as effective as intravenous administration of TXA. We found little to no evidence of harm associated with higher doses of tranexamic acid in the risk of DVT. However, we are not able to definitively draw these conclusions based on the trials included within this review.

The optimal regimen, efficacy and safety of tranexamic acid and aminocaproic acid to reduce bleeding for patients after total hip arthroplasty: A systematic review and Bayesian network meta-analysis

OBJECTIVES

We aimed to evaluate the optimal regimen, efficacy and safety of tranexamic acid (TXA) and aminocaproic acid (EACA) for patients after total hip arthroplasty (THA).

METHODS

The network meta-analysis was guided by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) guideline. The outcomes were total blood loss, transfusion rates, hemoglobin (HB) drop, and risk for pulmonary embolism (PE) or deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Subgroup analyses were performed among most effective regimens to determine the influences of timing and number of doses.

RESULTS

A total of 56 eligible RCTs with different regimens were assessed. For reducing total blood loss, all high doses of TXA and EACA except high dose of intra-articular (IA) TXA, as well as medium dose of combination of intravenous and intra-articular (combined IV/IA) TXA were most effective. All high doses of TXA, as well as medium dose of combined IV/IA TXA did not show inferiority in reducing transfusion rates and HB drop compared with other regimens. No regimens showed higher risk for PE or DVT compared with placebo, and no statistical differences were seen among most effective regimens in subgroup analyses.

CONCLUSIONS

As effective as high doses of EACA and TXA, medium dose (20-40 mg/kg or 1.5-3.0 g) of combined IV/IA TXA was enough to control bleeding for patients after THA without increasing risk for PE/DVT. TXA was at least 5 times more potent than EACA. Timing and number of doses had few influences on blood conserving efficacy.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

Level I.

Intra-articular versus intravenous administration of tranexamic acid in lower limb total arthroplasty: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials

AIM

The ideal route of tranexamic acid (TXA) administration in total hip arthroplasty (THA) or total knee arthroplasty (TKA) remains controversial. This study aims to identify the optima route of TXA administration in THA or TKA.

METHODS

PUBMED, EMBASE, MEDLINE and CENTRAL database were systematically searched until 4 August 2021 for randomised studies that compared intravenous (IV) or intra-articular (IA) administration of TXA in THA or TKA.

RESULTS

Sixty-seven studies enrolling 8335 patients (IA: 4162; IV: 4173) were eligible for quantitative and qualitative analysis. Comparable results were demonstrated in the incidence of venous thromboembolisation (OR:0.96, p = 0.84), total blood loss (MD: - 9.05, p = 0.36), drain output (MD: - 7.36, p = 0.54), hidden blood loss (MD: - 6.85, p = 0.47), postoperative haemoglobin level (MD: 0.01, p = 0.91), haemoglobin drop (MD: - 0.10, p = 0.22), blood transfusion rate (OR: 0.99, p = 0.87), total adverse events (OR: 1.12, p = 0.28), postoperative range of motion (MD: 1.08, p = 0.36), postoperative VAS pain score (MD: 0.13, p = 0.24) and postoperative D-dimer level (MD: 0.61, p = 0.64). IV route of TXA administration was associated with significantly longer length of hospital stay compared to IA route of administration (MD: - 0.22, p = 0.01).

CONCLUSION

In this meta-analysis, both IV and IA route of TXA administration were equally effective in managing blood loss and postoperative outcomes in lower limb joints arthroplasty.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

Level 1. PROSPERO Registration CRD42021271355.

Comparison of weight-based versus standard dosing of tranexamic acid for blood loss and transfusion amount in knee arthroplasty without tourniquet

The aim of the study is to compare weight-based versus standard dosing of intravenous (IV) tranexamic acid (TXA) for blood loss and transfusion amount in total knee arthroplasty (TKA) without a tourniquet. A total of 99 patients were divided into two groups: Group 1 (standard): 1 g of IV TXA 30 min before skin incision, and 1 g at postoperative 30 min and 3 h. Group 2 (weight-based): 10 mg/kg IV TXA 30 min before the skin incision, and 10 mg/kg at postoperative 30 min, and 3 h. Hemoglobin levels, before, and 1, and 2 days after the operation, postoperative amount of decrease in hemoglobin levels, and amount of erythrocyte transfusion were recorded. Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) and Knee Society Score (KSS) were applied in the evaluation of TKA results preoperatively, and at 1., 3., 6., and 12. months, postoperatively. In both study groups, hemoglobin levels in male patients dropped significantly more deeply than female patients. Also, in both study groups, hemo- globin levels were significantly lower in patients with comorbid illnesses. A statistically significant difference was not detected between both groups in terms of pre- and postoperative WOMAC scores, KSS knee scores, and KSS function scores. Our study showed that standard and weight-based dosing of IV TXA treatments were similar in efficacy and safety. Both treatments reduce blood loss and the need for transfusion. Also, there was no significant difference in terms of reliability between two groups.

Effectiveness of Primary Total Hip Arthroplasty Combined with Intra-articular and Intravenous Tranexamic Acid: A Retrospective Analysis of Number of Doses and Dose Strength

Introduction

Total hip arthroplasty is a very effective reconstructive surgery but is often associated with massive perioperative bleeding, which leads to anemia. Tranexamic acid (TXA) minimizes bleeding and the need for blood transfusion. However, no universal standard TXA dosing regimen has been established. The objectives of this study were (1) whether there was a difference in the amount of decrease in perioperative mean hemoglobin (Hb) level between a single topical administration of TXA and intravenous and topical combination administration, and we also investigated whether there was a difference in the amount of decrease in the perioperative mean Hb level due to the difference in the local dose of TXA.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed 292 hips between June 2013 and October 2020. The decrease in Hb level (difference between the preoperative value and the 7-day postoperative value) was used to estimate total perioperative blood loss. The mean perioperative reduction in Hb was compared between hips that received intravenous TXA preoperatively and intra-articular TXA at wound closure (combination administration group) and those that received only intra-articular TXA (single dose group). It was also compared by different local doses of tranexamic acid.

Results

The mean reduction in Hb was significantly smaller in the combination administration group than in the single dose group. However, no significant difference was observed due to the difference in the local dose of TXA administered at the time of wound closure.

Conclusion

Reducing perioperative bleeding decreases the invasiveness of surgery, which is important from the perspective of medical safety.

Combined use of intravenous and topical tranexamic acid efficiently reduces blood loss in patients aged over 60 operated with a 2-level lumbar fusion

PURPOSE

The current study was conducted to assess the efficacy and safety of the intravenous (IV) administration combined with topical administration of tranexamic acid (TXA)in patients (aged over 60) scheduled for a 2-level lumbar fusion surgery.

METHODS

Two hundred eighty patients scheduled for a 2-level lumbar fusion surgery were randomized into four groups, including an IV group, a local group, a combined group, and a control group. Patients in the combined group, in the IV group, in the topical group, and in the control group were administrated with 15 mg/kg of IV-TXA + 2 g TXA in local, 15 mg/kg IV-TXA, 2 g TXA in local, and 100 ml IV, respectively. The results of total blood loss (TBL), maximum hemoglobin drop, the transfusion rate, and the number of allogeneic blood units were compared. Deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE) events were monitored and recorded.

RESULTS

The TBL was 635.49 ± 143.60, 892.62 ± 166.85, 901.11 ± 186.25, and 1225.11 ± 186.25 mL for the combined group, the IV group, the topical group, and the control group, respectively (p = 0.015, p = 0.001, respectively). The average maximum hemoglobin drop in the four above groups was 2.18 ± 0.24, 2.80 ± 0.37, 2.40 ± 0.64, and 3.40 ± 1.32 g/dL, respectively. No PE event was reported during the follow-up. Although asymptomatic DVT events were reported by 1, 2, and 2 patients in the combined group, topical group, and control group, respectively, there is no intergroup difference.

CONCLUSIONS

The combined use of TXA effectively reduced the total blood loss and blood transfusion rate in patients aged over 60 scheduled for a 2-level lumbar fusion, without increasing the incidence of DVT and PE formation.

Defining the Most Effective Patient Blood Management Combined with Tranexamic Acid Regime in Primary Uncemented Total Hip Replacement Surgery

The application of patient blood management (PBM) combined with tranexamic acid administration (TXA) results in decreased total blood loss volume (TVB) and transfusions in total hip replacements (THRs). Dosages, timing, and routes of administration of TXA are still under debate as all these aspects, as well as interpatient variations, may affect the efficacy of the protocol. This study aims to examine the effectiveness of timing and route of administration of TXA in combination with PBM by reducing the TBV following THR surgery. Consecutive primary uncemented THRs operated by a single surgical and anaesthetic team had the data prospectively collected and then retrospectively studied. Five treatment groups were formed, reflecting the progressive evolution of our protocol. Group 1 included patients managed with PBM alone (preoperative erythrocyte mass optimisation to at least 14 g/dL haemoglobin (Hb), hypotensive spinal anaesthesia and restrictive red blood cell transfusion criteria). Group 2 included patients with PBM and topical 3 g TXA diluted in normal saline to a total volume of 50 mL. Group 3 were patients with PBM and an IV dose of 20 mg/kg TXA at induction, followed by 20 mg/kg TXA as a continuous infusion for the duration of the operation. Group 4 consisted of patients managed as per Group 3 plus another 20 mg/kg TXA at three-hour post-procedure. Group 5 (combined): PBM and IV TXA as per Group 4 and topical TXA as per Group 2. A generalised linear model with the treatment group as an independent variable was modelled, using TBV as the dependent variable. The transfusion rate for all groups was 0%. TBV at 24 h, oscillated from 613.5 ± 337.63 mL in Group 1 to 376.29 ± 135.0 mL in Group 5. TBV at 48 h oscillated from 738.3 ± 367.3 mL (PBM group) to 434 ± 155.2 mL (PBM + combined group). The multivariate regression model confirmed a significant decrease of TBV in all groups with TXA compared with the PBM-only group. Overweight and preoperative Hb were confirmed to significantly influence TBV. The optimal regime to achieve the least TBV and a transfusion rate of 0% requires PBM and one loading 20 mg/kg dose of TXA, followed by continuous infusion of 20 mg/kg for the duration of the operation in uncemented THRs. Additional doses of TXA did not add a clear benefit.

Intravenous Combined with Topical Tranexamic Acid Administration Has No Additional Benefits Compared with Intravenous Administration Alone in High Tibial Osteotomy: A Retrospective Case-Control Study

Objective

To investigate whether intravenous combined with topical administration of tranexamic acid (TXA) is superior to intravenous administration alone in terms of blood loss, incision complications, functional recovery, and pain relief in high tibial osteotomy (HTO).

Methods

Clinical data of patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA) treated with unilateral HTO were retrospectively reviewed. The patients were grouped according to the TXA administration method, with 24 patients in the combined group and 21 in the solo group. In the combined group, 100 mL saline containing 1 g TXA was intravenously administered before application of a tourniquet, and 20 mL saline containing 2 g TXA was injected through a drainage tube after closure of the incision. Alternatively, 100 mL of saline containing 1 g TXA was intravenously administered before application of a tourniquet in the solo group. The blood loss and adverse events were compared between the two groups.

Results

All patients were followed for more than half a year. The drainage volume on the first day and total blood loss on the second day after surgery in the combined and single treatment groups were 130.06 ± 29.22 and 165.35 ± 43.08 mL (P < 0.05), respectively, and 327.17 ± 64.26 and 385.45 ± 63.31 mL (P < 0.05). There were no blood transfusions in either group. One case of delayed incision healing was observed in the solo group, and no such event occurred in the combined group. There were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of the following factors: the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and prothrombin time (PT); levels of fibrinogen (FIB) and D‐dimer on the second day after surgery; numbers of hospitalization days and thromboembolism events; and knee joint function and visual analog score 6 months after surgery.

Conclusion

Intravenous combined with topical TXA administration in HTO is superior to intravenous administration alone for reducing postoperative blood loss and drainage volume without thromboembolic complications. However, even with only intravenous TXA administration, no cases of blood transfusion and only 1 case of incision complication occurred. At the same time, the combined use of TXA did not improve the recovery of knee joint function and pain relief after HTO.

The Value of Routine Intravenous Tranexamic Acid in Total Hip Arthroplasty: A Preliminary Study

Objective

To determine the effect on the need for transfusion when intravenous tranexamic acid (TXA) is administered intraoperatively in patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty (THA).

Method

A prospective, double blinded, randomised control trial of 88 patients undergoing THA was randomly allocated to receive 1 g of intravenous TXA or normal saline on induction of anaesthesia. All patients received spinal anaesthesia. The primary outcome measure was transfusion rate, and the secondary outcomes were intraoperative blood loss, haemoglobin levels, length of hospital stay, functional scores, and thromboembolic complications.

Results

19.0% of patients given TXA required a blood transfusion, compared with 20.5% given placebo (p=0.87). Secondary outcomes included mean intraoperative blood loss, which was 536.5 ml in the TXA group and 469.8 ml in the placebo group (p=0.87). Secondary outcomes included mean intraoperative blood loss, which was 536.5 ml in the TXA group and 469.8 ml in the placebo group (p=0.87). Secondary outcomes included mean intraoperative blood loss, which was 536.5 ml in the TXA group and 469.8 ml in the placebo group (p=0.87). Secondary outcomes included mean intraoperative blood loss, which was 536.5 ml in the TXA group and 469.8 ml in the placebo group (p=0.87). Secondary outcomes included mean intraoperative blood loss, which was 536.5 ml in the TXA group and 469.8 ml in the placebo group (p=0.87). Secondary outcomes included mean intraoperative blood loss, which was 536.5 ml in the TXA group and 469.8 ml in the placebo group (

Conclusions

1 g IV TXA administered on induction did not significantly reduce the need for blood transfusion, postoperative blood loss, functional scores, or the length of stay in patients undergoing THA. This trial is registered with ACTRN12610001065088.

Reduction of Blood Loss by Tranexamic Acid Following Total Hip and Knee Arthroplasty: A Meta-Analysis

BACKGROUND

This study involved a meta-analysis of 36 published studies to examine the efficacy of intravenous (IV) and intra-articular (IA) tranexamic acid (TXA) in reducing blood loss, drain output, thromboembolic complications, and hospital stay following total hip and total knee arthroplasty. This study also evaluated whether treatment with a combination of both IA and IV TXA has an effect on these outcomes. Lastly, this study attempted to analyze the method and technique of TXA administration in order to establish a best practice for its use in reducing overall blood loss in arthroplasty procedures.

METHODS

MEDLINE, Embase, and the Cochrane Library database were screened. Studies comparing IV TXA with IA TXA or with combined IV and IA TXA were included. Data including total blood loss, drain output, thromboembolic complications, and hospital stay, where available, were analyzed using meta-analysis with fixed effects. Results are presented as the standardized mean difference (SMD), and meta-regression was employed to explore plausible demographic contributions to heterogeneity.

RESULTS

Twenty-eight randomized controlled trials, 3 prospective cohort studies, and 5 retrospective cohort studies with 5,499 patients were included in this review. IA administration during total knee arthroplasty showed a significant advantage in terms of total blood loss (SMD = -0.14, 95% confidence interval [CI] = -0.027 to -0.02, I = 78.2%) and drain output (SMD = -0.30, 95% CI = -0.43 to -0.18). There was no significant difference between IV and IA administration in total hip arthroplasty. Combined IA plus IV TXA was associated with a significant reduction in blood loss versus IV TXA alone in both total knee arthroplasty and total hip arthroplasty. IV TXA dosing varied, as 14 (39%) of the studies used a weight-based approach while 22 (61%) used a standard dose. Twenty-seven (96%) of 28 studies of IA administration used standard dosing while 1 study followed a weight-based protocol. There was no difference in symptomatic thromboembolic complications, with overall rates in total knee arthroplasty and total hip arthroplasty of 1.0% and 1.0% for IV administration and 1.1% and 0.3% for IA administration, respectively. There was no difference in length of hospital stay for IV versus IA TXA administration.

CONCLUSIONS

IA TXA, either alone or in conjunction with IV TXA, reduces total blood loss and/or drain output in total knee arthroplasty and total hip arthroplasty. Optimal methodology remains to be clarified; however, there are substantial economic benefits of utilizing either IV or IA TXA, with greater cost benefits when using IA TXA.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

The efficiency and safety of oral tranexamic acid in total hip arthroplasty: A meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Intravenous (IV), topical and combination of both application of tranexamic acid (TXA) can reduce blood loss, hemoglobin drop, and transfusion rate in patients following total hip arthroplasty (THA). Lately, published articles reported that oral TXA had as similar blood-saving as IV and topical TXA in THA. The purpose of this meta-analysis is to investigate the efficiency and safety of oral TXA in THA.

METHODS

We systematically searched articles about oral administration of TXA in THA from PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, and the Chinese Wanfang database.

STUDY ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA

The outcomes were collected and analyzed by the Review Manager 5.3.

RESULTS

Nine RCTs and 1 CCT, containing 1305 patients, were ultimately included according to the inclusion criteria and exclusion criteria in the meta-analysis. The effectiveness of oral TXA was as similar as the IV or topical TXA in regard to hemoglobin drop (SMD = -0.14; 95% CI, [-0.28, 0.01]; P = .06), total blood loss (SMD = 0.01; 95% CI, [-0.13, 0.16]; P = .84), transfusion rate (OR = 0.76; 95% CI, [0.38, 1.55]; P = .37). Compared with single oral TXA or blank group, multiple oral TXA effectively reduced hemoglobin drop (SMD = -1.06; 95% CI, [-1.36, -0.77]; P < .05), total blood loss (SMD = -1.30; 95% CI, [-1.66, -0.94]; P < .05), transfusion rate (OR = 0.53; 95% CI, [0.29, 0.95]; P = .03). There were no significant difference in terms of length of stay and complication among all of enrolled studies.

CONCLUSION

Oral TXA has favorable effect of blood-saving and do not increase risk of complication in patients following THA. Oral TXA may have no effect in the length of stay. More high quality RCTs are necessary.

Optimal route for administering tranexamic acid in primary unilateral total hip arthroplasty: Results from a multicenter cohort study

AIM

This study aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of different tranexamic acid (TXA) routes following primary total hip arthroplasty (THA).

METHODS

We collected data from the National Health Database on patients registered from January 2013 to September 2017. The patients were divided based on TXA administration route into a control group (without TXA), intravenous group, topical group and combined group. The primary outcome was transfusion; secondary outcomes were total blood loss, haemoglobin level, decrease in haemoglobin on postoperative day 3, and incidence of complications.

RESULTS

Data were collected on 7667 primary THA, 4662 with TXA and 3005 without TXA. The transfusion rate was 28.7% in the control group, 12.7% in the topical group, 8.9% in the intravenous group, and 6.1% in the combined group, and the inter-group differences were significant (P < .01). The combined group showed significantly smaller total blood loss (1.23 ± 0.52 L), smaller reduction in haemoglobin level (26.5 ± 11.1 g/L) and higher haemoglobin level on postoperative day 3 (107.0 ± 15.5 g/L) than the other three groups (P < .05). The three TXA groups showed significantly lower incidence of deep vein thrombosis than the control group (0.08% vs 0.47%, P = .001) as well as a lower rate of other complications (0.34% vs 0.67%, P = .044).

CONCLUSION

TXA is effective and safe to decrease blood loss and transfusion following primary THA, regardless of whether it is administered intravenously, topically or both. Intravenous or combined routes may produce better haemostatic effects, so they may be suggested in the absence of contraindications.

[Comparison of combined intravenous and topical use of tranexamic acid with different dosage in primary total knee arthroplasty]

Objective

To compare the efficacy and safety of intra-articular combined with intravenous administration of tranexamic acid (TXA) with different dosage for reducing blood loss in primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA).

Methods

Between January 2017 and June 2017, 90 patients suffering from unilateral osteoarthritis who underwent primary TKA were randomly scheduled to three interventions, named groups A, B, and C. Single dosage of TXA via intravenous injection (IV) and different dosages of TXA via intra-articular injection (IA) were utilized in three groups, respectively. All patients in three groups received 1 g TXA IV at 10 minutes preoperatively, and received 1, 2, and 3 g TXA IA diluted in 50 mL saline after wound closure in groups A, B and C, respectively. The age, gender, body mass index, affected side of the knee, grade of osteoarthritis, grade of America Society of Anesthesiologist, preoperative hemoglobin (Hb) concentration, platelet count, preoperative prothrombin time, and activated partial thromboplastin time were not significantly different between groups ( P>0.05). The postoperative wound blood drainage, Hb concentration at 1, 3, and 7 days after operation, transfusion rate, and thromboembolic complications were observed. All patients were routinely observed for deep vein thrombosis (DVT) by the color Doppler ultrasonography at 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months after operation, and the symptomatic pulmonary embolism (PE) were observed.

Results

All patients in three groups were followed up 7-12 months (mean, 8.4 months). There was no significant difference in operation time between groups ( P>0.05). The postoperative wound blood drainage was significantly less in groups B and C than that in group A ( P<0.05), whereas no significant difference was found between group B and group C ( P>0.05). Incision skin necrosis occurred in 1 case of group B and fat liquefaction occurred in 1 case of group C. The other incisions of 3 groups healed by first intention. There was no significant difference in incision complication incidence between groups. The Hb concentration was significantly higher in groups B and C than that in group A at 1, 3, and 7 days after operation ( P<0.05). While between group B and group C, the significant difference of Hb concentration only existed at 1 day after operation ( P<0.05). The number of patients who got blood transfusion was significantly less in group B (4 cases, 13.3%) and group C (5 cases, 16.7%) than that in group A (9 cases, 30%) ( P< 0.05), but no significant difference was found between group B and group C ( P>0.05). The result of color Doppler ultrasonography showed that 1 case got DVT in the contralateral calf at 3 weeks in group B. And there was no symptomatic PE in 3 groups.

Conclusion

Combined administration of IV and IA TXA in a clinically relevant reduction in blood loss was effective and safe in primary TKA, and no thromboembolic complication was observed. The combination of 1 g IV with 2 g IA could be the optional choice.

Comparison of intravenous, topical or combined routes of tranexamic acid administration in patients undergoing total knee and hip arthroplasty: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to compare the effects of intravenous, topical and combined routes of tranexamic acid (TXA) administration on blood loss and transfusion requirements in patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty (TKA) and total hip arthroplasty (THA).

DESIGN

This was a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials (RCT) wherein the weighted mean difference (WMD) and relative risk (RR) were used for data synthesis applied in the random effects model. Stratified analyses based on the surgery type, region, intravenous and topical TXA dose and transfusion protocol were also conducted. The main outcomes included intraoperative and total blood loss volume, transfusion rate, low postoperative haemoglobin (Hb) level and postoperative Hb decline. However, the secondary outcomes included length of hospital stay (LOS) and/or occurrence of venous thromboembolism (VTE).

SETTING

We searched the PubMed, Embase and Cochrane CENTRAL databases for RCTs that compared different routes of TXA administration.

PARTICIPANTS

Patients undergoing TKA or THA.

INTERVENTIONS

Intravenous, topical or combined intravenous and topical TXA.

RESULTS

Twenty-six RCTs were selected, and the intravenous route did not differ substantially from the topical route with respect to the total blood loss volume (WMD=30.92, p=0.31), drain blood loss (WMD=-34.53, p=0.50), postoperative Hb levels (WMD=-0.01, p=0.96), Hb decline (WMD=-0.39, p=0.08), LOS (WMD=0.15, p=0.38), transfusion rate (RR=1.08, p=0.75) and VTE occurrence (RR=1.89, p=0.15). Compared with the combined-delivery group, the single-route group had significantly increased total blood loss volume (WMD=198.07, p<0.05), greater Hb decline (WMD=0.56, p<0.05) and higher transfusion rates (RR=2.51, p<0.05). However, no significant difference was noted in the drain blood loss, postoperative Hb levels and VTE events between the two groups. The intravenous and topical routes had comparable efficacy and safety profiles.

CONCLUSIONS

The combination of intravenous and topical TXA was relatively more effective in controlling bleeding without increased risk of VTE.

Comparative efficacy and safety of different hemostatic methods in total hip arthroplasty: a network meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

It is unclear which kind of interventional therapy is the best when reducing blood loss in patients prepared for total hip arthroplasty (THA). We performed this network meta-analysis to rank the best intervention arm for blood loss control in THA patients.

METHODS

We searched electronic databases about randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to compare three treatments (topical tranexamic acid (TXA), intravenous TXA, and topical fibrin sealant (FS)) versus placebo for the people prepared for THA. Traditional and network meta-analyses were performed. The quality assessment was conducted using Cochrane Collaboration's tool. The network meta-analysis was conducted using Stata 13.0 software.

RESULTS

Finally, a total of 32 RCTs were included in this network meta-analysis. Topical TXA, intravenous TXA, and topical FS significantly decreased the need for transfusion and total blood loss when compared with placebo. And intravenous TXA ranks the first hemostasis agent for reducing the need for transfusion and total blood loss. There was no significant difference between these three treatments (intravenous TXA, topical TXA, and topical FS) in the occurrence of deep venous thrombosis (DVT).

CONCLUSION

Intravenous TXA may be the best way to reduce the need for transfusion and total blood loss. More direct studies that focused on topical TXA versus FS are needed in the future.

Tranexamic acid administration to older patients undergoing primary total hip arthroplasty conserves hemoglobin and reduces blood loss

BACKGROUND

Tranexamic acid effects in older people are difficult to predict. This study investigated the following research questions: 1) Is tranexamic acid effective in older patients undergoing primary total hip arthroplasty (THA)? and 2) Is there a difference in the effect of tranexamic acid between younger and older patients?

METHODS

This was a 2-phase retrospective matched-pair study of patients who underwent THA in 2007-2013. All procedures were performed by surgeons with at least 10 years' experience as senior consultant. In the first phase, 58 patients aged 65 years or more who received tranexamic acid were matched 1:1 with patients who did not receive tranexamic acid for age, sex, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) classification and body mass index. In the second phase, 58 patients aged 65 years or more who received tranexamic acid were matched 1:1 with patients less than 65 years of age who received tranexamic acid for sex, ASA classification and body mass index. The primary outcome measures were percent maximum decrease in hemoglobin level and estimated blood loss after surgery.

RESULTS

In the first phase, patients who received tranexamic acid conserved postoperative hemoglobin by a mean of 10.26 g/L (standard deviation [SD] 9.89 g/L) compared to the control group (p < 0.001). The mean difference in the estimated perioperative blood loss between the 2 groups was 410 mL (SD 376 mL) (p < 0.001), which indicated less bleeding in the treatment group. In the second phase, there was no difference between the younger (mean age 55.1 [SD 7.28] yr) and older (mean age 75.6 [SD 6.35] yr) groups in mean lowest postoperative hemoglobin level or percent decrease in hemoglobin level.

CONCLUSION

Tranexamic acid reduced the postoperative decrease in hemoglobin level and blood loss in older patients. Moreover, the significant hemoglobin-sparing effect of tranexamic acid in older patients was similar to that observed in younger patients.

[Randomized controlled trial of comparison between the SuperPATH and posterolateral approaches in total hip arthroplasty]

Objective

To evaluate the effectiveness of SuperPATH approach in total hip arthroplasty (THA) compared with conventional posterolateral approach.

Methods

Between March 2017 and May 2017, 24 patients who planned to have a unilateral THA were enrolled in the study and randomized into 2 groups. Twelve patients were treated with SuperPATH approach (SuperPATH group) and 12 patients with posterolateral approach (control group). There was no significant difference in gender, age, body mass index, the type of disease, complicating diseases, and American Society of Anesthesiologists grading between 2 groups ( P>0.05). The operation time, length of stay, length of incision, and perioperative complications related to operation were recorded. The hemoglobin and hematocrit were recorded; the total blood loss and intraoperative blood loss were calculated. The inflammatory response indicators (C-reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate) and muscle damage index (creatine kinase) were recorded in both groups. The range of motion, functional score (Harris score), visual analogue scale (VAS) score, and prosthesis position were recorded.

Results

Patients in both groups were followed up 1 year. Compared with the control group, the operation time of the SuperPATH group was longer ( t=4.470, P=0.000), and the incision was shorter ( t=-2.168, P=0.041). There was no significant difference in length of stay between 2 groups ( t=0.474, P=0.640). Periprosthetic fracture occurred in 1 case of the SuperPATH group. No other complications, such as infection or deep vein thrombosis, occurred in both groups. There was no significant difference in intraoperative blood loss, total blood loss, hemoglobin and hematocrit before operation and at 1 and 3 days after operation, and C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate before operation and at 1, 3, and 14 days between 2 groups ( P>0.05). For creatine kinase, SuperPATH group at 1 and 3 days were lower than control group ( P<0.05), while no significant difference was found between 2 groups before operation and at 14 days after operation ( P>0.05). For flexion and abduction activity, SuperPATH group at 1 and 3 days after operation were better than the control group ( P<0.05), while no significant difference was found between 2 groups at 14 days, 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year after operation ( P>0.05). The Harris and VAS scores of SuperPATH group at 1 and 3 days after operation were better than those of control group ( P<0.05). There was no significant difference in anteversion and abduction between 2 groups ( P>0.05) according to the X-ray film at 1 year. During the follow-up, no loosening or migration was observed.

Conclusion

Compared with the posterolateral approach, the SuperPATH approach can reduce muscle damage, relieve early pain, promote recovery, and obtain the similar short-term effectiveness.

Safety of intravenous tranexamic acid in patients undergoing majororthopaedic surgery: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials

Among the various pharmacological options to decrease peri-operative bleeding, tranexamic acid appears to be one of the most interesting. Several trials have consistently documented the efficacy of this synthetic drug in reducing the risk of blood loss and the need for allogeneic blood transfusion in patients undergoing total hip and knee arthroplasty. The safety of intravenous tranexamic acid in major orthopaedic surgery, particularly regarding the risk of venous thromboembolism, was systematically analysed in this review. A systematic search of the literature identified 73 randomised controlled trials involving 4,174 patients and 2,779 controls. The raw overall incidence of venous thromboembolism was 2.1% in patients who received intravenous tranexamic acid and 2.0% in controls. A meta-analytic pooling showed that the risk of venous thromboembolism in tranexamic acid-treated patients was not significantly different from that of controls (risk difference: 0.01%, 95% confidence interval [CI]: -0.05%, 0.07%; risk ratio: 1.067, 95% CI: 0.760-1.496). Other severe drug-related adverse events occurred very rarely (0.1%). In conclusion, the results of this systematic review and meta-analysis show that intravenous tranexamic acid is a safe pharmacological treatment to reduce blood loss and transfusion requirements in patients undergoing major orthopaedic surgery.

Exclusion criteria and adverse events in perioperative trials of tranexamic acid: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Tranexamic acid (TXA) is an inexpensive therapy effective at minimizing perioperative blood loss and transfusion. However, it remains underutilized due to safety concerns. To date, no evidence-based guidelines exist identifying which patients should not receive TXA therapy. This study determined patient groups for whom safety information regarding TXA is lacking due to common exclusion from perioperative TXA trials.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

A systematic review searching the databases Medline, EMBASE, CENTRAL, and Clinicaltrials.gov was performed. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) administering systemic TXA perioperatively to elective or emergent surgery patients were eligible. Our primary outcome was to describe exclusion criteria of RCTs, and the secondary outcome was TXA safety. A descriptive synthesis of exclusion criteria was performed, and TXA safety was assessed by meta-analysis.

RESULTS

A total of 268 eligible RCTs were included. Meta-analysis showed that systemic TXA did not increase risk of adverse events compared to placebo or no intervention (relative risk, 1.05; 95% confidence interval, 0.99-1.12). Patient groups commonly excluded from perioperative TXA trials, and thus potentially lacking TXA safety data, were those with major comorbidities, a history of thromboembolism, medication use affecting coagulation, TXA allergy, and coagulopathy. Exclusion of patients with major comorbidities may not be necessary; we showed that the risk of adverse events was similar in studies that excluded patients with major comorbidities and those that did not.

CONCLUSION

Sufficient evidence exists to develop perioperative guidelines for TXA use in many populations. Further studies evaluating perioperative TXA use in patients with a history of thromboembolism are warranted.

Optimal use of tranexamic acid for total hip arthroplasty: A network meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Tranexamic acid (TXA) has been demonstrated to minimize blood loss after total hip arthroplasty. There are three main routes: intravenous (IV), intra-articular (topical), and combined (IV and topical) but little consensus support which is most effective and safe. We performed network meta-analysis.to assess the comparative efficacy and safety of three different administration routes of TXA.

METHODS

Twenty-five randomized controlled trials (RCT) were evaluated. Interventions were classified as: combined, IV multiple, IV single, topical and placebo. The primary outcome was effectiveness (transfusion rate, total blood loss, and total drain out). The secondary outcome was safety, based on the incidence of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE).

RESULTS

A total of 2227 patients were included in the 5 categories: 564 IV single, 319 IV multiple, 398 topical, 120 combined, and 826 placebo. A network meta-analysis identified the most effective interventions in terms of reducing the need for transfusion as follows: combined = 98.2%, IV single = 54.0%, IV multiple = 78.6%, topical = 66.1%, placebo = 0.0%. Compared with placebo, the IV single, IV multiple, topical, and combined interventions showed no difference in the rate of occurrence of DVT and PE.

CONCLUSIONS

A network meta-analysis indicated that combined administration of TXA (IV and topical) was effective in reducing the transfusion rate after hip arthroplasty compared with IV or topical alone. As no high-risk patients were evaluated in the RCTs, it is not known whether the combined method is safer for patients susceptible to DVT or PE.

The Efficacy of Tranexamic Acid in Total Hip Arthroplasty: A Network Meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Tranexamic acid (TXA) is an antifibrinolytic agent commonly used to reduce blood loss in total hip arthroplasty (THA). The purpose of our study was to evaluate the efficacy of TXA in primary THA to support the combined clinical practice guidelines of the American Association of Hip and Knee Surgeons, American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, Hip Society, Knee Society, and American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine on the use of TXA in primary total joint arthroplasty.

METHODS

A search was performed using Ovid-MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Reviews, Scopus, and Web of Science databases to identify all publications before July 2017 on TXA in primary THA. We completed qualitative and quantitative homogeneity testing of all included studies. Direct and indirect comparisons were analyzed using a network meta-analysis followed by consistency testing of the results.

RESULTS

Two thousand one hundred thirteen publications underwent critical appraisal with 34 publications identified as representing the best available evidence for inclusion in the analysis. Topical, intravenous, and oral TXA formulations provided reduced blood loss and risk of transfusion compared to placebo, but no formulation was clearly superior. Use of repeat doses, higher doses, or variation in timing of administration did not significantly reduce blood loss or risk of transfusion.

CONCLUSIONS

Strong evidence supports the use of TXA to reduce blood loss and risk of transfusion after primary THA. No specific routes of administration, dosage, dosing regimen, or time of administration provides clearly superior blood-sparing properties.

Oral vs Intravenous vs Topical Tranexamic Acid in Primary Hip Arthroplasty: A Prospective, Randomized, Double-Blind, Controlled Study

BACKGROUND

Tranexamic acid (TXA) has demonstrated efficacy in reducing blood loss, reduction in hemoglobin, and blood transfusion requirements in primary total hip arthroplasty (THA). The optimal mode of TXA administration for patients undergoing primary THA is unclear. The purpose of this randomized controlled trial is to determine whether oral administration of TXA was superior to intravenous or topical routes in these patients.

METHODS

In this double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial, patients undergoing primary THA were randomized to oral (2 g TXA orally 2 hours preoperatively), intravenous (20 mg/kg intravenous TXA bolus 5 minutes before the incision), or topical (2 g TXA applied topically) TXA groups. The primary outcome was the reduction in hemoglobin. Secondary outcomes included blood loss, transfusion rate, cost of TXA (Chinese yuan (¥); in 2017, ¥1 = $0.147), and adverse events.

RESULTS

One hundred eighty patients were randomized into the 3 groups. Demographic characteristics were similar among the groups. The mean reduction in hemoglobin was similar among the oral, intravenous, and topical groups (3.48 ± 1.32, 3.58 ± 1.07, and 3.66 ± 1.26 g/dL, respectively). Similarly, the mean total blood loss did not differ significantly among the 3 groups. The oral group incurred the lowest TXA cost (¥480) compared with that in the intravenous (¥3329.28) and topical (¥3540) groups (P = .01). None of the patients sustained a deep venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, or an infection.

CONCLUSION

The blood-sparing efficacy of oral TXA is comparable to that of the intravenous and topical forms. Oral TXA is recommended because of its cost-benefit superiority and ease of administration.

The efficacy and safety of topical tranexamic acid: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Tranexamic acid (TXA) is an effective hemostatic agent used for the reduction of blood loss and transfusion. However, the safety profile of TXA remains in question due to a potential increased risk of venous thromboembolism. By applying TXA topically as opposed to intravenously, systemic absorption may be reduced and unwanted side-effects mitigated. The objective of our review is to investigate the efficacy and safety of topically applied tranexamic acid compared to both placebo, and the intravenous administration. Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, Embase, ISI Web of Science, PubMed, and Clinicaltrials.gov were searched from inception to November, 2016. We included randomized controlled trials that compared topical tranexamic acid to either placebo (or standard care) or intravenous administration, in adult patients. Surgical and non-surgical trials were included. Abstract, full-text selection, data extraction and risk of bias assessment were all performed in duplicate. In total, 67 studies involving 6,034 patients met inclusion criteria. The majority of trials evaluated orthopedic procedures. Compared to placebo, the administration of topical TXA significantly reduced the odds of receiving a blood transfusion (pooled OR 0.28, 95% CI 0.20 to 0.38; P < 0.001) and significantly reduced mean blood loss (WMD -276.6, 95% CI -327.8 to -225.4; P < 0.0001). When compared to the intravenous administration, there was no difference between the two groups in terms of transfusion requirements (pooled OR 1.03, 95% CI 0.72 to 1.46; P=0.88) or blood loss (WMD -21.95, 95% CI -66.61 to 27.71; P=0.34). There was no difference in the odds of developing a venous thromboembolic complication between the topical TXA and control groups (pooled OR=0.78, 95% CI 0.47 to 1.29; P=0.33) or the topical and intravenous groups (pooled OR=0.75, 95% CI 0.39 to 1.46; P=0.40). The topical application of TXA effectively reduces both transfusion risk and blood loss compared to placebo, without increasing thromboembolic risks. There were no major differences between topical and intravenous tranexamic acid with respect to safety and efficacy, and both were superior to placebo with regards to blood loss and transfusion requirements. Further study of the topical application is required outside of the field of orthopedics.

Tranexamic acid in total hip arthroplasty: Mixed treatment comparisons of randomized controlled trials and cohort studies

Background

The present study is a network meta-analysis of various routes of tranexamic acid (TXA) in patients with total hip arthroplasty (THA).

Methods

Randomized controlled trials and cohort studies evaluating TXA in patients with THA were included. Number of patients requiring blood transfusion was the primary outcome.

Results

Pooled estimate for TXA use against placebo for blood transfusion rate was 0.30 [0.23, 0.39] favoring TXA. Maximum reduction in the risk of blood transfusion was observed with topical plus intra-operative intravenous TXA.

Conclusion

Combined topical and intravenous TXA during surgery may perform better than other modes in patients undergoing THA.

Influence of single-dose intravenous tranexamic acid on total hip replacement : A study on transfusions, collateral complications, and readmissions

INTRODUCTION

To determine the effects of tranexamic acid (TXA) on transfusions in patients undergoing hip replacement with a hybrid or cementless prosthesis.

METHODS

A group of 172 consecutive patients aged 18 years or older who underwent elective hip replacement with uncemented or hybrid prostheses, undergoing surgery between January 2012 and January 2014 by the same primary surgeon and anesthesiologist, were retrospectively included. TXA (1 g) was administered immediately before incision in the TXA group. Primary variables included number of red blood cell transfusions and the influence of TXA for each type of prosthesis. Secondary variables included hematocrit at discharge, length of hospital stay, thrombosis or pulmonary embolism, seizures, and death.

RESULTS

Average transfusion was 1.53 units/patient in the control group compared to 0.6 units/patient in the TXA group (z = 6.29; U = 1640.5; p < 0.0001). TXA use was significantly correlated with the number of units transfused (p < 0.0001, 95% CI -1.24 to -0.68). Odds risk reduction for transfusion was observed during surgery (OR: 0.14; CI 0.06-0.29; p < 0.0001) and during the rest of hospital stay (OR: 0.11; CI 0.01-0.96; p = 0.046). Both hybrid and cementless prostheses that received TXA were transfused less than control groups (0.57 ± 1 vs. 1.7 ± 1 p < 0.01 and 0.65 ± 1 vs. 1.24 ± 1 p < 0.01). No difference was observed between the groups regarding adverse effects. Hematocrit values at discharge and length of hospital stay were similar between groups. No deaths were observed during hospital stay.

CONCLUSIONS

TXA reduced transfusions without increasing the prevalence of adverse effects. This reduction was observed during surgery and the following days of hospital stay for both for hybrid and cementless prosthesis.

Multiple boluses of intravenous tranexamic acid to reduce hidden blood loss and the inflammatory response following enhanced-recovery primary total hip arthroplasty: a randomised clinical trial

AIMS

The aim of this study was to examine the efficacy and safety of multiple boluses of intravenous (IV) tranexamic acid (TXA) on the hidden blood loss (HBL) and inflammatory response following primary total hip arthroplasty (THA).

PATIENTS AND METHODS

A total of 150 patients were allocated randomly to receive a single bolus of 20 mg/kg IV TXA before the incision (group A), a single bolus followed by a second bolus of 1 g IV-TXA three hours later (group B) or a single bolus followed by two boluses of 1 g IV-TXA three and six hours later (group C). All patients were treated using a standard peri-operative enhanced recovery protocol. Primary outcomes were HBL and the level of haemoglobin (Hb) as well as the levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) as markers of inflammation. Secondary outcomes included the length of stay in hospital and the incidence of venous thromboembolism (VTE).

RESULTS

The mean HBL was significantly lower in group C (402.13 ml standard deviation (sd) 225.97) than group A (679.28 ml sd 277.16, p < 0.001) or B (560.62 ml sd 295.22, p = 0.010). The decrease in the level of Hb between the pre-operative baseline and the level on the third post-operative day was 30.82 g/L (sd 6.31 g/L) in group A, 27.16 g/L (sd 6.83) in group B and 21.98 g/L (sd 3.72) in group C. This decrease differed significantly among the three groups (p < 0.01). The mean level of CRP was significantly lower in group C than in the other two groups on the second (p ≤ 0.034) and third post-operative days (p ≤ 0.014). The levels of IL-6 were significantly lower in group C than group A on the first three post-operative days (p = 0.023). The mean length of stay was significantly lower in group C than group A (p = 0.023). No VTE or other adverse events occurred.

CONCLUSION

Multiple boluses of IV-TXA can effectively reduce HBL following primary THA. A regime of three boluses leads to a smaller decrease in the level of Hb, less post-operative inflammation and a shorter length of stay in hospital than a single bolus. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2017;99-B:1442-9.

A systematic review and meta-analysis comparing combined intravenous and topical tranexamic acid with intravenous administration alone in THA

PURPOSE

To compare the effectiveness and safety of combined intravenous and topical tranexamic acid with intravenous use alone in THA.

METHODS

The electronic databases MEDLINE, EMBASE, BIOSIS, Cochrane central, and further adapted for Google and Google Scholar internet, last updated on Dec 30, 2016, were searched. Evaluated outcomes included total blood loss, transfusion rate, maximum postoperative Hb drop, and incidence of thromboembolic complications. The standard mean difference (SMD) or the relative risk (RR) was calculated for continuous or dichotomous data respectively. The quality of the trial was assessed, and meta-analyses were performed with the Cochrane Collaboration's RevMan 5.0 software.

RESULTS

Five RCTs with 457 patients were included. Combined TXA administration reduced blood loss (SMD, 1.39; 95%CI, 0.55 to 2.23; P<0.00001, I2 = 94%), hemoglobin decline (SMD, 0.84; 95%CI, 0.13 to 1.54; P = 0.01, I2 = 83%) and the need for transfusion (RR, 2.58; 95%CI, 1.59 to 4.18; P = 0.65, I2 = 0%) without increasing the rate of thromboembolic complications significantly (RR, 0.83; 95%CI, 0.27 to 2.54; P = 0.81, I2 = 0%).

CONCLUSION

The present study has emphasized that combined TXA administration can effectively reduce blood loss, hemoglobin decline and the need for transfusion without increasing the rate of thromboembolic complications.

Intravenous Tranexamic Acid Bolus plus Infusion Is Not More Effective than a Single Bolus in Primary Hip Arthroplasty

Background

Preoperative administration of the antifibrinolytic agent tranexamic acid reduces bleeding in patients undergoing hip arthroplasty. Increased fibrinolytic activity is maintained throughout the first day postoperation. The objective of the study was to determine whether additional perioperative administration of tranexamic acid would further reduce blood loss.

Methods

This prospective, double-blind, parallel-arm, randomized, superiority study was conducted in 168 patients undergoing unilateral primary hip arthroplasty. Patients received a preoperative intravenous bolus of 1 g of tranexamic acid followed by a continuous infusion of either tranexamic acid 1 g (bolus-plus-infusion group) or placebo (bolus group) for 8 h. The primary outcome was calculated perioperative blood loss up to day 5. Erythrocyte transfusion was implemented according to a restrictive transfusion trigger strategy.

Results

The mean perioperative blood loss was 919 ± 338 ml in the bolus-plus-infusion group (84 patients analyzed) and 888 ± 366 ml in the bolus group (83 patients analyzed); mean difference, 30 ml (95% CI, −77 to 137; P = 0.58). Within 6 weeks postsurgery, three patients in each group (3.6%) underwent erythrocyte transfusion and two patients in the bolus group experienced distal deep-vein thrombosis. A meta-analysis combining data from this study with those of five other trials showed no incremental efficacy of additional perioperative administration of tranexamic acid.

Conclusions

A preoperative bolus of tranexamic acid, associated with a restrictive transfusion trigger strategy, resulted in low erythrocyte transfusion rates in patients undergoing hip arthroplasty. Supplementary perioperative administration of tranexamic acid did not achieve any further reduction in blood loss.

Tranexamic acid in total hip arthroplasty: A recursive cumulative meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials and assessment of publication bias

INTRODUCTION

TXA has been evaluated in THA in several randomized controlled trials for the past 16 years. We attempted to evaluate the trends in the evidence using recursive cumulative meta-analysis and publication bias using Rosenthal and 'Trim and Fill' methods.

METHODS

Electronic databases were searched for randomized controlled clinical trials comparing TXA with either placebo (or no TXA administration) or TXA, administered through different routes in patients with osteoarthritis or osteonecrosis of the hip who underwent THA. We considered the total number of patients requiring blood transfusion as the clinical outcome for both the analyses and used quality effects model for assessing the changes in the pooled estimates with addition of new clinical trial data. We also assessed the publication bias by plotting individual study estimates with the standard errors using Rosenthal and 'Trim and Fill'methods.

RESULTS

A total of 20 studies were included. The pooled cumulative meta-analysis indicates that from 2014 the addition of estimate from new studies in the following years is only narrowing the confidence interval without any significant change in the point estimate. Rosenthal fail-safe-N for the comparisons of intravenous bolus TXA, intra-operative and post-operative intravenous TXA and topical with control groups were 54, 6 and 16 respectively. Fail-safe-N for the combined intravenous and topical TXA with intravenous TXA alone was 13.

CONCLUSION

Adequate evidence exists supporting the use of intravenous TXA in reducing the need for blood transfusion in THA. There is possible existence of small studies with null effects evaluating the use of TXA in THA.

Is combined topical and intravenous tranexamic acid superior to single use of tranexamic acid in total joint arthroplasty?: A meta-analysis from randomized controlled trials

BACKGROUND

To compare the efficacy and safety of the combined application of both intravenous and topical tranexamic acid (TXA) versus the single use of either application in patients with total knee and hip arthroplasty (TKA and THA).

METHODS

Potentially relevant studies were identified from electronic databases including Medline, PubMed, Embase, ScienceDirect, and the Cochrane Library. Randomized control trials (RCTs) of patients prepared for total joint arthroplasty that compared combined TXA with placebo were retrieved. The primary endpoint was hemoglobin decline or postoperative hemoglobin level, blood loss, drainage volume, transfusion requirements. The secondary outcomes were length of stay (LOS), and operation time as well as surgery-related adverse effects, such as wound infection, deep vein thrombosis (DVT), and pulmonary embolism (PE). After testing for publication bias and heterogeneity between studies, data were aggregated for random-effects models when necessary.

RESULTS

Five RCTs that included 604 patients met the inclusion criteria. The present meta-analysis indicated significant differences existed in the total blood loss (mean difference [MD] = -134.65, 95% CI: -191.66 to -77.64, P < .0001), postoperative hemoglobin level (MD = 0.74, 95% CI: 0.39-1.10, P < .0001), drainage volume (MD = -47.44, 95% CI: -64.55 to -30.33, P < .00001), and transfusion rate (risk difference [RD] = -0.06, 95% CI: -0.10 to -0.02, P = .006) between groups.

CONCLUSION

Combined administration of TXA in TKA and THA was associated with significantly reduced total blood loss, postoperative hemoglobin decline, drainage volume, and transfusion requirements. Well-designed, high-quality RCTs with long-term follow-up are still required.

Is combined topical and intravenous tranexamic acid superior to intravenous tranexamic acid alone for controlling blood loss after total hip arthroplasty?: A meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

We performed a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to compare the efficacy and safety of combined intravenous (IV) and topical tranexamic acid (TXA) with IV-TXA alone for controlling blood loss in patients following primary total hip arthroplasty (THA).

METHODS

PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, the Google database, the Chinese Wanfang database, and the China National Knowledge Infrastructure database were searched to identify studies comparing combined IV and topical TXA with IV-TXA alone in patients who were prepared for THA. The weighed mean differences for total blood loss, hemoglobin drop, intraoperative blood loss, and the length of hospital stay were calculated. We calculated risk ratios for the need for transfusion and the occurrence of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) in the combined TXA and IV-TXA alone groups. Relevant data were analyzed using Reviewer Manager 5.3.0.

RESULTS

Eight RCTs with a total of 850 patients (combined TXA: n = 471; IV-TXA: n = 479) were included in this meta-analysis. Pooled results indicated that compared with the IV-TXA alone group, the combined TXA group was associated with a lesser need for transfusion, total blood loss, intraoperative blood loss, and hemoglobin drop (P < .05). There was no significant difference between the 2 groups for the length of hospital stay and the occurrence of DVT (P > .05).

CONCLUSIONS

The current meta-analysis indicated that combined topical and IV-TXA was a relatively effective hemostasis method compared with IV-TXA alone. The number of studies included in this meta-analysis is limited, and more studies are needed to verify the effects of combined IV and topical TXA in THA patients.

Comparison of intravenous versus topical tranexamic acid in primary total hip and knee arthroplasty: An updated meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

The appropriate route for administering tranexamic acid in primary total hip (THA) and knee arthroplasty (TKA) remains controversial. The purpose of this meta-analysis was to compare the efficacy and safety of topical or intravenous tranexamic acid.

METHODS

PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library databases were systematically searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing topical and intravenous tranexamic acid following primary THA or TKA. Primary outcomes were transfusion frequency and maximum drop in hemoglobin. Other parameters included total blood loss (TBL), hidden blood loss, drainage volume, hemoglobin level on postoperative day 1 (POD 1), deep vein thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary embolism (PE), wound complications and other adverse events. Data were analyzed using Rev Man 5.2.

RESULTS

A total of 18 RCTs involving TKA and 4 RCTs involving THA, corresponding to approximately 2260 patients, were included in the meta-analysis. No significant difference between topical and intravenous tranexamic acid was found in transfusion requirement (RR 1.14, 95%CI 0.87 to 1.50, p=0.35). The maximum drop in hemoglobin was significantly smaller in the intravenous group than in the topical group (MD 0.33g/dL, 95%CI 0.07 to 0.58, p=0.01); similar results were observed for the subset of studies involving THA (MD 0.49g/dL, 95%CI 0.28 to 0.70, p<0.001) and the subset involving TKA (MD 0.30g/dL, 95%CI 0.02 to 0.59, p=0.04). The topical and intravenous groups did not differ significantly in TBL, drainage volume, hemoglobin level on POD 1, DVT, PE, wound complications or other adverse events.

CONCLUSION

The available evidence indicates similar transfusion requirements and safety for topical and intravenous tranexamic acid in THA and TKA. However, intravenous injection seems to be associated with a smaller maximum drop in hemoglobin.

Combined application versus topical and intravenous application of tranexamic acid following primary total hip arthroplasty: a meta-analysis

Background

The use of intravenous (IV) or topical tranexamic acid (TXA) in total hip arthroplasty has been proven to be effective and safe in total hip arthroplasty. However, which of these two administration routes is better has not been determined. The combined administration of TXA has been used in total knee arthroplasty with satisfactory results. We hypothesized that combined application of TXA may be the most effective way without increased rate of thrombotic events such as deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolisms (PE) in patients subjected to primary total hip replacement (THA). A meta-analysis was conducted to compare the efficacy and safety of the combined use of tranexamic acid (TXA) relative to topical or intravenous (IV) use alone for treatment of primary THA. The outcomes included total blood loss, postoperative hemoglobin decline, transfusion rates, and the incidence rates of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolisms (PE).

Methods

We searched electronic databases including PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, Web of Science, the Chinese Biomedical Literature database, the CNKI database, and Wanfang Data until September 2016. The references of the included articles were also checked for additional potentially relevant studies. There were no language restrictions for the search. The data of the included studies were analyzed using RevMan 5.3 software.

Results

Seven studies met the inclusion criteria, encompassing a total of 1762 patients. Our meta-analysis demonstrated that total blood loss, postoperative hemoglobin decline, and transfusion rates were significantly lower for patients that received the combined treatment compared to patients that received either topical or intravenous administration of TXA. No statistical differences were found in the incidence of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) or pulmonary embolism (PE).

Conclusion

The group that received the combined treatment had lower total blood loss, postoperative hemoglobin decline, and transfusion rates without an increased rate of thrombotic events (DVT or PE). The topical or intravenous use of TXA in primary THA is generally considered to be safe and effective. This meta-analysis demonstrated that combined TXA application may be superior to topical or intravenous application of TXA alone. However, larger, high-quality randomized control trials are required for greater confidence in this finding.

Combined use of intravenous and topical versus intravenous tranexamic acid in primary total knee and hip arthroplasty: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials

Background

This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the efficiency and safety of combined intravenous and topical methods of application versus single intravenous of tranexamic acid in primary total knee and hip arthroplasty.

Methods

A systematic search was carried out in MEDLINE (from 1966 to 25 September 2016), PubMed (from 1966 to 25 September 2016), Embase (from 1980 to 25 September 2016), ScienceDirect (from 1985 to 25 September 2016) and the Cochrane Library. Only high-quality randomised controlled trials (RCT) were identified. Two authors independently performed data extraction and quality assessment of included studies. Meta-analysis was conducted using Review Manager 5.1 software.

Results

Six RCTs that included 687 patients met the inclusion criteria. The present meta-analysis indicated that there were significant differences in terms of total blood loss (MD = −193.59, 95% CI −338.06 to −49.13, P = 0.009), transfusion rate (RD = −0.07, 95% CI −0.12 to −0.03, P = 0.001), haemoglobin decline (MD = −0.51, 95% CI −0.83 to −0.18, P = 0.01) and length of stay (MD = −0.20, 95% CI −0.38 to −0.02, P = 0.03) between groups.

Conclusions

Combined administration of tranexamic acid (TXA) in patients with total knee and hip arthroplasty was associated with significantly reduced total blood loss, transfusion requirements, postoperative haemoglobin decline and length of stay compared to single application alone but was not associated with prolonged operation time. Moreover, no adverse effects, such as superficial infection, deep vein thrombus (DVT) or pulmonary embolism (PE), were associated with TXA. We suggest that combined administration of TXA demonstrated excellent clinical efficacy and safety in patients with total knee and hip arthroplasty. More importantly, well-designed studies with larger sample size are needed to provide further reliable evidence for the combined use of TXA.

Intravenous versus topical tranexamic acid in primary total hip replacement: A meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

As the prevalence of total hip arthroplasty (THA) is increasing, it is usually associated with considerable blood loss. Tranexamic acid (TXA) has been reported to reduce perioperative blood loss in hip joint arthroplasty. But the best route of TXA administration continues to be controversial. So, we conducted a meta-analysis that integrated all data from the 7 included trials to compare the effectiveness and safety of topical and intravenous TXA administration in primary THA. The endpoints assessed in this meta-analysis include the comparisons of total blood loss, postoperative hemoglobin decline, transfusion rates, the incidence rate of deep vein thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary embolisms (PE), and wound infection.

METHODS

Literature searches of PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, the Chinese Biomedical Literature database, the CNKI database, and Wan Fang Data were performed up to August 30, 2016. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included in our meta-analysis if they compared the efficiency and safety of intravenous versus topical administration of TXA in patients who underwent primary THA. The endpoints included the comparisons of total blood loss, postoperative hemoglobin decline, transfusion rates, the incidence rate of DVT, PE, and wound infection. A meta-analysis was performed following the guidelines of the Cochrane Reviewer's Handbook and the PRISMA statement. The pooling of data was carried out by using RevMan 5.3, Denmark.

RESULTS

Seven RCTs involving 964 patients met the inclusion criteria. Our meta-analysis indicated that there were no significant differences in the 2 groups in terms of total blood loss ([mean difference (MD) = -14.74, 95% confidence interval (CI): -89.21 to 59.74, P = 0.7], transfusion rates [RD = -0.02, 95% CI: -0.05 to 0.02, P = 0.39]; no significant differences were found regarding the incidence of adverse effects such as deep venous thrombosis [DVT] [RD = 0.00, 95% CI: -0.01 to 0.01, P = 1.00], PE [RD = 0.00, 95% CI: -0.01 to 0.01, P = 0.71], or wound infection [RD = -0.01, 95% CI: -0.06 to 0.04, P = 0.66]). The pooled results showed that the intravenous groups had a lower postoperative hemoglobin decline (MD = -0.47, 95% CI: -0.74 to -0.20, P = 0.0006). It was probably due to insufficient data and the varied reporting of outcomes. There was some inherent heterogeneity due to the small sample size of each primary study.

CONCLUSION

The topical and intravenous administrations of TXA have a similar effect on the decrease of blood loss without an increased risk of complications (DVT, PE, and wound infection). Intravenous TXA administration may have a maximum efficacy. Topical TXA administration may be preferred in patients who with high risk of thromboembolic events. However, larger, high-quality RCTs are required to explore the optimal regimen, dosage, timing still in the future in order to recommend TXA widespread use in total joint arthroplasty.

Combined use of intravenous and topical versus intravenous tranexamic acid in primary total joint arthroplasty: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

OBJECTIVE

To compare the safety and efficacy of combined use of intravenous and topical tranexamic acid with that of intravenous tranexamic acid in primary total joint arthroplasty.

METHODS

Literature was searched in PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, Medline, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure databases. Only randomized controlled trials were included in our study. Data were using fixed-effects or random-effects models with standard mean differences and risk ratios for continuous and dichotomous variables, respectively.

RESULTS

Seven randomized controlled trials encompassing 683 patients were retrieved for this meta-analysis. Outcomes showed that when compared with intravenous tranexamic acid, combined use of intravenous and topical tranexamic acid could significantly reduce total blood loss by a mean of 138.70 mL [95% confidence interval (CI): -196.14 to -81.26, p < 0.001], transfusion rates (risk ratio 0.42, 95% CI: 0.2 to 0.85, p < 0.001). No significant difference in the occurrence of deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism was found between the two groups.

CONCLUSIONS

This meta-analysis indicated that comparing with only intravenous tranexamic acid, combined use of intravenous and topical tranexamic acid can significantly reduce blood loss and transfusion rate in primary total joint arthroplasty without increasing the risk of thrombotic complications. Therefore, we suggest that tranexamic acid should be intravenously combined with topically administered in primary total joint arthroplasty.

Combined intravenous and topical tranexamic acid versus intravenous use alone in primary total knee and hip arthroplasty: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

OBJECTIVE

The tranexamic acid (TXA) can reduce surgical perioperative blood loss. However, the optimal regimen of tranexamic acid remains controversial. The purpose of this meta-analysis was to compare the efficacy and safety of combined intravenous and topical tranexamic acid versus intravenous use alone in primary total knee and hip arthroplasty.

METHODS

PubMed, EMbase, Cochrane library and OVID were searched. Eligible randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating combined intravenous and topical TXA versus intravenous alone in primary total knee and hip arthroplasty were included. The relative risk (RR) or the mean difference (MD) for dichotomous or continuous data was calculated respectively, and heterogeneity was analyzed by chi-square and I² tests.

RESULTS

A total of five RCTs met the inclusion criteria were included. The meta-analysis indicated that there was statistically significant difference favoring the combined group in total blood loss(MD = -160.90, 95% CI[-201.26, -120.54]), P < 0.00001), hemoglobin drop (MD = -0.41, 95% CI[-0.73,0.08], P = 0.01), transfusion requirements(RR = 0.29, 95% CI[0.12,0.70], P = 0.006) and length of hospital stays (MD = -0.21, 95%CI[-0.40, -0.02], P = 0.03). Both groups showed similar outcomes regarding thromboembolic complications(RR = 0.84, 95% CI[0.26,2.70], P = 0.76).

CONCLUSIONS

Based on our study, Combined use of intravenous and topical TXA is more effective than intravenous TXA alone in primary total knee or hip arthroplasty without increasing the risk of thromboembolic complications. Further high quality studies with more patients are needed in future studies.

Topical versus systemic tranexamic acid after total knee and hip arthroplasty: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

BACKGROUND

Tranexamic acid (TXA) is an antifibrinolytic drug widely used to reduce blood loss during joint replacements, including total knee arthroplasty (TKA) and total hip arthroplasty (THA). However, there is no final consensus regarding the composition of an optimal administration of TXA regime between topical and systemic (intravenous). The purpose of our study was to compare the efficacy of topical and intravenous (IV) regimen of TXA during TKA and THA.

METHODS

Five relevant electronic online databases, PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Web of Science and Chinese Biomedical Database were systematically searched in November 2015. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compared topical with intravenous TXA in patients with TKA or THA were included. The search terms included "topical," "intravenous," "tranexamic acid," "knee arthroplasty" and "hip arthroplasty." Two reviewers independently extracted data and assessed the risk of bias and study quality. Data were analyzed with Review Manager 5.3 software. Grades of Recommendation Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) were used to assess the quality of evidence.

RESULTS

Sixteen RCTs with 1250 patients undergoing TKA and 4 RCTs involving 550 patients undergoing THA were included. There were no significant differences in total blood loss (mean difference [MD]TKA = -28.72 mL, 95% confidence interval [CI] -195.97 to 138.54 mL, P = 0.74; MDTHA = 14.03 mL, 95% CI -35.53 to 63.59 mL; P = 0.78), total drain out (MDTKA = -3.09 mL, 95% CI -39.05 to 32.88 mL; P = 0.87; MDTHA -31.00 mL, 95% CI -66.56 to 4.66 mL; P = 0.09), and transfusion rates (ORTKA = 0.90, 95% CI 0.58-1.40, P = 0.64; ORTHA = 1.19, 95% CI 0.67-2.09; P = 0.63) between topical and intravenous (IV) TXA.

CONCLUSIONS

The current evidence suggested that topical TXA was equally effective and safe compared with intravenous TXA in reducing blood loss and transfusion rate following TKA or THA. We recommended that either topically or systemically could be used in TKA and THA to decrease perioperative blood loss.

Topical Versus Intravenous Administration of Tranexamic Acid in Primary Total Hip Arthroplasty: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Tranexamic acid (TA) is widely used by orthopedic surgeons to decrease blood loss and the need for transfusion following total hip arthroplasty (THA). Although both intravenous and topical applications are described in the literature, there remains no consensus regarding the optimal regimen, dosage and method of delivery of TA during THA. In addition, concerns still exist regarding the risk of thromboembolic events with intravenous administration. The purpose of this meta-analysis was to compare the efficacy and safety of topical versus intravenous administration of TA in THA. A systemic review of the electronic databases PubMed, CENTRAL, EMBASE and Google Scholar was undertaken to identify all randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing the topical and intravenous administration of TA during THA, in terms of total blood loss, rate of blood transfusion and incidence of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE) post-operatively. A meta-analysis was performed to evaluate and compare the efficacy and safety of both methods of administration. Of 248 potentially relevant papers, three RCTs comprising (482) were eligible for data extraction and meta-analysis. The results showed a slightly higher amount of blood loss [Mean Difference (MD) - 46.37, P=0.12, 95% confidence interval (CI) - 12.54 to 105.29] and rate of transfusion (Risk Ratio 1.30, P=0.39, 95%CI 0.71 to 2.37) postoperatively in the topical TA group, but both did not reach statistical significance. There were 3 cases (1.2%) of DVT/PE in the intravenous group and one case (0.4%) in the topical group. Topical TA is an effective and safe method to reduce blood loss and the rate of transfusion following primary THA. It has comparative effectiveness to IV administration with slightly less post-operative thromboembolic complications. Larger and better-designed RCTs are required to establish the optimum dosage and regimen for topical use.

Comparison of efficacy and safety of topical versus intravenous tranexamic acid in total hip arthroplasty: A meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

The study aimed to compare the effectiveness and safety of topical versus intravenous (IV) tranexamic acid (TXA) for reducing blood loss in primary total hip arthroplasty (THA).

METHODS

This systematic review and meta-analysis were performed according to the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses statement criteria. PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Chinese Biomedicine Literature (CBM), Wanfang Database, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and Google Scholar were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and non-RCTs that compare topical versus IV-TXA administration for reducing blood loss during TKA from their inception to February, 2016. Meta-analysis was performed by Stata 12.0 software.

RESULTS

Seven studies comprising 2056 patients were included in this meta-analysis. No significant difference is found between topical TXA groups and IV-TXA groups regarding transfusion requirements (RR = 1.37, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.96-1.97, P = 0.083), total blood loss (MD 17.09, 95% CI: -33.74-67.91, P = 0.510), and hemoglobin decline (MD 0.32, 95%CI: -0.04-0.69, P = 0.122). Meanwhile, there is no significant difference in terms of the occurrence of deep venous thrombosis (RR = 1.09, 95% CI: 0.40-3.90, P = 0.869).

CONCLUSION

Topical TXA has a similar efficacy to IV-TXA in reducing both blood loss and transfusion rate without sacrificing safety in primary THA.