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Alquaiz AM, Kazi A, Almeneessier A, Alhalal E, Almuneef M, AlHabib Y. Relationship Between Violence Against Women, Social Support, Self-Esteem, and Mental Health in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2024; 39:431-457. [PMID: 37688473 DOI: 10.1177/08862605231197135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to measure the prevalence of mental distress and to explore the relationship between violence against women (VAW), social support, self-esteem, and mental distress in women in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. A questionnaire-guided, cross-sectional, interview-based study was conducted with 1,932 women, in primary healthcare centers. Around 29% reported moderate to severe distress levels, whereas 40% of women reported lifetime exposure to at least one type of violence. Linear regression analysis found that VAW was positively associated with mental distress with a unit increase associated with a 0.13 (0.58, 1.15) increase in distress level, whereas, for both social support and self-esteem, a unit increase in violence was associated with -0.23 (-0.47, -0.32) and -0.22 (-0.49, -0.33) unit decrease in the mental distress. Structural equation modeling found that violence had direct significant negative effects on social support (β = -.156, p < .001) and self-esteem (β = -.135, p < .001). Both social support (β = -.266, p < .001) and self-esteem (β = -.183, p < .001) had direct significant negative effects on distress. VAW exerted a direct significant positive effect on distress (β = .171, p < .001) as well as an indirect effect (β = .068, p < .001). Both social support (β = .044, p < .001) and self-esteem (β = .025, p < .001) were significant mediators of the effect of violence on mental distress. VAW can lead to mental distress and low self-esteem. Identification, counseling, and social support for women are important to improve their self-confidence and reduce the adverse effects of violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aljohara M Alquaiz
- Princess Nora Bent Abdullah Chair for Women's Health Research, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Department of Family & Community Medicine, King Saud University Medical City, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ambreen Kazi
- Princess Nora Bent Abdullah Chair for Women's Health Research, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Department of Family & Community Medicine, King Saud University Medical City, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Aljohara Almeneessier
- Department of Family & Community Medicine, King Saud University Medical City, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Eman Alhalal
- Community and Mental Health Department, College of Nursing, King Saud University Medical city, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha Almuneef
- Princess Nora Bent Abdullah Chair for Women's Health Research, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah Specialized Children's Hospital, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Yara AlHabib
- Princess Nora Bent Abdullah Chair for Women's Health Research, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Dailey RM, Hazlett AD, Brass-Rosenfield C. The Role of Psychological and Physical Aggression In Relationship Reconciliation. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP22066-NP22091. [PMID: 35099321 DOI: 10.1177/08862605211068082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Previous research has established a link between aggression and relationship cycling (i.e., multiple breakups and renewals with the same romantic partner). Couples who have experienced breakups and renewals are up to twice as likely to have experienced psychological and physical aggression in their relationships. Partners who return to previous relationships are also more susceptible to greater violence. To explore this link further, we employed longitudinal data from 179 individuals who had recently experienced a breakup. We assessed post-dissolution closeness and self-concept clarity as mediators of the association between a history of aggression while dating and reconciliation within 6 months. We also assessed the directional nature of aggression (unidirectional or bidirectional) as a potential moderator. Logistic regressions as well as moderating mediating analyses (using Hayes' PROCESS) showed that both psychological and physical aggression were linked to reconciliation. Additionally, closeness mediated this association, but only for those who reported undirectional aggression. Specifically, aggression prior to breakups was associated with feeling closer with the ex-partner, which set the stage for reconciliation, primarily for those who reported one-sided aggression in their relationships. The findings offer insights on identifying those who are more susceptible to revictimization as well as why partners return to previously aggressive relationships. The results suggest additional research examining the causal linkages between cycling and aggression is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- René M Dailey
- Department of Communication Studies, 12330University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Abigail D Hazlett
- Department of Communication Studies, 12330University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
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Pérez-Martínez V, Sanz-Barbero B, Ferrer-Cascales R, Bowes N, Ayala A, Sánchez-SanSegundo M, Albaladejo-Blázquez N, Rosati N, Neves S, Vieira CP, Jankowiak B, Jaskulska S, Waszyńska K, Vives-Cases C. Evaluation of the lights4violence program: reduction in machismo and acceptance of violence among adolescents in Europe. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:426. [PMID: 35241024 PMCID: PMC8895911 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-12770-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Machismo and acceptance of violence (AV) against women are part of the social construction of hegemonic masculinity and are related to the risk of dating violence. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the Lights4Violence program in reducing machismo and AV in secondary school students from different European cities. Methods Quasi-experimental longitudinal study using a convenience sample of 1,146 high school students from different European cities (12–17 years old) including 575 intervention group students (59.1% girls) and 571 control group students (62.7% girls). We performed linear regression models to identify the effect of the intervention, modelling the difference in means in machismo and AV (dependent variables) between wave-2 and wave-1. Results An interaction was identified between the group variable and the empathy variable. In wave-2, girls with high empathy at baseline in the intervention group obtained lower mean AV scores (β: -0.131; p = 0.004). However, the boys in the intervention group (reference: control group) with low empathy at baseline registered a significant increase in the mean values of machismo (β: 0.247; p < 0.001). Conclusion The importance of empathy is shown in the effectiveness of interventions to reduce machismo and AV in adolescents. While the Lights4Violence program focuses on promoting healthy relationships, there were some controversial results. It is possible that some children, especially those with less empathy, may have felt “challenged” during the intervention and/or assessment. This suggests the need for the development of interventions that also consider psychological processes and integrate the promotion of positive expressions of masculinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanesa Pérez-Martínez
- Community Nursing, Preventive Medicine and Public Health and History of Science Department, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Belén Sanz-Barbero
- CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain. .,National School of Public Health, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Rosario Ferrer-Cascales
- Health Psychology Department, University of Alicante, San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain
| | - Nicola Bowes
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Alba Ayala
- Department of Statistics, University Carlos III of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Nicoletta Rosati
- Department of Human Sciences, LUMSA-Libera Universita Maria SS Assunta Di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Sofia Neves
- University of Maia, Maia, Portugal.,CIEG (ISCSP-Ulisbon) PT Best, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Barbara Jankowiak
- Faculty of Educational Studies, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
| | - Sylwia Jaskulska
- Faculty of Educational Studies, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
| | | | - Carmen Vives-Cases
- Community Nursing, Preventive Medicine and Public Health and History of Science Department, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain.,CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
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Gerber KS, De Santis JP, Cianelli R. Psychological Trauma in the Context of Intimate Partner Violence: A Concept Analysis. Issues Ment Health Nurs 2021; 42:1104-1113. [PMID: 33960875 DOI: 10.1080/01612840.2021.1920651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A comprehensive understanding of psychological trauma in the context of intimate partner violence (IPV) is relevant for nurses and other healthcare providers to provide better care for individuals and families confronting this issue. A concept analysis based on Walker and Avant was conducted to fully understand this concept and its impact on physical and mental health. This concept analysis demonstrates that psychological trauma in the IPV context is an intricate multi-faceted concept that can have a significant long-term effect on individuals who have experienced IPV. The concept's attributes, antecedents, and consequences identified in this concept analysis will contribute to guiding practice, research, education, and policy development aimed to address the trauma affecting individuals and families in the context of IPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn S Gerber
- School of Nursing and Health Studies, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, USA
| | - Joseph P De Santis
- School of Nursing and Health Studies, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, USA
| | - Rosina Cianelli
- School of Nursing and Health Studies, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, USA
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Mojahed A, Brym S, Hense H, Grafe B, Helfferich C, Lindert J, Garthus-Niegel S. Rapid Review on the Associations of Social and Geographical Isolation and Intimate Partner Violence: Implications for the Ongoing COVID-19 Pandemic. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:578150. [PMID: 33927649 PMCID: PMC8076499 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.578150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
While the COVID-19 pandemic forced millions of people to stay home and minimize their social contacts, newspaper reports worldwide raised concerns as they reported an increasing rate of intimate partner violence (IPV). One link of the measures enforced to control the pandemic to IPV might be a possible side effect of those measures, namely social and geographical isolation. As there was no scientific data investigating the association of IPV and social and geographical isolation in the context of epidemics or pandemics at the time of conducting this rapid review, we aimed at investigating a broader range of contexts of social as well as geographical isolation and its association with IPV to draw conclusions regarding the COVID-19 pandemic. We searched Embase, PubMed, PsycINFO, and Web of Science (core collection). A research strategy was developed and observational studies were included if they considered men and/or women, estimates of social and geographical isolation, and IPV as a primary outcome. Of the 526 identified studies, 11 were included in this review. The included studies involved 15,695 women and were conducted in the USA, Sweden, Ethiopia, Egypt, Spain, and Turkey. Indicators of social isolation such as lack of social, emotional, or informational support or the frequency and quality of social contacts were narratively assessed. Geographical isolation was primarily assessed by physical distance to the next town or support service. Both social and geographic isolation were found to be associated with an increased risk of IPV. Recommendations made by the individual studies include the following: (a) improving access to social networks outside the victims' own group, (b) improving their economic circumstances, (c) asserting the responsibility for those in contact with the victims, and (d) increasing the focus on access to preventive services and programs need to be taken into account. Therefore, considering the particular infrastructure and legislation of the countries affected by the pandemic, policies need to ensure constant access to shelters and other help services and increase awareness for IPV in the society. In addition, future studies are warranted to assess prevalence rates and risk factors of IPV during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amera Mojahed
- Institute and Policlinic of Occupational and Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stephanie Brym
- Institute and Policlinic of Occupational and Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Helene Hense
- Center for Evidence-Based Healthcare, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus and Carl Gustav Carus Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Bianca Grafe
- Social Science Research Institute for Gender Issues (SoFFI F.), Protestant University of Applied Sciences, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Cornelia Helfferich
- Social Science Research Institute for Gender Issues (SoFFI F.), Protestant University of Applied Sciences, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jutta Lindert
- University of Applied Sciences, Emden/Leer, Emden, Germany.,Women's Research Center, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, United States
| | - Susan Garthus-Niegel
- Institute and Policlinic of Occupational and Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Child Health and Development, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
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Bandyopadhyay A, Sarkar S, Mukherjee A, Bhattacherjee S, Basu S. Identifying emotional Facial Expressions in Practice: A Study on Medical Students. Indian J Psychol Med 2021; 43:51-57. [PMID: 34349307 PMCID: PMC8295580 DOI: 10.1177/0253717620936783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Successful identification of emotional expression in patients is of considerable importance in the diagnosis of diseases and while developing rapport between physicians and patients. Despite the importance of such skills, this aspect remains grossly overlooked in conventional medical training in India. This study aims to explore the extent to which medical students can identify emotions by observing photographs of male and female subjects expressing different facial expressions. METHODS A total of 106 medical students aged 18-25, without any diagnosed mental illnesses, were shown images of the six universal facial expressions (anger, sadness, fear, happiness, disgust, and surprise) at 100% intensity with an exposure time of 2 seconds for each image. The participants marked their responses after each image was shown. Collected data were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. RESULTS Participants could identify 76.54% of the emotions on average, with higher accuracy for positive emotions (95.6% for happiness) and lower for negative emotions (46% for fear). There were no significant variations in identification with respect to sex of the observers. However, it was seen that participants could identify emotions better from male faces than those from female faces, a finding that was statistically significant. Negative emotions were identified more accurately from male faces, while positive emotions were identified better from female ones. CONCLUSIONS Male participants identified emotions better from male faces, while females identified positive emotions better from female faces and negative ones from male faces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alapan Bandyopadhyay
- Dept. of Community Medicine, North Bengal Medical College, Siliguri, West Bengal, India
| | - Sarbari Sarkar
- Dept. of Community Medicine, North Bengal Medical College, Siliguri, West Bengal, India
| | - Abhijit Mukherjee
- Dept. of Community Medicine, North Bengal Medical College, Siliguri, West Bengal, India
| | | | - Soumya Basu
- Dept. of Psychiatry, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Santos AJ, Nunes B, Kislaya I, Gil AP, Ribeiro O. Older adults' emotional reactions to elder abuse: Individual and victimisation determinants. HEALTH & SOCIAL CARE IN THE COMMUNITY 2019; 27:609-620. [PMID: 30334593 DOI: 10.1111/hsc.12673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Elder abuse has been gaining public, state, and scientific attention for the past 40 years, but research focusing on emotional reactions of older adults to victimisation is still scarce. The study describes the emotions and feelings of older adults who experienced abuse in a community setting, and the association between these emotions and individual or abuse characteristics. The cross-sectional study comprises 510 older adults who were identified and referred by four institutions. Participants answered a questionnaire on elder abuse experiences, including the emotion or feeling brought out by the act of abuse that was perceived to be the most serious. Fear and sadness comprised 67.1% of all provided responses. Emotional reactions were associated with functional status, the presence of depressive symptoms, relationship with the perpetrator and, to a limited degree, to the experience of multiple types of abuse. The most significant and meaningful variable was the relationship with the perpetrator. This study demonstrates that older adults present very similar patterns of emotional reactions, but individual characteristics and the established relationship with the perpetrator might mediate the emotional response. Implications for prevention and intervention of elder abuse are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana João Santos
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Baltazar Nunes
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Lisboa, Portugal
- CISP - Centro de Investigação em Saúde Pública, Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Irina Kislaya
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana Paula Gil
- CICS.NOVA - Centro Interdisciplinar de Ciências Sociais, Faculdade de Ciências Sociais e, Humanas da Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Oscar Ribeiro
- Departamento de Educação e Psicologia, Universidade de Aveiro, Porto, Portugal
- CINTESIS - Centro de Investigação em Tecnologias e Serviços de Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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