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Escudero B, Arias Horcajadas F, Orio L. Changes of attentional bias in patients with alcohol use disorder during abstinence: A longitudinal study. Addict Behav 2024; 157:108098. [PMID: 38959574 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2024.108098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) is linked to an attentional bias towards alcohol-related cues (e.g. images, smells), which acquire incentive properties and promote continued consumption. METHOD We investigated how the general and alcohol attentional bias evolved longitudinally in AUD patients along two periods of abstinence: t = 0 (baseline, 1-3 months of abstinence) and t = 1 (follow-up; 6 months of abstinence), as well as their relationship with alcohol-related variables. General and alcohol-specific attentional bias were evaluated by the Classic and the Alcohol Stroop tests (neutral and alcohol conditions) in abstinent AUD patients and controls. RESULTS At t = 0, the AUD group exhibited both general and alcohol-specific attentional biases, with greater effect in the general bias. At t = 1, alcohol-specific attentional bias decreased specifically in the AUD group and reached control levels (with interference index levels increasing from 1-3 months to 6 months). However, general attentional bias showed a trend toward improvement but it did not significantly change through abstinence process (linear mixed models, controlling for age, BMI, sex and education). CONCLUSIONS In AUD patients, general and alcohol attentional biases exhibit different trajectories during abstinence, with the attentional bias toward alcohol improving significantly throughout this process whereas general attentional bias is maintained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berta Escudero
- Department of Psychobiology and Behavioral Sciences Methods, Faculty of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón 28223, Spain; Instituto de investigación Sanitaria Hospital Universitario, 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid 28041, Spain
| | - Francisco Arias Horcajadas
- Instituto de investigación Sanitaria Hospital Universitario, 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid 28041, Spain; Riapad: Research Network in Primary Care in Addictions, Spain
| | - Laura Orio
- Department of Psychobiology and Behavioral Sciences Methods, Faculty of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón 28223, Spain; Instituto de investigación Sanitaria Hospital Universitario, 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid 28041, Spain; Riapad: Research Network in Primary Care in Addictions, Spain.
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2
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Amano Y, Koizumi K, Takizawa H, Hamaguchi T. Cravings for alcohol in alcohol use disorders are associated with attention deviation to alcohol: An observational study of Japanese in-patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e33222. [PMID: 36897713 PMCID: PMC9997779 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000033222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) may be associated with increased attentional bias (AB) toward alcohol-related information. Accordingly, our aim was to explore the relationships between alcohol-related AB, cravings, and risk of relapse among individuals with AUD after treatment. The study group included 24 in-patients with AUD who had completed alcohol withdrawal management. AB was evaluated using an image-based task, with participants asked to select the nonalcoholic image as fast and as accurately as possible and the response time (RT) measured. The intensity of the desire to drink was evaluated using a 100-mm Visual Analog Scale and the risk of relapse using the Alcohol Relapse Risk Scale. Linear regression was used to evaluate the relationship between these variables, with age, gender, duration of hospitalization, and depression score used as covariates. Intensity of cravings was significantly associated with AB RT (R2 =.625) and risk of relapse of drinking behavior (Alcohol Relapse Risk Scale score, R2 =.64). Gender and γ-GTP were significant explanatory variables of identified relationships. The main limitations of our study are a higher proportion of men than women in our study group and the absence of a control group for baseline comparison of AB RTs. This study results suggested that the desire to drink is related to AB among patients with AUD and that the intensity of the desire to drink is related to the risk of a relapse in drinking behavior after AUD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshifumi Amano
- Department of Rehabilitation, Graduate School of Health Science, Saitama Prefectural University, Koshigaya, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kouhei Koizumi
- Department of Rehabilitation, Graduate School of Health Science, Saitama Prefectural University, Koshigaya, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Takizawa
- Department of Rehabilitation, Graduate School of Health Science, Saitama Prefectural University, Koshigaya, Saitama, Japan
| | - Toyohiro Hamaguchi
- Department of Rehabilitation, Graduate School of Health Science, Saitama Prefectural University, Koshigaya, Saitama, Japan
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3
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Does alcohol automatically capture drinkers' attention? Exploration through an eye-tracking saccadic choice task. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2023; 240:271-282. [PMID: 36688964 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-023-06314-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Dominant theoretical models postulate the presence of an automatic attentional bias (AB) towards alcohol-related stimuli in alcohol use disorder, such AB constituting a core feature of this disorder. An early alcohol AB has been documented in subclinical populations such as binge drinking (i.e., a drinking pattern prevalent in youth and characterized by repeated alternation between alcohol intoxications and withdrawals, generating cerebral consequences). However, the automatic nature of AB remains to be established. OBJECTIVES We investigated the automatic nature of AB in binge drinkers through the saccadic choice task. This eye-tracking paradigm consistently highlights the extremely fast and involuntary saccadic responses elicited by faces in humans, relative to other object categories. Through an alcohol-related adaptation of the saccadic choice task, we tested whether the early and automatic capture of attentional resources elicited by faces can also be found for alcohol-related stimuli in binge drinkers, as predicted by theoretical models. METHODS Forty-three binge drinkers and 44 control participants performed two versions of the saccadic choice task. In the original version, two images (a face, a vehicle) were displayed on the left and right side of the screen respectively. Participants had to perform a saccade as fast as possible towards the target stimulus (either face or vehicle). In the alcohol-related version, the task was identical, but the images were an alcoholic beverage and a non-alcoholic stimulus. RESULTS We replicated the automatic attraction towards faces in both groups, as faces generated higher saccadic accuracy, speed, and amplitude than vehicles, as well as higher corrective saccade proportion. Concerning the alcohol-related adaptation of the task, groups did not differ for the accuracy, speed, and amplitude of the first saccade towards alcohol. However, binge drinkers differed from controls regarding the proportion of corrective saccade towards non-alcoholic stimuli after an error saccade towards alcohol, suggesting the presence of an alcohol disengagement bias specific to binge drinkers. CONCLUSIONS Alcohol-related AB in binge drinkers is not characterized by an early and automatic hijacking of attention towards alcohol. This AB rather relies on later and more controlled processing stages, namely a difficulty to disengage attentional resources from alcohol-related stimuli.
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4
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Kroon E, Kuhns L, Dunkerbeck A, Cousijn J. The who and how of attentional bias in cannabis users: associations with use severity, craving and interference control. Addiction 2023; 118:307-316. [PMID: 36189776 PMCID: PMC10091751 DOI: 10.1111/add.16059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Cognitive and motivational processes are thought to underlie cannabis use disorder (CUD), but research assessing how cognitive processes [e.g. interference control (IC)] interact with implicit [e.g. attentional bias (AB)] and explicit motivation (i.e. craving) is lacking. We assessed the presence of AB in cannabis users with varying use severity and tested models of moderation, mediation and moderated mediation to assess how AB, craving and IC interact in their association with measures of cannabis use. DESIGN A cross-sectional study design was used. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS Eight studies performed by our laboratory in the Netherlands including never-sporadic, occasional (≤ 1/month) and regular cannabis users (≥ 2/week), and individuals in treatment for CUD were combined (n = 560; 71% male). MEASUREMENTS Studies included a classic Stroop task (IC), a cannabis Stroop task (AB) and measures of session-induced and average session craving. Both heaviness of cannabis use (grams/week) and severity of use related problems were included. FINDINGS Only those in treatment for CUD showed an AB to cannabis (P = 0.019) and group differences were only observed when comparing CUD with never-sporadic users (P = 0.007). In occasional and regular users, IC was negatively associated with heaviness (β = 0.015, P < 0.001), but not severity of use. Average session craving (exploratory), but not session-induced craving (confirmatory), mediated this association between AB and heaviness (β = 0.050, P = 0.011) as well as severity of use (β = 0.083, P = 0.009); higher AB was associated with heavier use and more severe problems through increased craving. CONCLUSIONS Attentional bias only appears to be present in cannabis users with the most severe problems and craving appears to mediate the association between attentional bias and both heaviness and severity of use in occasional and regular users. The association of interference control with heaviness but not severity of use may point to subacute intoxication effects of cannabis use on interference control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emese Kroon
- Neuroscience of Addiction (NofA) Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,ADAPT-laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam
| | - Lauren Kuhns
- Neuroscience of Addiction (NofA) Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,ADAPT-laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam
| | | | - Janna Cousijn
- Neuroscience of Addiction (NofA) Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,ADAPT-laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam.,Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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5
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Zech HG, Reichert M, Ebner-Priemer UW, Tost H, Rapp MA, Heinz A, Dolan RJ, Smolka MN, Deserno L. Mobile Data Collection of Cognitive-Behavioral Tasks in Substance Use Disorders: Where Are We Now? Neuropsychobiology 2022; 81:438-450. [PMID: 35350031 DOI: 10.1159/000523697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Over the last decades, our understanding of the cognitive, motivational, and neural processes involved in addictive behavior has increased enormously. A plethora of laboratory-based and cross-sectional studies has linked cognitive-behavioral measures to between-subject differences in drinking behavior. However, such laboratory-based studies inevitably suffer from small sample sizes and the inability to link temporal fluctuations in task measures to fluctuations in real-life substance use. To overcome these problems, several existing behavioral tasks have been transferred to smartphones to allow studying cognition in the field. METHOD In this narrative review, we first summarize studies that used existing behavioral tasks in the laboratory and self-reports of substance use with ecological momentary assessment (EMA) in the field. Next, we review studies on psychometric properties of smartphone-based behavioral tasks. Finally, we review studies that used both smartphone-based tasks and self-reports with EMA in the field. RESULTS Overall, studies were scarce and heterogenous both in tasks and in study outcomes. Nevertheless, existing findings are promising and point toward several methodological recommendations: concerning psychometrics, studies show that - although more systematic studies are necessary - task validity and reliability can be improved, for example, by analyzing several measurement sessions at once rather than analyzing sessions separately. Studies that use tasks in the field, moreover, show that power can be improved by choosing sampling schemes that combine time-based with event-based sampling, rather than relying on time-based sampling alone. Increasing sampling frequency can further increase power. However, as this also increases the burden to participants, more research is necessary to determine the ideal sampling frequency for each task. CONCLUSION Although more research is necessary to systematically study both the psychometrics of smartphone-based tasks and the frequency at which task measures fluctuate, existing studies are promising and reveal important methodological recommendations useful for researchers interested in implementing behavioral tasks in EMA studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilmar G Zech
- Department of Psychiatry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Markus Reichert
- Department of eHealth and Sports Analytics, Faculty of Sport Science, Ruhr-Universität Bochum (RUB), Bochum, Germany.,Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Mental mHealth Lab, Karlsruhe, Germany.,Central Institute of Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Ulrich W Ebner-Priemer
- Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Mental mHealth Lab, Karlsruhe, Germany.,Central Institute of Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Heike Tost
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Michael A Rapp
- Department for Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Campus Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Raymond J Dolan
- Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, University College London, London, UK.,Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, UK
| | - Michael N Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Lorenz Deserno
- Department of Psychiatry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
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6
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Bollen Z, Field M, Billaux P, Maurage P. Attentional bias in alcohol drinkers: A systematic review of its link with consumption variables. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 139:104703. [PMID: 35643118 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In severe alcohol use disorder (SAUD), attentional bias refers to the preferential allocation of attentional resources toward alcohol-related cues. Dominant models consider that this bias plays a key role in the emergence and maintenance of SAUD. We evaluate the available experimental support for this assumption through a systematic literature review, providing a critical synthesis of studies exploring the links between alcohol consumption and attentional bias. Using PRISMA guidelines, we explored three databases (PsycINFO, PubMed, Scopus) and extracted 95 papers. We assessed their methodological quality and categorized them based on the population targeted, namely patients with SAUD or subclinical populations with various drinking patterns. We also classified papers according to the measures used (i.e., behavioral or eye-tracking measures). Overall, subclinical populations present an alcohol-related bias, but many studies in SAUD did not find such bias, nor approach/avoidance patterns. Moreover, attentional bias fluctuates alongside motivational states rather than according to alcohol use severity, which questions its stability. We provide recommendations to develop further theoretical knowledge and overcome methodological shortcomings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoé Bollen
- Louvain Experimental Psychopathology Research Group (LEP), Psychological Science Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Matt Field
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Pauline Billaux
- Institute of Psychology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Maurage
- Louvain Experimental Psychopathology Research Group (LEP), Psychological Science Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
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7
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Does the smell of alcohol make it harder to resist? The impact of olfactory cues on inhibitory control and attentional bias. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2022; 239:2109-2118. [PMID: 35618859 PMCID: PMC9205803 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-022-06073-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is well known that, owing to associative processing, olfactory cues can impact memory, emotion and behaviour. Research also points to a link between the smells of particular substances and craving. Yet, to date, little research has investigated how smell may impact other cognitive processes that are known to drive alcohol consumption. AIM To assess how exposure to alcohol-related (vodka) relative to neutral (citrus) olfactory cues impacts inhibitory control and attentional bias. METHOD Participants took part in a go/no-go (Study 1) and Stroop task (Study 2) while wearing masks that were pre-treated with vodka or citrus oil of equivalent intensity. STUDY 1 RESULTS: Response error rates were higher in participants in the alcohol-related (versus neutral) olfactory condition, with no interaction between olfactory and visual cue. STUDY 2 RESULTS: Responses to alcohol-related versus neutral words were similar, while performance appeared significantly impaired among participants wearing alcohol (relative to citrus) infused masks. Conclusion The smell of alcohol may impair signal detection performance on the go/no-go and Stroop task. As inhibitory control and attentional processes are known to be associated with decisions to drink or exercise restraint, these results may have implications for our understanding of alcohol consumption and for tailoring interventions.
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Maurage P, Lannoy S, Mange J, Grynberg D, Beaunieux H, Banovic I, Gierski F, Naassila M. What We Talk About When We Talk About Binge Drinking: Towards an Integrated Conceptualization and Evaluation. Alcohol Alcohol 2021; 55:468-479. [PMID: 32556202 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agaa041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Binge drinking (BD), characterized by recurring alternations between intense intoxication episodes and abstinence periods, is the most frequent alcohol consumption pattern in youth and is growing in prevalence among older adults. Many studies have underlined the specific harmful impact of this habit by showing impaired abilities in a wide range of cognitive functions among binge drinkers, as well as modifications of brain structure and function. AIMS Several controversies and inconsistencies currently hamper the harmonious development of the field and the recognition of BD as a specific alcohol consumption pattern. The main concern is the absence of consensual BD conceptualization, leading to variability in experimental group selection and alcohol consumption evaluation. The present paper aims at overcoming this key issue through a two-step approach. METHODS AND CONCLUSIONS First, a literature review allows proposing an integrated BD conceptualization, distinguishing it from other subclinical alcohol consumption patterns. Six specific characteristics of BD are identified, namely, (1) the presence of physiological symptoms related to BD episodes, (2) the presence of psychological symptoms related to BD episodes, (3) the ratio of BD episodes compared to all alcohol drinking occasions, (4) the frequency of BD episodes, (5) the consumption speed and (6) the alternation between BD episodes and soberness periods. Second, capitalizing on this conceptual clarification, we propose an evaluation protocol jointly measuring these six BD characteristics. Finally, several research perspectives are presented to refine the proposed conceptualization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Maurage
- Louvain Experimental Psychopathology Research Group (LEP), Psychological Science Research Institute, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve 1348, Belgium
| | - Séverine Lannoy
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford 94305, CA, USA
| | - Jessica Mange
- Laboratoire de Psychologie Caen Normandie (LPCN; EA 7452), University of Caen Normandy, Caen 14032, France
| | - Delphine Grynberg
- SCALab UMR 9193, Sciences Cognitives et Sciences Affectives, University of Lille, CNRS, CHU Lille, Lille 59000, France.,Institut Universitaire de France, Paris 75231, France
| | - Hélène Beaunieux
- Laboratoire de Psychologie Caen Normandie (LPCN; EA 7452), University of Caen Normandy, Caen 14032, France
| | - Ingrid Banovic
- CRFDP EA 7475, University of Rouen Normandie, Rouen 76000, France
| | - Fabien Gierski
- Cognition, Health, Society Laboratory (C2S-EA 6291), University of Reims Champagne Ardenne (URCA), Reims 51571, France.,INSERM UMR 1247, Research Group on Alcohol and Pharmacodependences, GRAP, University of Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens 80025, France
| | - Mickaël Naassila
- INSERM UMR 1247, Research Group on Alcohol and Pharmacodependences, GRAP, University of Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens 80025, France
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9
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Ghiţă A, Hernández-Serrano O, Fernández-Ruiz J, Moreno M, Monras M, Ortega L, Mondon S, Teixidor L, Gual A, Gacto-Sanchez M, Porras-García B, Ferrer-García M, Gutiérrez-Maldonado J. Attentional Bias, Alcohol Craving, and Anxiety Implications of the Virtual Reality Cue-Exposure Therapy in Severe Alcohol Use Disorder: A Case Report. Front Psychol 2021; 12:543586. [PMID: 33692713 PMCID: PMC7937649 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.543586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: Attentional bias (AB), alcohol craving, and anxiety have important implications in the development and maintenance of alcohol use disorder (AUD). The current study aims to test the effectiveness of a Virtual Reality Cue-Exposure Therapy (VR-CET) to reduce levels of alcohol craving and anxiety and prompt changes in AB toward alcohol content. Method: A 49-year-old male participated in this study, diagnosed with severe AUD, who also used tobacco and illicit substances on an occasional basis and who made several failed attempts to cease substance misuse. The protocol consisted of six VR-CET booster sessions and two assessment sessions (pre- and post-VR-CET) over the course of 5 weeks. The VR-CET program consisted of booster therapy sessions based on virtual reality (VR) exposure to preferred alcohol-related cues and contexts. The initial and final assessment sessions were focused on exploring AB, alcohol craving, and anxiety using paper-and-pencil instruments and the eye-tracking (ET) and VR technologies at different time points. Results: Pre and post assessment sessions indicated falls on the scores of all instruments assessing alcohol craving, anxiety, and AB. Conclusions: This case report, part of a larger project, demonstrates the effectiveness of the VR-CET booster sessions in AUD. In the post-treatment measurements, a variety of instruments showed a change in the AB pattern and an improvement in craving and anxiety responses. As a result of the systematic desensitization, virtual exposure gradually reduced the responses to significant alcohol-related cues and contexts. The implications for AB, anxiety and craving are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Ghiţă
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Jolanda Fernández-Ruiz
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Moreno
- Department of Cognition, Development and Educational Psychology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miquel Monras
- Addictive Behaviors Unit, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lluisa Ortega
- Addictive Behaviors Unit, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvia Mondon
- Addictive Behaviors Unit, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lidia Teixidor
- Addictive Behaviors Unit, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antoni Gual
- Addictive Behaviors Unit, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Bruno Porras-García
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Ferrer-García
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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10
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Pennington CR, Shaw DJ, Adams J, Kavanagh P, Reed H, Robinson M, Shave E, White H. Where's the wine? Heavy social drinkers show attentional bias towards alcohol in a visual conjunction search task. Addiction 2020; 115:1650-1659. [PMID: 32003522 DOI: 10.1111/add.14997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Research indicates that high consumers of alcohol exhibit attentional bias (AB) towards alcohol-related cues, suggestive of a cognitive mechanism that might drive substance seeking. Many tasks that measure AB (e.g. visual probe, addiction Stroop), however, are limited by their reliance on non-appetitive control cues, the serial presentation of stimuli and their poor internal reliability. The current study employed a visual conjunction search (VCS) task capable of presenting multiple alcoholic and non-alcoholic appetitive cues simultaneously to assess whether social drinkers attend selectively to alcoholic stimuli. To assess the construct validity of this task, we examined whether alcohol consumption and related problems, subjective craving and drinking motives predict alcohol-specific AB. DESIGN AND SETTING A VCS task was performed in a laboratory setting, which required participants to detect the presence of appetitive alcoholic (wine, beer) and non-alcoholic (cola, lemonade) targets within arrays of matching and non-matching distractors. PARTICIPANTS Data from 99 participants were assessed [meanage = 20.77, standard deviation (SD) = 2.98; 64 (65%) females], with 81.8% meeting the threshold for harmful alcohol consumption (meanAUDIT = 12.89, SD = 5.79). MEASUREMENTS Self-reports of alcohol consumption and related problems [Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT)], subjective craving (Alcohol Craving Questionnaire Short Form) and drinking motives (Drinking Motives Questionnaire Short Form) were obtained, and the VCS task measured response times for the correct detection of alcoholic and non-alcoholic targets. FINDINGS Participants were significantly quicker to detect alcoholic relative to non-alcoholic appetitive targets (P < 0.001, dz = 0.41), which was predicted positively by AUDIT scores (P = 0.013, R2 = 0.06%). The VCS task achieved excellent reliability (α > 0.79), superior to other paradigms. CONCLUSIONS The visual conjunction search task appears to be a highly reliable method for assessing alcohol-related attentional bias, and shows that heavy social drinkers prioritize alcoholic cues in their immediate environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte R Pennington
- Department of Psychology, School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Daniel J Shaw
- Department of Psychology, School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Jennifer Adams
- Department of Health and Social Sciences, Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, University of the West, Bristol, UK
| | - Phoebe Kavanagh
- Department of Health and Social Sciences, Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, University of the West, Bristol, UK
| | - Holly Reed
- Department of Health and Social Sciences, Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, University of the West, Bristol, UK
| | - Madeleine Robinson
- Department of Health and Social Sciences, Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, University of the West, Bristol, UK
| | - Emily Shave
- Department of Health and Social Sciences, Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, University of the West, Bristol, UK
| | - Hollie White
- Department of Health and Social Sciences, Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, University of the West, Bristol, UK
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11
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Bollen Z, Masson N, Salvaggio S, D'Hondt F, Maurage P. Craving is everything: An eye-tracking exploration of attentional bias in binge drinking. J Psychopharmacol 2020; 34:636-647. [PMID: 32202459 DOI: 10.1177/0269881120913131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attentional bias towards alcohol-related stimuli is a core characteristic of severe alcohol use disorders (AUD), directly linked to clinical variables (e.g. alcohol consumption, relapse). Nevertheless, the extent of this bias in subclinical populations remains poorly documented. This is particularly true for binge drinking, an alcohol consumption pattern highly prevalent in youth, characterised by an alternation between excessive intakes and withdrawal periods. AIMS We used eye-tracking to: (a) measure attentional bias in binge drinking, (b) determine its time course by dissociating early/late processing stages, (c) clarify its specificity for alcohol-related stimuli compared to other appetitive stimulations and (d) explore its modulation by current craving intensity. METHODS Binge drinkers (n=42) and matched controls (n=43) performed a visual probe task, requiring visual targets preceded by pairs of pictures to be processed, with three conditions (i.e. alcohol vs. soft drink, alcohol vs. high-calorie food, high-calorie food vs. low-calorie food). RESULTS No group difference was observed for early processing (i.e. first area of interest visited). Dwell times highlighted a bias towards soft drinks and healthy food among controls, without any global bias towards alcohol in binge drinkers. Centrally, a comparison of binge drinkers with low versus high current craving intensity indicated that binge drinking was associated with a bias towards alcohol and high-calorie food only in the presence of a high craving towards these stimuli. CONCLUSION Attentional bias towards alcohol reported in severe AUD is only found in binge drinkers in the presence of high craving and is generalised to other appetitive cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoé Bollen
- Louvain for Experimental Psychopathology Research Group (LEP), Psychological Science Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Masson
- Numerical Cognition Group, Psychological Science Research Institute and Neuroscience Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Samuel Salvaggio
- Numerical Cognition Group, Psychological Science Research Institute and Neuroscience Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Fabien D'Hondt
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France.,CHU Lille, Clinique de Psychiatrie, CURE, Lille, France.,Centre National de Ressources et de Résilience Lille-Paris (CN2R), Lille, France
| | - Pierre Maurage
- Louvain for Experimental Psychopathology Research Group (LEP), Psychological Science Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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Emery NN, Simons JS. The role of affect, emotion management, and attentional bias in young adult drinking: An experience sampling study. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2020; 237:1557-1575. [PMID: 32236836 PMCID: PMC7196515 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-020-05480-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Coping with negative affect is central to several prominent etiological models of alcohol use. These models posit that alcohol use becomes negatively reinforced due to its ability to alleviate negative affect. However, there have been mixed findings when testing this association at the event-level. OBJECTIVES The current experience sampling study sought to clarify this by testing if (1) within-person changes in the perceived difficulty of managing emotional distress is a significant predictor of alcohol consumption, over and above levels negative and positive affect and (2) whether acute changes in affective experiences give rise to increased attentional bias toward alcohol-related cues in the environment and if attentional bias mediates the association between difficulty managing emotions and alcohol consumption. Participants were 92 college students aged 18-25, who drink alcohol at least moderately. METHODS Participants completed 28 days of experiencing sampling measures on their mood, difficulty managing emotions, alcohol-related attentional biases, and drinking. RESULTS Findings showed that neither negative affect nor difficult managing emotions had significant effects on alcohol use. However, positive affect exhibited the expected associations with both attentional biases and drinking. State positive affect predicted acute increases in attentional biases and drinking, whereas trait positive affect was inversely associated with trait attentional biases and alcohol use. Alcohol-related attentional biases exhibited significant within-person variance; however, its relationship with drinking was only significant when the constructs were assessed concurrently at night and did not mediate the relationship between affect and alcohol use. CONCLUSIONS Results highlight the importance of positive affect in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah N Emery
- Department of Psychology, The University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, USA.
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Box S121-4, Providence, RI, 02912, USA.
| | - Jeffrey S Simons
- Department of Psychology, The University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, USA
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Chung T, Bae SW, Mun EY, Suffoletto B, Nishiyama Y, Jang S, Dey AK. Mobile Assessment of Acute Effects of Marijuana on Cognitive Functioning in Young Adults: Observational Study. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2020; 8:e16240. [PMID: 32154789 PMCID: PMC7093776 DOI: 10.2196/16240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mobile assessment of the effects of acute marijuana on cognitive functioning in the natural environment would provide an ecologically valid measure of the impacts of marijuana use on daily functioning. Objective This study aimed to examine the association of reported acute subjective marijuana high (rated 0-10) with performance on 3 mobile cognitive tasks measuring visuospatial working memory (Flowers task), attentional bias to marijuana-related cues (marijuana Stroop), and information processing and psychomotor speed (digit symbol substitution task [DSST]). The effect of distraction as a moderator of the association between the rating of subjective marijuana high and task performance (ie, reaction time and number of correct responses) was explored. Methods Young adults (aged 18-25 years; 37/60, 62% female) who reported marijuana use at least twice per week were recruited through advertisements and a participant registry in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Phone surveys and mobile cognitive tasks were delivered 3 times per day and were self-initiated when starting marijuana use. Completion of phone surveys triggered the delivery of cognitive tasks. Participants completed up to 30 days of daily data collection. Multilevel models examined associations between ratings of subjective marijuana high (rated 0-10) and performance on each cognitive task (reaction time and number of correct responses) and tested the number of distractions (rated 0-4) during the mobile task session as a moderator of the association between ratings of subjective marijuana high and task performance. Results Participants provided 2703 data points, representing 451 reports (451/2703, 16.7%) of marijuana use. Consistent with slight impairing effects of acute marijuana use, an increase in the average rating of subjective marijuana high was associated with slower average reaction time on all 3 tasks—Flowers (B=2.29; SE 0.86; P=.008), marijuana Stroop (B=2.74; SE 1.09; P=.01), and DSST (B=3.08; SE 1.41; P=.03)—and with fewer correct responses for Flowers (B=−0.03; SE 0.01; P=.01) and DSST (B=−0.18; SE 0.07; P=.01), but not marijuana Stroop (P=.45). Results for distraction as a moderator were statistically significant only for certain cognitive tasks and outcomes. Specifically, as hypothesized, a person’s average number of reported distractions moderated the association of the average rating of subjective marijuana high (over and above a session’s rating) with the reaction time for marijuana Stroop (B=−52.93; SE 19.38; P=.006) and DSST (B=−109.72; SE 42.50; P=.01) and the number of correct responses for marijuana Stroop (B=−0.22; SE 0.10; P=.02) and DSST (B=4.62; SE 1.81; P=.01). Conclusions Young adults’ performance on mobile cognitive tasks in the natural environment was associated with ratings of acute subjective marijuana high, consistent with slight decreases in cognitive functioning. Monitoring cognitive functioning in real time in the natural environment holds promise for providing immediate feedback to guide personal decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tammy Chung
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Sang Won Bae
- School of Systems and Enterprises, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, United States
| | - Eun-Young Mun
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Systems, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
| | - Brian Suffoletto
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Yuuki Nishiyama
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Serim Jang
- Dietrich College of Humanities and Social Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Anind K Dey
- Information School, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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Suffoletto B, Field M, Chung T. Attentional and approach biases to alcohol cues among young adult drinkers: An ecological momentary assessment study. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2019; 28:649-658. [PMID: 31886700 PMCID: PMC7326641 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol-specific attentional biases (AttB) and approach biases (AppB) are postulated to play a role in alcohol use disorders but their association with drinking in young adults remains unknown. A subsample of young adults with risky alcohol use (N = 296) enrolled in a randomized trial, testing different text message interventions completed weekly tasks via a mobile app for up to 14 weeks: Alcohol Stroop was used to measure AttB and Approach-Avoidance Task was used to measure AppB. Participants also provided reports of their alcohol consumption up to twice per week. We analyzed feasibility of measuring alcohol biases on mobile phones, whether repeated testing and conditions of testing affected mean reaction times (RTs), and whether mean AttB and AppB scores were associated with baseline alcohol use severity and same-day binge drinking (4+/5+ drinks per occasion for women/men). Task completion decreased from 93% on Week 1% to 39% by Week 14 with a mean of 8.2 weeks completed. Mean RTs for Alcohol Stroop decreased over weeks assessed. RTs to Stroop and Approach-Avoid tasks were longer when participants reported distractions or after alcohol and/or drug use. Mean AttB and AppB scores were not associated with baseline drinking, and within-day fluctuations of AttB and AppB scores did not predict same day binge drinking. Barriers to measuring alcohol biases in the natural environment include learning effects, contextual influences of distractions and prior alcohol/drug use, and absence of robust associations of RTs to alcohol cues with either baseline or same-day alcohol consumption. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Suffoletto
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - Matt Field
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield
| | - Tammy Chung
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
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Brand R, Ulrich L. I Can See It in Your Face. Affective Valuation of Exercise in More or Less Physically Active Individuals. Front Psychol 2019; 10:2901. [PMID: 31920901 PMCID: PMC6934128 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to illustrate that people's affective valuation of exercise can be identified in their faces. The study was conducted with a software for automatic facial expression analysis and it involved testing the hypothesis that positive or negative affective valuation occurs spontaneously when people are reminded of exercise. We created a task similar to an emotional Stroop task, in which participants responded to exercise-related and control stimuli with a positive or negative facial expression (smile or frown) depending on whether the photo was presented upright or tilted. We further asked participants how much time they would normally spend for physical exercise, because we assumed that the affective valuation of those who exercise more would be more positive. Based on the data of 86 participants, regression analysis revealed that those who reported less exercise and a more negative reflective evaluation of exercise initiated negative facial expressions on exercise-related stimuli significantly faster than those who reported exercising more often. No significant effect was observed for smile responses. We suspect that responding with a smile to exercise-related stimuli was the congruent response for the majority of our participants, so that for them no Stroop interference occurred in the exercise-related condition. This study suggests that immediate negative affective reactions to exercise-related stimuli result from a postconscious automatic process and can be detected in the study participants' faces. It furthermore illustrates how methodological paradigms from social-cognition research (here: the emotional Stroop paradigm) can be adapted to collect and analyze biometric data for the investigation of exercisers' and non-exercisers' automatic valuations of exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Brand
- Sport and Exercise Psychology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Lukas Ulrich
- Institute of Psychology, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Carbia C, Corral M, Doallo S, Caamaño-Isorna F. The dual-process model in young adults with a consistent binge drinking trajectory into adulthood. Drug Alcohol Depend 2018; 186:113-119. [PMID: 29567625 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Binge Drinking (BD) generally declines once students have left university. However, many individuals continue to partake in BD into adulthood, constituting a scarcely investigated high-risk group towards whom interventions should be prioritized. Following the dual-process model, we examined the relationship between BD and both the reflective system (executive functions) and the affective system (alcohol bias) in young adults with a consistent BD trajectory. We considered impulsivity as a moderator in the relationship between BD and alcohol bias. METHODS A cohort of 63 (31♀) young adults were followed for eleven years (18-29 years old). In the last assessment, participants, with high and low drinking trajectories underwent neuropsychological assessment of executive functions (working memory [SOPT], cognitive flexibility [TMT -Verbal Fluency], inhibition [Stroop]) and alcohol bias (Addiction Stroop). The Barratt Impulsivity Scale measured impulsivity. Generalized linear mixed models and regression-based moderation models were applied. RESULTS BD was associated with weak inhibitory control, poor working memory and greater alcohol bias moderated by non-planning impulsivity. At moderate levels of non-planning impulsivity, BD was associated with greater alcohol bias. This association was not found at high levels of impulsivity. These deficits were related to loss of control over drinking and severity of alcohol use. CONCLUSIONS The imbalance between poor cognitive control and greater alcohol bias may contribute to the persistence of BD into adulthood. The findings highlight the complexities of the dual-process model, with intervention implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Carbia
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain.
| | - Montserrat Corral
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
| | - Sonia Doallo
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
| | - Francisco Caamaño-Isorna
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
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López-Caneda E, Rodríguez Holguín S, Correas Á, Carbia C, González-Villar A, Maestú F, Cadaveira F. Binge drinking affects brain oscillations linked to motor inhibition and execution. J Psychopharmacol 2017; 31:873-882. [PMID: 28168896 DOI: 10.1177/0269881116689258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neurofunctional studies have shown that binge drinking patterns of alcohol consumption during adolescence and youth are associated with anomalies in brain functioning. Recent evidence suggests that event-related oscillations may be an appropriate index of neurofunctional damage associated with alcoholism. However, there is no study to date that has evaluated the effects of binge drinking on oscillatory brain responses related to task performance. The purpose of the present study was to examine brain oscillations linked to motor inhibition and execution in young binge drinkers (BDs) compared with age-matched controls. METHODS Electroencephalographic activity was recorded from 64 electrodes while 72 university students (36 controls and 36 BDs) performed a visual Go/NoGo task. Event-related oscillations along with the Go-P3 and NoGo-P3 event-related potential components were analysed. RESULTS While no significant differences between groups were observed regarding event-related potentials, event-related oscillation analysis showed that BDs displayed a lower oscillatory response than controls in delta and theta frequency ranges during Go and NoGo conditions. CONCLUSIONS Findings are congruent with event-related oscillation studies showing reduced delta and/or theta oscillations in alcoholics during Go/NoGo tasks. Thus, BDs appear to show disruptions in neural oscillations linked to motor inhibition and execution similar to those observed in alcohol-dependent subjects. Finally, these results are the first to evidence that oscillatory brain activity may be a sensitive indicator of underlying brain anomalies in young BDs, which could complement standard event-related potential measures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Socorro Rodríguez Holguín
- 2 Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
| | - Ángeles Correas
- 3 Laboratory of Cognitive and Computational Neuroscience, Centre of Biomedical Technology, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carina Carbia
- 2 Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
| | - Alberto González-Villar
- 2 Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
| | - Fernando Maestú
- 3 Laboratory of Cognitive and Computational Neuroscience, Centre of Biomedical Technology, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Cadaveira
- 2 Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
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Lalanne L, Lutz PE, Paille F. Acute impact of caffeinated alcoholic beverages on cognition: A systematic review. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2017; 76:188-194. [PMID: 28330787 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Energy drinks are popular beverages that are supposed to counteract sleepiness, increase energy, maintain alertness and reduce symptoms of hangover. Cognitive enhancing seems to be related to many compounds such as caffeine, taurine and vitamins. Currently, users mostly combine psychostimulant effects of energy drinks to counteract sedative effects of alcohol. However, recent literature suggests that this combination conducts to feel less intoxicated but still impaired. The goal of the present article is to review cognitive impact and subjective awareness in case of caffeinated alcoholic beverage (CAB) intoxication. METHOD PubMed (January 1960 to March 2016) database was searched using the following terms: cognitive impairments, alcohol, energy drinks; cognition, alcohol, caffeine. RESULTS 99 papers were found but only 12 randomized controlled studies which explored cognitive disorders and subjective awareness associated with acute CAB or AED (alcohol associated with energy drinks) intoxication were included. DISCUSSION The present literature review confirmed that energy drinks might counteract some cognitive deficits and adverse effects of alcohol i.e. dry mouth, fatigue, headache, weakness, and perception of intoxication due to alcohol alone. This effect depends on alcohol limb but disappears when the complexity of the task increases, when driving for example. Moreover, studies clearly showed that CAB/AEDs increase impulsivity which conducts to an overconsumption of alcohol and enhanced motivation to drink compared to alcohol alone, potentiating the risk of developing addictive behaviors. This is a huge problem in adolescents with high impulsivity and immature decision making processes. CONCLUSION Although energy drinks counteract some cognitive deficits due to alcohol alone, their association promotes the risk of developing alcohol addiction. As a consequence, it is necessary to better understand the neurobiological mechanisms underlying these interactions in order to better prevent the development of alcohol dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Lalanne
- Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), 67000 Strasbourg, France; INSERM 1114, Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), 67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Pierre-Eric Lutz
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Institute Research Centre, McGill University, Canada; Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (UPR 3212), Strasbourg, France
| | - François Paille
- Société Française d'Alcoologie, Issy-les-Moulineaux, France; Service d'Addictologie, CHU Nancy, Vandœuvre-Lès-Nancy, France.
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Differential impairments across attentional networks in binge drinking. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2017; 234:1059-1068. [PMID: 28144707 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-017-4538-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The cognitive deficits observed in young binge drinkers have been largely documented during the last decade. Yet, these earlier studies have mainly focused on high-level cognitive abilities (particularly memory and executive functions), and uncertainty thus still abounds regarding the integrity of less complex cognitive processes in binge drinking. This is particularly true for attentional abilities, which play a crucial role in behavior regulation and are impaired in other alcohol-related disorders. OBJECTIVES AND METHODS To specify the attentional deficits associated with binge drinking, two groups of university students (40 binge drinkers and 40 matched controls) performed the Attention Network Task, a theoretically grounded test assessing three independent attentional networks: alerting, orienting, and executive control. RESULTS Binge drinkers displayed preserved orienting performance but impaired alerting and executive control. Binge drinking is thus not related to a general attentional impairment but rather to specific impairments of the alerting and executive control networks. CONCLUSIONS These results underline that, beyond the already explored high-level deficits, binge drinking is also related to impairments for attentional abilities. In view of the role played by attentional impairments in alcohol dependence, the present data also suggest that rehabilitation programs should be developed to improve attentional abilities at the early stages of alcohol-related disorders.
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Abstract
Binge drinking leads to brain damage. However, at present few studies have taken into account the continuity in the binge drinking phenomenon, and treated binge drinking as a clearly separable category from other types of drinking patterns. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether severity of binge drinking can predict specific neurocognitive changes in healthy young adults. A total of 121 students aged 18 to 25 were assessed by means of the three last questions of the Alcohol Use Questionnaire combined into binge score. The binge score was entered as a predictor of cognitive performance of the CANTAB Stop Signal Task including reaction time, inhibition processing time, and response adjustment. Anxiety and depression symptoms were also measured. Binge score significantly predicted less adjustment following failures, and faster reaction times. Binge score did not predict inhibition performance. Symptoms of depression and anxiety were not significantly related to binge score. Binge drinking in healthy young adults predicts impairment in response adjustment and fast reaction time, but is unrelated to inhibition. The study supports the view that binge drinking is a continuous phenomenon, rather than discrete category, and the findings are possibly shedding light on why binge drinkers continue their drinking pattern despite negative consequences. (JINS, 2016, 22, 38-46).
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Nindl BC, Jaffin DP, Dretsch MN, Cheuvront SN, Wesensten NJ, Kent ML, Grunberg NE, Pierce JR, Barry ES, Scott JM, Young AJ, O'Connor FG, Deuster PA. Human Performance Optimization Metrics. J Strength Cond Res 2015; 29 Suppl 11:S221-45. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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