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Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the physiological effects of tylosin in rats. Tylosin was administered orally to pubertal male and female rats at concentrations of 0.005, 0.2, 10 and 200 mg/kg b.w. for 6 weeks. The overall body and organ weights were recorded. Serum levels of immunoglobulins, haematological values, histopathological lesions in different organs, and gene expression profiles in pituitary glands were investigated. The mean platelet volume was increased, and the monocyte count was decreased significantly in both male and female rats treated with tylosin. Compared to the untreated control, alanine transaminase in both types of rats and total serum bilirubin in female rats were increased significantly with the administration of tylosin (200 mg/kg), however, lactate dehydrogenase in female rats was decreased. The levels of immunoglobulin M were reduced in both male and female rats but immunoglobulin G levels were significantly reduced only in female rats which were treated with tylosin. Cell proliferation- and adhesion-associated genes were expressed more but apoptosis gene expressions were decreased in the pituitary gland of tylosin-treated rats. In conclusion, this study revealed that the use of tylosin at therapeutic dosage is possibly not completely safe.
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Oliva R, Fraleigh NL, Lewicky JD, Fariñas M, Hernández T, Martel AL, Navarro I, Dagmar GR, Acevedo R, Le HT. Repeat-Dose Toxicity Study Using the AFPL1-Conjugate Nicotine Vaccine in Male Sprague Dawley Rats. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11120626. [PMID: 31771151 PMCID: PMC6955701 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11120626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Tobacco smoking is the cause of 20% of Canadian deaths per year. Nicotine vaccines present a promising alternative to traditional smoking cessation products, but to date, no vaccine has been able to move through all phases of clinical trials. We have previously demonstrated that the AFPL1-conjugate nicotine vaccine does not induce systemic or immunotoxicity in a mouse model and that a heterologous vaccination approach is more advantageous than the homologous routes to inducing mucosal and systemic anti-nicotine antibodies. The purpose of this study was to confirm the safety profile of the vaccine in a repeat-dose toxicity study. The heterologous vaccination strategy was again used, and Sprague Dawley rats were administered a dose five times greater than in our previous studies. Physiological conditions, food and water consumption, body temperature, injection site inflammation, relative weights of organs, histopathology, and blood chemistry and hematology were evaluated during the course of the vaccination period to determine the safety of the vaccine. The AFPL1-conjugate nicotine vaccine did not induce clinically relevant changes or induce symptoms that would be associated with toxicity, making it a promising candidate for future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reynaldo Oliva
- Finlay Institute of Vaccine, Havana 11600, Cuba; (R.O.); (M.F.); (T.H.); (I.N.); (G.-R.D.); (R.A.)
| | - Nya L. Fraleigh
- Health Sciences North Research Institute (HSNRI), Sudbury, ON P3E 2H3, Canada; (N.L.F.); (J.D.L.); (A.L.M.)
| | - Jordan D. Lewicky
- Health Sciences North Research Institute (HSNRI), Sudbury, ON P3E 2H3, Canada; (N.L.F.); (J.D.L.); (A.L.M.)
| | - Mildrey Fariñas
- Finlay Institute of Vaccine, Havana 11600, Cuba; (R.O.); (M.F.); (T.H.); (I.N.); (G.-R.D.); (R.A.)
| | - Tamara Hernández
- Finlay Institute of Vaccine, Havana 11600, Cuba; (R.O.); (M.F.); (T.H.); (I.N.); (G.-R.D.); (R.A.)
| | - Alexandrine L. Martel
- Health Sciences North Research Institute (HSNRI), Sudbury, ON P3E 2H3, Canada; (N.L.F.); (J.D.L.); (A.L.M.)
| | - Ingrid Navarro
- Finlay Institute of Vaccine, Havana 11600, Cuba; (R.O.); (M.F.); (T.H.); (I.N.); (G.-R.D.); (R.A.)
| | - García-Rivera Dagmar
- Finlay Institute of Vaccine, Havana 11600, Cuba; (R.O.); (M.F.); (T.H.); (I.N.); (G.-R.D.); (R.A.)
| | - Reinaldo Acevedo
- Finlay Institute of Vaccine, Havana 11600, Cuba; (R.O.); (M.F.); (T.H.); (I.N.); (G.-R.D.); (R.A.)
| | - Hoang-Thanh Le
- Health Sciences North Research Institute (HSNRI), Sudbury, ON P3E 2H3, Canada; (N.L.F.); (J.D.L.); (A.L.M.)
- Northern Ontario School of Medicine (NOSM), Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada
- Chemistry & Biochemistry and Biology Departments, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-705-523-7300 (ext. 2613)
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Fraleigh NL, Oliva R, Lewicky JD, Martel AL, Acevedo R, Dagmar GR, Le HT. Assessing the immunogenicity and toxicity of the AFPL1-conjugate nicotine vaccine using heterologous and homologous vaccination routes. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221708. [PMID: 31442285 PMCID: PMC6707630 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the increased risks of cancers and cardiovascular related diseases, tobacco smoking continues to be prevalent in the population due largely in part to the addictive nature of nicotine. Nicotine vaccines are an attractive alternative to the current smoking cessation options but have yet to be successful enough in clinical trials to reach the market due to a lack of neutralizing antibodies and inconsistent results. Using AFPL1 derived from the Cuban meningococcal vaccine as an adjuvant, we have previously published promising results with an intranasally administered nicotine vaccine. In order to examine the immunogenicity and safety of this vaccine in mice we set up a pilot trial administering the vaccine either intranasally, intramuscularly or utilizing both routes simultaneously and evaluated immune responses and clinical symptoms throughout the duration of the vaccination protocol and post-mortem. These data further demonstrate the ability of the AFPL1 nicotine conjugate vaccine to be a safe and potential candidate for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nya L. Fraleigh
- Health Sciences North Research Institute, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Hoang-Thanh Le
- Health Sciences North Research Institute, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
- Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Medicinal Sciences division, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
- Chemistry & Biochemistry and Biology Departments, Laurentian university, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Xian TH, Parasuraman S, Sinniah K, Ravichandran M, Prabhakaran G. Repeated dose toxicity evaluation of a cold chain-free, live, attenuated oral cholera vaccine in Sprague Dawley rats. Vaccine 2019; 37:711-720. [PMID: 30630696 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The repeated dose toxicity of a prototype cold chain-free, live, attenuated oral cholera vaccine containing 5 × 106 CFU/mL of the VCUSM14P strain was evaluated in Sprague Dawley (SD) rats (single dose administered daily for 30 days) to ascertain its safety for clinical use. Repeated dose toxicity studies for cholera vaccines in the literature have administered 2 or 3 fixed doses at 7, 14, 21 or 69 day intervals. The present study reports an evaluation of 30 repeated doses of cholera vaccine administered at three different concentrations (Group II (1.25 × 106 CFU), Group III (2.5 × 106 CFU) and Group IV (5 × 106 CFU)) in SD rats. The liquid vaccine was administered orally to the rats with the respective dose every day, and normal saline was administered to the control group (Group I). No significant difference (P > 0.05) was observed in the body weights and biochemical parameters of the rats after 15 and 30 repeated doses compared to those of the control group. However, compared to those of Group I, a significant increase (P < 0.05) in the organ to body weight ratios of the lungs, ureter, liver, kidney, heart and spleen was found in G-II, G-III and G-IV. In the haematological analysis, a significant increase in the WBC was observed in G-II and G-IV compared to that in G-I. The histopathological findings indicated mild to moderate degeneration in the liver, kidney, heart and spleen in the treated rats. Mild to moderate lymphocytic infiltration in the lungs was observed in the G-II and G-III rats, and severe infiltration was observed in the G-IV rats. These histopathological findings may be attributed to the 30 doses of vaccine given in daily succession without an interval. In the acute toxicity study, a single dose of vaccine up to 10 × 106 CFU did not cause any adverse effects and lethality in SD rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tew Hui Xian
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, AIMST University, Semeling 08100, Kedah, Malaysia
| | - Subramani Parasuraman
- Unit of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, AIMST University, Semeling 08100, Kedah, Malaysia
| | - Kurunathan Sinniah
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, AIMST University, Semeling 08100, Kedah, Malaysia
| | - Manickam Ravichandran
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, AIMST University, Semeling 08100, Kedah, Malaysia
| | - Guruswamy Prabhakaran
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, AIMST University, Semeling 08100, Kedah, Malaysia.
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Lee H, Chung S, Noh J. Maternal Nicotine Exposure During Late Gestation and Lactation Increases Anxiety-Like and Impulsive Decision-Making Behavior in Adolescent Offspring of Rat. Toxicol Res 2016; 32:275-280. [PMID: 27818729 PMCID: PMC5080857 DOI: 10.5487/tr.2016.32.4.275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Prenatal nicotine exposure over an entire pregnancy has been associated with an increased prevalence of hyperactivity, anxiety-like behavior and depression-like behavior in mature rats. However, the effects of maternal nicotine exposure in late gestation and lactation on the psychology and behavior of adolescent rat offspring are unclear. Thus, we investigated the effect of nicotine exposure during late gestation and lactation on anxiety-like and impulsive decision-making behavior in adolescent offspring of rat. Female rats were orally exposed to nicotine which is within range of plasma level of human chronic smokers during the period of third last period of gestation and lactation. When the offspring were weaned, we observed alterations in the anxiety-like behavior and decision-making ability of adolescent rat offspring using light/dark box test and T-maze delay-based cost-benefit decision-making task. The maternal consumption of nicotine reduced both the time spent in the light compartment and the number of transitions compared to nicotine-free rats. Moreover, such nicotine exposed adolescent offspring rats showed impulsive decision making which chose the instant reward in a decision-making situation. We found that nicotine exposure during late gestation and lactation induces an increase in anxiety-like and impulsive decision-making behavior at this developmental stage. These findings suggest that maternal nicotine-exposed offspring are at an increased risk of developing anxious and impulsive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunchan Lee
- Department of Science Education, College of Education, Dankook University, Gyeonggi, Korea
| | - Sooyeon Chung
- Department of Science Education, College of Education, Dankook University, Gyeonggi, Korea
| | - Jihyun Noh
- Department of Science Education, College of Education, Dankook University, Gyeonggi, Korea
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