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Grenda R. Delayed graft function and its management in children. Pediatr Nephrol 2017; 32:1157-1167. [PMID: 27778091 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-016-3528-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Delayed graft function (DGF) is commonly defined as the requirement for dialysis within the first 7 days following renal transplantation. The major underlying mechanism is related to ischaemia/reperfusion injury, which includes microvascular inflammation and cell death and apoptosis, and to the regeneration processes. Several clinical factors related to donor, recipient and organ procurement/transplantation procedures may increase the risk of DGF, including donor cardiovascular instability, older donor age, donor creatinine concentration, long cold ischaemia time and marked body mass index of both the donor and recipient. Some of these parameters have been used in specific predictive formulas created to assess the risk of DGF. A variety of other pre-, intra- and post-transplant clinical factors may also increase the risk of DGF, such as potential drug nephrotoxicity, surgical problems and/or hyperimmunization of the recipient. DGF may decrease the long-term graft function, but data on this effect are inconsistent, partially due to the many different types of organ donation. Relevant management strategies may be classified into the classic clinical approach, which has the aim of minimizing the individual risk factors of DGF, and specific pharmacologic strategies, which are designed to prevent or treat ischaemia/reperfusion injury. Both strategies are currently being evaluated in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryszard Grenda
- Department of Nephrology & Kidney Transplantation, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland.
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2
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Vinsonneau C, Allain-Launay E, Blayau C, Darmon M, Ducheyron D, Gaillot T, Honore PM, Javouhey E, Krummel T, Lahoche A, Letacon S, Legrand M, Monchi M, Ridel C, Robert R, Schortgen F, Souweine B, Vaillant P, Velly L, Osman D, Van Vong L. Renal replacement therapy in adult and pediatric intensive care : Recommendations by an expert panel from the French Intensive Care Society (SRLF) with the French Society of Anesthesia Intensive Care (SFAR) French Group for Pediatric Intensive Care Emergencies (GFRUP) the French Dialysis Society (SFD). Ann Intensive Care 2015; 5:58. [PMID: 26714808 PMCID: PMC4695466 DOI: 10.1186/s13613-015-0093-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute renal failure (ARF) in critically ill patients is currently very frequent and requires renal replacement therapy (RRT) in many patients. During the last 15 years, several studies have considered important issues regarding the use of RRT in ARF, like the time to initiate the therapy, the dialysis dose, the types of catheter, the choice of technique, and anticoagulation. However, despite an abundant literature, conflicting results do not provide evidence on RRT implementation. We present herein recommendations for the use of RRT in adult and pediatric intensive care developed with the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) system by an expert group of French Intensive Care Society (SRLF), with the participation of the French Society of Anesthesia and Intensive Care (SFAR), the French Group for Pediatric Intensive Care and Emergencies (GFRUP), and the French Dialysis Society (SFD). The recommendations cover 4 fields: criteria for RRT initiation, technical aspects (access routes, membranes, anticoagulation, reverse osmosis water), practical aspects (choice of the method, peritoneal dialysis, dialysis dose, adjustments), and safety (procedures and training, dialysis catheter management, extracorporeal circuit set-up). These recommendations have been designed on a practical point of view to provide guidance for intensivists in their daily practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Patrick M Honore
- Intensive Care Department, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Etienne Javouhey
- Réanimation pédiatrique spécialisée, CHU Lyon, 69677, Bron, France.
| | | | | | | | | | - Mehran Monchi
- Réanimation polyvalente, CH Melun, 77000, Melun, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - David Osman
- CHU Bicêtre, 94, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France.
| | - Ly Van Vong
- Réanimation polyvalente, CH Melun, 77000, Melun, France.
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3
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Épuration extrarénale en réanimation adulte et pédiatrique. Recommandations formalisées d’experts sous l’égide de la Société de réanimation de langue française (SRLF), avec la participation de la Société française d’anesthésie-réanimation (Sfar), du Groupe francophone de réanimation et urgences pédiatriques (GFRUP) et de la Société francophone de dialyse (SFD). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13546-014-0917-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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4
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Chapal M, Le Borgne F, Legendre C, Kreis H, Mourad G, Garrigue V, Morelon E, Buron F, Rostaing L, Kamar N, Kessler M, Ladrière M, Soulillou JP, Launay K, Daguin P, Offredo L, Giral M, Foucher Y. A useful scoring system for the prediction and management of delayed graft function following kidney transplantation from cadaveric donors. Kidney Int 2014; 86:1130-9. [PMID: 24897036 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2014.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Delayed graft function (DGF) is a common complication in kidney transplantation and is known to be correlated with short- and long-term graft outcomes. Here we explored the possibility of developing a simple tool that could predict with good confidence the occurrence of DGF and could be helpful in current clinical practice. We built a score, tentatively called DGFS, from a French multicenter and prospective cohort of 1844 adult recipients of deceased donor kidneys collected since 2007, and computerized in the Données Informatisées et VAlidées en Transplantation databank. Only five explicative variables (cold ischemia time, donor age, donor serum creatinine, recipient body mass index, and induction therapy) contributed significantly to the DGF prediction. These were associated with a good predictive capacity (area under the ROC curve at 0.73). The DGFS calculation is facilitated by an application available on smartphones, tablets, or computers at www.divat.fr/en/online-calculators/dgfs. The DGFS should allow the simple classification of patients according to their DGF risk at the time of transplantation, and thus allow tailored-specific management or therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Chapal
- 1] Institut de Transplantation et de Recherche en Transplantation, ITUN, CHU Nantes, RTRS « Centaure », Nantes and Inserm U1064 (Immunointervention dans les Allo et Xénotransplantation), Nantes University, boulevard Jean Monnet, Nantes, France [2] Centre d'Investigation Clinique biothérapie, Labex Transplantex, boulevard Jean Monnet, Nantes, France
| | - Florent Le Borgne
- EA 4275 SPHERE-Biostatistics, Clinical Research and Pharmaco-Epidemiology, Nantes University, Nantes, France
| | - Christophe Legendre
- 1] Service de Transplantation Rénale et de Soins Intensifs, Hôpital Necker, APHP, Paris, France [2] Universités Paris Descartes et Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Henri Kreis
- 1] Service de Transplantation Rénale et de Soins Intensifs, Hôpital Necker, APHP, Paris, France [2] Universités Paris Descartes et Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Georges Mourad
- Service de Néphrologie, Dialyse et Transplantation, Hôpital Lapeyronie, Montpellier, Université Montpellier I, Montpellier, France
| | - Valérie Garrigue
- Service de Néphrologie, Dialyse et Transplantation, Hôpital Lapeyronie, Montpellier, Université Montpellier I, Montpellier, France
| | - Emmanuel Morelon
- Service de Néphrologie, Transplantation et Immunologie Clinique, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Lyon, France
| | - Fanny Buron
- Service de Néphrologie, Transplantation et Immunologie Clinique, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Lyon, France
| | - Lionel Rostaing
- 1] Service de Néphrologie, HTA, Dialyse et Transplantation d'Organes, CHU Rangueil, Toulouse, France [2] Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Nassim Kamar
- 1] Service de Néphrologie, HTA, Dialyse et Transplantation d'Organes, CHU Rangueil, Toulouse, France [2] Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Michèle Kessler
- Service de Transplantation Rénale, CHU Brabois, Nancy, France
| | - Marc Ladrière
- Service de Transplantation Rénale, CHU Brabois, Nancy, France
| | - Jean-Paul Soulillou
- 1] Institut de Transplantation et de Recherche en Transplantation, ITUN, CHU Nantes, RTRS « Centaure », Nantes and Inserm U1064 (Immunointervention dans les Allo et Xénotransplantation), Nantes University, boulevard Jean Monnet, Nantes, France [2] Centre d'Investigation Clinique biothérapie, Labex Transplantex, boulevard Jean Monnet, Nantes, France
| | - Katy Launay
- 1] Institut de Transplantation et de Recherche en Transplantation, ITUN, CHU Nantes, RTRS « Centaure », Nantes and Inserm U1064 (Immunointervention dans les Allo et Xénotransplantation), Nantes University, boulevard Jean Monnet, Nantes, France [2] EA 4275 SPHERE-Biostatistics, Clinical Research and Pharmaco-Epidemiology, Nantes University, Nantes, France
| | - Pascal Daguin
- Institut de Transplantation et de Recherche en Transplantation, ITUN, CHU Nantes, RTRS « Centaure », Nantes and Inserm U1064 (Immunointervention dans les Allo et Xénotransplantation), Nantes University, boulevard Jean Monnet, Nantes, France
| | - Lucile Offredo
- EA 4275 SPHERE-Biostatistics, Clinical Research and Pharmaco-Epidemiology, Nantes University, Nantes, France
| | - Magali Giral
- 1] Institut de Transplantation et de Recherche en Transplantation, ITUN, CHU Nantes, RTRS « Centaure », Nantes and Inserm U1064 (Immunointervention dans les Allo et Xénotransplantation), Nantes University, boulevard Jean Monnet, Nantes, France [2] Centre d'Investigation Clinique biothérapie, Labex Transplantex, boulevard Jean Monnet, Nantes, France
| | - Yohann Foucher
- 1] Institut de Transplantation et de Recherche en Transplantation, ITUN, CHU Nantes, RTRS « Centaure », Nantes and Inserm U1064 (Immunointervention dans les Allo et Xénotransplantation), Nantes University, boulevard Jean Monnet, Nantes, France [2] EA 4275 SPHERE-Biostatistics, Clinical Research and Pharmaco-Epidemiology, Nantes University, Nantes, France
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Palmer SC, Rabindranath KS, Craig JC, Roderick PJ, Locatelli F, Strippoli GFM. High-flux versus low-flux membranes for end-stage kidney disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012; 2012:CD005016. [PMID: 22972082 PMCID: PMC6956628 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd005016.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical practice guidelines regarding the use of high-flux haemodialysis membranes vary widely. OBJECTIVES We aimed to analyse the current evidence reported for the benefits and harms of high-flux and low-flux haemodialysis. SEARCH METHODS We searched Cochrane Renal Group's specialised register (July 2012), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE (1948 to March 2011), and EMBASE (1947 to March 2011) without language restriction. SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that compared high-flux haemodialysis with low-flux haemodialysis in people with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) who required long-term haemodialysis. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Data were extracted independently by two authors for study characteristics (participants and interventions), risks of bias, and outcomes (all-cause mortality and cause-specific mortality, hospitalisation, health-related quality of life, carpal tunnel syndrome, dialysis-related arthropathy, kidney function, and symptoms) among people on haemodialysis. Treatment effects were expressed as a risk ratio (RR) or mean difference (MD), with 95% confidence intervals (CI) using the random-effects model. MAIN RESULTS We included 33 studies that involved 3820 participants with ESKD. High-flux membranes reduced cardiovascular mortality (5 studies, 2612 participants: RR 0.83, 95% CI 0.70 to 0.99) but not all-cause mortality (10 studies, 2915 participants: RR 0.95, 95% CI 0.87 to 1.04) or infection-related mortality (3 studies, 2547 participants: RR 0.91, 95% CI 0.71 to 1.14). In absolute terms, high-flux membranes may prevent three cardiovascular deaths in 100 people treated with haemodialysis for two years. While high-flux membranes reduced predialysis beta-2 microglobulin levels (MD -12.17 mg/L, 95% CI -15.83 to -8.51 mg/L), insufficient data were available to reliably estimate the effects of membrane flux on hospitalisation, carpal tunnel syndrome, or amyloid-related arthropathy. Evidence for effects of high-flux membranes was limited by selective reporting in a few studies. Insufficient numbers of studies limited our ability to conduct subgroup analyses for membrane type, biocompatibility, or reuse. In general, the risk of bias was either high or unclear in the majority of studies. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS High-flux haemodialysis may reduce cardiovascular mortality in people requiring haemodialysis by about 15%. A large well-designed RCT is now required to confirm this finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suetonia C Palmer
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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Akkina SK, Connaire JJ, Israni AK, Snyder JJ, Matas AJ, Kasiske BL. Similar outcomes with different rates of delayed graft function may reflect center practice, not center performance. Am J Transplant 2009; 9:1460-6. [PMID: 19459804 PMCID: PMC2758075 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2009.02651.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
To better understand the implications for considering delayed graft function (DGF) as a performance measure, we compared outcomes associated with a 2- to 3-fold difference in the incidence of DGF at two transplant centers. We analyzed 5072 kidney transplantations between 1984 and 2006 at the University of Minnesota Medical Center (UMMC) and Hennepin County Medical Center (HCMC). In logistic regression the adjusted odds ratio for DGF at HCMC versus UMMC was 3.11 (95% Confidence Interval [CI]= 2.49-3.89) for deceased donors and 2.24 (CI = 1.45-3.47) for living donors. In Cox analysis of 4957 transplantations, slow graft function (SGF; creatinine >or=3.0 mg/dL [230 micromol/L] on day 5 without dialysis) was associated with graft failure at UMMC (Relative Risk [RR]= 1.43, CI = 1.25-1.64), but not HCMC (RR = 0.99, CI = 0.77-1.28). RR's of DGF were similar at both centers. Thus, the lower incidence of DGF at UMMC likely resulted in a higher incidence and higher risk of SGF compared to HCMC. Indeed, graft survival for recipients with DGF at HCMC was similar (p = 0.3741) to that of recipients with SGF at UMMC. We conclude that dialysis per se is likely not a cause of worse graft outcomes. A better definition is needed to measure early graft dysfunction and its effects across transplant programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev K. Akkina
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN
| | | | - Ajay K Israni
- Hennepin County Medical Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Jon J. Snyder
- Chronic Disease Research Group, Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Arthur J. Matas
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Bertram L. Kasiske
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, Hennepin County Medical Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
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7
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute renal failure (ARF) is associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. Some studies have reported a survival advantage among patients dialyzed with biocompatible membranes (BCM) compared to bioincompatible membranes (BICM). These findings were not consistently observed in subsequent studies. OBJECTIVES To ascertain whether the use of BCM confers an advantage in either survival or recovery of renal function over the use of BICM in adult patients with ARF requiring intermittent hemodialysis. SEARCH STRATEGY We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL, in The Cochrane Library), MEDLINE (from 1966), EMBASE (from 1980), the Mexican Index of Latin American Biomedical Journals IMBIOMED (from 1990), the Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature Database LILACS (from 1982), and reference lists of articles. Search date: January 2007 SELECTION CRITERIA Randomized and quasi-randomized controlled trials comparing the use of a BCM with a BICM in patients > 18 years of age with ARF requiring intermittent hemodialysis. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two authors extracted the data independently. Cellulose-derived dialysis membranes were classified as BICM, and synthetic dialyzers were considered as BCM. The main outcomes were all-cause mortality and recovery of renal function by type of dialyzer. We further explored these outcomes according to the flux properties (high-flux or low-flux) of each of these dialyzers. A meta-analysis was conducted by combining data using a random-effects model. MAIN RESULTS Ten studies were included in the primary analysis of mortality, with a total of 1100 patients. None of the pooled risk ratios (RRs) reached statistical significance. The pooled RR for mortality was 0.93 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.81 to 1.07). The overall RR for recovery of renal function, which was inclusive of 1038 patients from nine studies, was 1.09 (95% CI 0.90 to 1.31). The pooled RR for mortality by dialyzer flux property was 1.05 (95% CI 0.81 to 1.37). The pooled RR for recovery of renal function by flux property was 1.30 (95% CI 0.83 to 2.02). A meta-analysis of mortality among kidney transplant recipients was not possible, however the analysis of recovery of renal function in this patient population revealed an RR of 1.05 (95% CI 0.87 to 1.26). Results of sensitivity analyses did not differ significantly from the primary analyses. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS There is no demonstrable clinical advantage to the use of BCM versus BICM in patients with ARF who require intermittent hemodialysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Alonso
- University of Massachusetts Medical CenterDepartment of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular MedicineUniversity of Massachusetts Medical School55 Lake Avenue NorthWorcesterMAUSA01655
| | - Joseph Lau
- Tufts Medical CentreNew England Medical Centre/Tufts Evidence‐based Practice Center Institute for Clinical Research and Health Policy Studies800 Washington StreetBox 63BostonMAUSA02111
| | - Bertrand L Jaber
- Caritas St. Elizabeth's Medical CenterDepartment of Medicine736 Cambridge StreetBostonMAUSA02135
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Schnuelle P, Johannes van der Woude F. Perioperative fluid management in renal transplantation: a narrative review of the literature. Transpl Int 2006; 19:947-59. [PMID: 17081224 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-2277.2006.00356.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Adequate volume maintenance is essential to prevent acute renal failure during major surgery or to ensure graft function after renal transplantation. The various recommendations on the optimum fluid therapy are based, at best, on sparse evidence only from observational studies. This article reviews the literature on perioperative fluid management in renal transplantation. Crystalloid solutions not exerting any specific side-effects are the first choice for volume replacement in kidney transplantation. The use of colloids should be restricted to patients with severe intravascular volume deficits necessitating high volume restoration. The routine application of albumin, dopamine, and high dose diuretics is no longer warranted. Mannitol given immediately before removal of the vessel clamps reduces the requirement of post-transplant dialysis, but has no effects on graft function in the long term. There is insufficient evidence on the best use of dialysis, but it seems peritoneal dialysis pretransplant is associated with less delayed graft function, whereas the preference of dialysis post-transplant is not yet well-founded. This review article should provide better guidance for fluid management in kidney transplantation until best-evidence guidelines can be established based upon more research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Schnuelle
- Medical Clinic V, Medical Faculty of the University of Heidelberg, University Hospital Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute renal failure (ARF) is associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. Some trials have reported a survival advantage among patients dialyzed with biocompatible membranes (BCM) compared to bioincompatible membranes (BICM). These findings were not consistently observed in subsequent studies. OBJECTIVES To ascertain whether the use of BCM confers an advantage in either survival or recovery of renal function over the use of BICM in adult patients with ARF requiring intermittent hemodialysis. SEARCH STRATEGY We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL, in The Cochrane Library - Issue 1, 2004), MEDLINE (1966 to January 2004), EMBASE (1980 to January 2004), the Mexican Index of Latin American Biomedical Journals IMBIOMED (1990 to January 2004), the Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature Database LILACS (1982 to January 2004), and reference lists of articles. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomized and quasi-randomized controlled trials comparing the use of a BCM with a BICM in patients > 18 years of age with ARF requiring intermittent hemodialysis. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two authors extracted the data independently. Cellulose-derived dialysis membranes were classified as BICM, and synthetic dialyzers were considered as BCM. The main outcomes were all-cause mortality and recovery of renal function by type of dialyzer. We further explored these outcomes according to the flux properties (high-flux or low-flux) of each of these dialyzers. A meta-analysis was conducted by combining data using a random-effects model. MAIN RESULTS Nine studies were included in the primary analysis of mortality, with a total of 1062 patients. None of the pooled RR's reached statistical significance. The pooled relative risk (RR) for mortality was 0.93 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.81 to 1.07). The overall RR for recovery of renal function, inclusive of 1038 patients from nine studies was 1.09 (95% CI 0.90 to 1.31). The pooled RR for mortality by dialyzer flux property was 1.03 (95% CI 0.82 to 1.30). The RR for recovery of renal function by flux property was 0.85 (95% CI 0.55 to 1.31). A meta-analysis of mortality of kidney transplant recipients was not possible, but the analysis of recovery of renal function in this patient population was 1.09 (95% CI 0.91to 1.31). Results of sensitivity analyses did not differ significantly from the primary analyses. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS There is no demonstrable clinical advantage to the use of BCM versus BICM in patients with ARF who require intermittent hemodialysis.
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Abstract
Delayed graft function is a form of acute renal failure resulting in post-transplantation oliguria, increased allograft immunogenicity and risk of acute rejection episodes, and decreased long-term survival. Factors related to the donor and prerenal, renal, or postrenal transplant factors related to the recipient can contribute to this condition. From experimental studies, we have learnt that both ischaemia and reinstitution of blood flow in ischaemically damaged kidneys after hypothermic preservation activate a complex sequence of events that sustain renal injury and play a pivotal part in the development of delayed graft function. Elucidation of the pathophysiology of renal ischaemia and reperfusion injury has contributed to the development of strategies to decrease the rate of delayed graft function, focusing on donor management, organ procurement and preservation techniques, recipient fluid management, and pharmacological agents (vasodilators, antioxidants, anti-inflammatory agents). Several new drugs show promise in animal studies in preventing or ameliorating ischaemia-reperfusion injury and possibly delayed graft function, but definitive clinical trials are lacking. The goal of monotherapy for the prevention or treatment of is perhaps unattainable, and multidrug approaches or single drug targeting multiple signals will be the next step to reduce post-transplantation injury and delayed graft function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norberto Perico
- Department of Medicine and Transplantation, Ospedali Riuniti di Bergamo-Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Bergamo, Italy.
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