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Tsikouras P, Kritsotaki N, Nikolettos K, Kotanidou S, Oikonomou E, Bothou A, Andreou S, Nalmpanti T, Chalkia K, Spanakis V, Tsikouras N, Chalil M, Machairiotis N, Iatrakis G, Nikolettos N. The Impact of Adenomyosis on Pregnancy. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1925. [PMID: 39200389 PMCID: PMC11351718 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12081925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2024] [Revised: 07/27/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Adenomyosis is characterized by ectopic proliferation of endometrial tissue within the myometrium. Histologically, this condition is marked by the presence of islands of benign endometrial glands surrounded by stromal cells. The myometrium appears thinner, and cross-sectional analysis often reveals signs of recent or chronic hemorrhage. The ectopic endometrial tissue may respond to ovarian hormonal stimulation, exhibiting proliferative or secretory changes during the menstrual cycle, potentially leading to bleeding, uterine swelling, and pain. Adenomyosis can appear as either a diffuse or focal condition. It is crucial to understand that adenomyosis involves the infiltration of the endometrium into the myometrium, rather than its displacement. The surgical management of adenomyosis is contingent upon its anatomical extent. The high incidence of the disease and the myths that develop around it increase the need to study its characteristics and its association with pregnancy and potential obstetric complications. These complications often require quick decisions, appropriate diagnosis, and proper counseling. Therefore, knowing the possible risks associated with adenomyosis is key to decision making. Pregnancy has a positive effect on adenomyosis and its painful symptoms. This improvement is not only due to the inhibition of ovulation, which inhibits the bleeding of adenomyotic tissue, but also to the metabolic, hormonal, immunological, and angiogenic changes associated with pregnancy. Adenomyosis affects pregnancy through disturbances of the endocrine system and the body's immune response at both local and systemic levels. It leads to bleeding from the adenomyotic tissue, molecular and functional abnormalities of the ectopic endometrium, abnormal placentation, and destruction of the adenomyotic tissue due to changes in the hormonal environment that characterizes pregnancy. Some of the obstetric complications that occur in women with adenomyosis in pregnancy include miscarriage, preterm delivery, placenta previa, low birth weight for gestational age, obstetric hemorrhage, and the need for cesarean section. These complications are an understudied field and remain unknown to the majority of obstetricians. These pathological conditions pose challenges to both the typical progression of pregnancy and the smooth conduct of labor in affected women. Further multicenter studies are imperative to validate the most suitable method for concluding labor following surgical intervention for adenomyosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Tsikouras
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece; (N.K.); (K.N.); (S.K.); (E.O.); (S.A.); (T.N.); (K.C.); (V.S.); (N.T.); (M.C.); (N.N.)
| | - Nektaria Kritsotaki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece; (N.K.); (K.N.); (S.K.); (E.O.); (S.A.); (T.N.); (K.C.); (V.S.); (N.T.); (M.C.); (N.N.)
| | - Konstantinos Nikolettos
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece; (N.K.); (K.N.); (S.K.); (E.O.); (S.A.); (T.N.); (K.C.); (V.S.); (N.T.); (M.C.); (N.N.)
| | - Sonia Kotanidou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece; (N.K.); (K.N.); (S.K.); (E.O.); (S.A.); (T.N.); (K.C.); (V.S.); (N.T.); (M.C.); (N.N.)
| | - Efthymios Oikonomou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece; (N.K.); (K.N.); (S.K.); (E.O.); (S.A.); (T.N.); (K.C.); (V.S.); (N.T.); (M.C.); (N.N.)
| | - Anastasia Bothou
- Department of Midwifery, School of Health Sciences, University of West Attica (UNIWA), 12243 Athens, Greece; (A.B.); (G.I.)
| | - Sotiris Andreou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece; (N.K.); (K.N.); (S.K.); (E.O.); (S.A.); (T.N.); (K.C.); (V.S.); (N.T.); (M.C.); (N.N.)
| | - Theopi Nalmpanti
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece; (N.K.); (K.N.); (S.K.); (E.O.); (S.A.); (T.N.); (K.C.); (V.S.); (N.T.); (M.C.); (N.N.)
| | - Kyriaki Chalkia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece; (N.K.); (K.N.); (S.K.); (E.O.); (S.A.); (T.N.); (K.C.); (V.S.); (N.T.); (M.C.); (N.N.)
| | - Vlasios Spanakis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece; (N.K.); (K.N.); (S.K.); (E.O.); (S.A.); (T.N.); (K.C.); (V.S.); (N.T.); (M.C.); (N.N.)
| | - Nikolaos Tsikouras
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece; (N.K.); (K.N.); (S.K.); (E.O.); (S.A.); (T.N.); (K.C.); (V.S.); (N.T.); (M.C.); (N.N.)
| | - Melda Chalil
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece; (N.K.); (K.N.); (S.K.); (E.O.); (S.A.); (T.N.); (K.C.); (V.S.); (N.T.); (M.C.); (N.N.)
| | - Nikolaos Machairiotis
- Third Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Attikon Hospital, Rimini 1, 12462 Athens, Greece;
| | - George Iatrakis
- Department of Midwifery, School of Health Sciences, University of West Attica (UNIWA), 12243 Athens, Greece; (A.B.); (G.I.)
| | - Nikolaos Nikolettos
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece; (N.K.); (K.N.); (S.K.); (E.O.); (S.A.); (T.N.); (K.C.); (V.S.); (N.T.); (M.C.); (N.N.)
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da Cunha Vieira M, Andres MP, Riccio LGC, Schlindwein SS, Arcoverde FVL, Di Spiezio Sardo A, Abrão MS. Association of Uterine Tissue Innervation and Peripheral Nerve Density with Adenomyosis Related Pain. A Systematic Review. Reprod Sci 2024; 31:2137-2149. [PMID: 38720155 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-024-01587-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
Adenomyosis is associated with dysmenorrhea and chronic pelvic pain; however, the triggering mechanisms of painful stimuli and the role of uterine nerve fibers in the manifestation of pain remain poorly understood. The objective of this study was to systematically review the role of uterine nerve fibers' presence and density in the occurrence of pain in patients with adenomyosis. An electronic search was performed using the Embase, PubMed/Medline, and Cochrane databases. We included all studies from inception to November 2023. A total of ten studies that compared uterine biopsies samples of women with and without adenomyosis were included. The biomarker antiprotein gene product 9.5 was decreased or absent in the endometrium of most included women with adenomyosis. None of the included studies observed a difference in neurofilament (NF) staining between the adenomyosis and non-adenomyosis groups. Studies that assessed nerve growth factor (NGF) staining were heterogeneous in design. One study reported no difference in immunohistochemistry staining in any endometrial layer between the adenomyosis and non-adenomyosis groups, while another reported increased staining in the adenomyosis functional endometrial layer, and a third study reported overexpression of NGF, synaptophysin (SYN), and microtubule-associated protein 2 mRNA in focal adenomyosis alone. Preliminary data from poor-quality studies suggest an increase in the uterine density of nerve fibers in patients with adenomyosis. Well-designed studies are essential to assess the cause-and-effect relationship between uterine nerve fibers and pain in patients with adenomyosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana da Cunha Vieira
- Departamento de Ginecologia. Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Gynecologic Division, BP - A Beneficencia Portuguesa de Sao Paulo, Rua Colombia 332, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marina Paula Andres
- Departamento de Ginecologia. Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Gynecologic Division, BP - A Beneficencia Portuguesa de Sao Paulo, Rua Colombia 332, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Luiza Gama Coelho Riccio
- Departamento de Ginecologia. Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Sara Schmitt Schlindwein
- Departamento de Ginecologia. Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Attilio Di Spiezio Sardo
- Gynecology and Obstetrics Unit, Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Mauricio Simões Abrão
- Departamento de Ginecologia. Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
- Gynecologic Division, BP - A Beneficencia Portuguesa de Sao Paulo, Rua Colombia 332, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Guo SW. Cracking the enigma of adenomyosis: an update on its pathogenesis and pathophysiology. Reproduction 2022; 164:R101-R121. [PMID: 36099328 DOI: 10.1530/rep-22-0224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In brief Traditionally viewed as enigmatic and elusive, adenomyosis is a fairly common gynecological disease but is under-recognized and under-researched. This review summarizes the latest development on the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of adenomyosis, which have important implications for imaging diagnosis of the disease and for the development of non-hormonal therapeutics. Abstract Traditionally considered as an enigmatic disease, adenomyosis is a uterine disease that affects many women of reproductive age and is a contributing factor for pelvic pain, heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB), and subfertility. In this review, the new development in the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of adenomyosis has been summarized, along with their clinical implications. After reviewing the progress in our understanding of the pathogenesis and describing the prevailing theories, in conjunction with their deficiencies, a new hypothesis, called endometrial-myometrial interface disruption (EMID), which is backed by extensive epidemiologic data and demonstrated by a mouse model, is reviewed, along with recent data implicating the role of Schwann cells in the EMI area in the genesis of adenomyosis. Additionally, the natural history of adenomyotic lesions is elaborated and underscores that, in essence, adenomyotic lesions are fundamentally wounds undergoing repeated tissue injury and repair (ReTIAR), which progress to fibrosis through epithelial-mesenchymal transition, fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transdifferentiation, and smooth muscle metaplasia. Increasing lesional fibrosis propagates into the neighboring EMI and endometrium. The increased endometrial fibrosis, with ensuing greater tissue stiffness, results in attenuated prostaglandin E2, hypoxia signaling and glycolysis, impairing endometrial repair and causing HMB. Compared with adenomyosis-associated HMB, the mechanisms underlying adenomyosis-associated pain are less understood but presumably involve increased uterine contractility, hyperinnervation, increased lesional production of pain mediators, and central sensitization. Viewed through the prism of ReTIAR, a new imaging technique can be used to diagnose adenomyosis more accurately and informatively and possibly help to choose the best treatment modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Wei Guo
- Shanghai Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-Related Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Chu LH, Liao CC, Liew PL, Chen CW, Su PH, Wen KC, Lai HC, Huang RL, Chen LY. Epigenomic Analysis Reveals the KCNK9 Potassium Channel as a Potential Therapeutic Target for Adenomyosis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23115973. [PMID: 35682653 PMCID: PMC9180761 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23115973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenomyosis is linked to dysmenorrhea and infertility. The pathogenesis of adenomyosis remains unclear, and little is known of the genetic and epigenetic changes in the eutopic endometrium in adenomyosis, which may predispose patients to the invasion and migration of endometrial tissues into the myometrium. Transcriptome studies have identified genes related to various cell behaviors but no targets for therapeutic intervention. The epigenetics of the eutopic endometrium in adenomyosis have rarely been investigated. Endometrial tissue was obtained from premenopausal women with (n = 32) or without adenomyosis (n = 17) who underwent hysterectomy aged 34–57 years at a tertiary hospital. The methylome and transcriptome were assessed by using a Methylation 450 K BeadChip array and Affymetrix expression microarray. Protein expression was examined by immunohistochemistry. Differential methylation analysis revealed 53 lowly methylated genes and 176 highly methylated genes with consistent gene expression in adenomyosis, including three genes encoding potassium ion channels. High expression of KCNK9 in the eutopic and ectopic endometria in patients with adenomyosis but not in normal controls was observed. Hormone-free, antibody-based KCNK9 targeting is a potential therapeutic strategy for adenomyosis-related dysmenorrhea, menorrhagia, and infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Hui Chu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan; (L.-H.C.); (C.-C.L.); (P.-H.S.); (K.-C.W.); (H.-C.L.); (R.-L.H.)
| | - Chi-Chun Liao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan; (L.-H.C.); (C.-C.L.); (P.-H.S.); (K.-C.W.); (H.-C.L.); (R.-L.H.)
- Nuwa Fertility Center, Taipei 106467, Taiwan
| | - Phui-Ly Liew
- Department of Pathology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan;
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Wen Chen
- Dr Wang Reproductive Fertility Center, Taipei 110007, Taiwan;
| | - Po-Hsuan Su
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan; (L.-H.C.); (C.-C.L.); (P.-H.S.); (K.-C.W.); (H.-C.L.); (R.-L.H.)
- Translational Epigenetics Center, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Chang Wen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan; (L.-H.C.); (C.-C.L.); (P.-H.S.); (K.-C.W.); (H.-C.L.); (R.-L.H.)
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Cheng Lai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan; (L.-H.C.); (C.-C.L.); (P.-H.S.); (K.-C.W.); (H.-C.L.); (R.-L.H.)
- Translational Epigenetics Center, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan
| | - Rui-Lan Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan; (L.-H.C.); (C.-C.L.); (P.-H.S.); (K.-C.W.); (H.-C.L.); (R.-L.H.)
- Translational Epigenetics Center, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Lin-Yu Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan; (L.-H.C.); (C.-C.L.); (P.-H.S.); (K.-C.W.); (H.-C.L.); (R.-L.H.)
- Translational Epigenetics Center, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-2-2249-0088 (ext. 8740)
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Xu X, Cai X, Liu X, Guo SW. Possible involvement of neuropeptide and neurotransmitter receptors in Adenomyosis. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2021; 19:25. [PMID: 33602248 PMCID: PMC7893711 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-021-00711-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulating data indicate that sensory nerve derived neuropeptides such as substance P and calcitonin gene related-protein (CGRP) can accelerate the progression of endometriosis via their respective receptors, so can agonists to their respective receptors receptor 1 (NK1R), receptor activity modifying protein 1 (RAMP-1) and calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CRLR). Adrenergic β2 receptor (ADRB2) agonists also can facilitate lesional progression. In contrast, women with endometriosis appear to have depressed vagal activity, concordant with reduced expression of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR). The roles of these receptors in adenomyosis are completely unknown. METHODS Adenomyotic tissue samples from 30 women with adenomyosis and control endometrial tissue samples from 24 women without adenomyosis were collected and subjected to immunohistochemistry analysis of RAMP1, CRLR, NK1R, ADRB2 and α7nAChR, along with their demographic and clinical information. The extent of tissue fibrosis was evaluated by Masson trichrome staining. RESULTS We found that the staining levels of NK1R, CRLR, RAMP1 and ADRB2 were all significantly elevated in adenomyotic lesions as compared with control endometrium. In contrast, α7nAChR staining levels were significantly reduced. The severity of dysmenorrhea correlated positively with lesional ADRB2 staining levels. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that SP, CGRP and noradrenaline may promote, while acetylcholine may stall, the progression of adenomyosis through their respective receptors on adenomyotic lesions. Additionally, through the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)-sympatho-adrenal-medullary (SAM) axes and the lesional overexpression of ADRB2, adenomyosis-associated dysmenorrhea and adenomyotic lesions may be mutually promotional, forming a viscous feed-forward cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ningbo No. 7 Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315200, China
| | - Xianjun Cai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ningbo No. 7 Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315200, China
| | - Xishi Liu
- Shanghai Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, 419 Fangxie Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-Related Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sun-Wei Guo
- Shanghai Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, 419 Fangxie Road, Shanghai, 200011, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-Related Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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Abstract
Adenomyosis is a common disorder of the uterus, and is associated with an enlarged uterus, heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB), pelvic pain, and infertility. It is characterized by endometrial epithelial cells and stromal fibroblasts abnormally found in the myometrium where they elicit hyperplasia and hypertrophy of surrounding smooth muscle cells. While both the mechanistic processes and the pathogenesis of adenomyosis are uncertain, several theories have been put forward addressing how this disease develops. These include intrinsic or induced (1) microtrauma of the endometrial-myometrial interface; (2) enhanced invasion of endometrium into myometrium; (3) metaplasia of stem cells in myometrium; (4) infiltration of endometrial cells in retrograde menstrual effluent into the uterine wall from the serosal side; (5) induction of adenomyotic lesions by aberrant local steroid and pituitary hormones; and (6) abnormal uterine development in response to genetic and epigenetic modifications. Dysmenorrhea, HMB, and infertility are likely results of inflammation, neurogenesis, angiogenesis, and contractile abnormalities in the endometrial and myometrial components. Elucidating mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of adenomyosis raise possibilities to develop targeted therapies to ameliorate symptoms beyond the current agents that are largely ineffective. Herein, we address these possible etiologies and data that support underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyu Zhai
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Silvia Vannuccini
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Felice Petraglia
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Linda C. Giudice
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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Vannuccini S, Tosti C, Carmona F, Huang SJ, Chapron C, Guo SW, Petraglia F. Pathogenesis of adenomyosis: an update on molecular mechanisms. Reprod Biomed Online 2017; 35:592-601. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2017.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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