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Ahuja G, Kaur I, Lamba PS, Virmani D, Jain A, Chakraborty S, Mallik S. Prostate cancer prognosis using machine learning: A critical review of survival analysis methods. Pathol Res Pract 2024; 264:155687. [PMID: 39541766 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2024.155687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2024] [Accepted: 10/25/2024] [Indexed: 11/16/2024]
Abstract
Prostate Cancer is a disease that affects the male reproductive system. The irregularity of the symptoms makes it hard for the clinicians to pinpoint the disease in the earlier stages. Techniques such as Machine Learning, Data Science, Deep Learning, etc. have been employed on the biomedical data to identify the symptoms of the patients and predict their stage and the chances of their survival. The survival analysis of prostate cancer is essential as it guides the clinicians to recommend the optimal treatment for the patient. Building an accurate model from electronic data using machine learning is quite difficult. This review article presents a systematic literature review focused on the area of prostate cancer survival analysis utilizing machine learning and other soft computing techniques. Through an extensive evaluation of the available research, we have identified and summarized key insights from the selected studies. A comprehensive comparison of various approaches for survival and treatment predictions in the literature has been conducted. Additionally, the gaps in previous research have been discussed, highlighting areas for further investigation and providing future recommendations. By synthesizing the current knowledge in prostate cancer survival analysis, this review contributes to the understanding of the field and lays the foundation for future advancements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garvita Ahuja
- Vivekananda Institute of Professional Studies, Technical Campus, New Delhi 110034, India.
| | - Ishleen Kaur
- Sri Guru Tegh Bahadur Khalsa College, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India.
| | - Puneet Singh Lamba
- Sri Guru Tegh Bahadur Khalsa College, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India.
| | - Deepali Virmani
- Department of IT Guru Tegh Bahadur Institute of Technology, India.
| | - Achin Jain
- Bharati Vidyapeeth's College of Engineering, New Delhi 110063, India.
| | - Somenath Chakraborty
- Department of Computer Science and Information Systems, The West Virginia University Institute of Technology, Beckley, WV, USA.
| | - Saurav Mallik
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
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Arafa MA, Omar I, Farhat KH, Elshinawy M, Khan F, Alkhathami FA, Mokhtar A, Althunayan A, Rabah DM, Badawy AHA. A Comparison of Systematic, Targeted, and Combined Biopsy Using Machine Learning for Prediction of Prostate Cancer Risk: A Multi-Center Study. Med Princ Pract 2024; 33:491-500. [PMID: 39047698 PMCID: PMC11460957 DOI: 10.1159/000540425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aims of the study were to construct a new prognostic prediction model for detecting prostate cancer (PCa) patients using machine-learning (ML) techniques and to compare those models across systematic and target biopsy detection techniques. METHODS The records of the two main hospitals in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, were analyzed for data on diagnosed PCa from 2019 to 2023. Four ML algorithms were utilized for the prediction and classification of PCa. RESULTS A total of 528 patients with prostate-specific antigen (PSA) greater than 3.5 ng/mL who had undergone transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy were evaluated. The total number of confirmed PCa cases was 234. Age, prostate volume, PSA, body mass index (BMI), multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) score, number of regions of interest detected in MRI, and the diameter of the largest size lesion were significantly associated with PCa. Random Forest (RF) and XGBoost (XGB) (ML algorithms) accurately predicted PCa. Yet, their performance for classification and prediction of PCa was higher and more accurate for cases detected by targeted and combined biopsy (systematic and targeted together) compared to systematic biopsy alone. F1, the area under the curve (AUC), and the accuracy of XGB and RF models for targeted biopsy and combined biopsy ranged from 0.94 to 0.97 compared to the AUC of systematic biopsy for RF and XGB algorithms, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The RF model generated and presented an excellent prediction capability for the risk of PCa detected by targeted and combined biopsy compared to systematic biopsy alone. ML models can prevent missed PCa diagnoses by serving as a screening tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa A. Arafa
- The Cancer Research Chair, Surgery Department, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Epidemiology, High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Islam Omar
- Klipsch School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA
| | - Karim H. Farhat
- The Cancer Research Chair, Surgery Department, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mona Elshinawy
- Engineering Technology and Surveying Engineering Department, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA
| | - Farrukh Khan
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faisal A. Alkhathami
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alaa Mokhtar
- Department of Urology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz Althunayan
- The Cancer Research Chair, Surgery Department, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Danny M. Rabah
- The Cancer Research Chair, Surgery Department, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Urology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdel-Hameed A. Badawy
- Klipsch School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA
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Lubbad M, Karaboga D, Basturk A, Akay B, Nalbantoglu U, Pacal I. Machine learning applications in detection and diagnosis of urology cancers: a systematic literature review. Neural Comput Appl 2024; 36:6355-6379. [DOI: 10.1007/s00521-023-09375-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2025]
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Ramamurthy K, Varikuti AR, Gupta B, Aswani N. A deep learning network for Gleason grading of prostate biopsies using EfficientNet. BIOMED ENG-BIOMED TE 2022; 68:187-198. [PMID: 36332194 DOI: 10.1515/bmt-2022-0201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
The most crucial part in the diagnosis of cancer is severity grading. Gleason’s score is a widely used grading system for prostate cancer. Manual examination of the microscopic images and grading them is tiresome and consumes a lot of time. Hence to automate the Gleason grading process, a novel deep learning network is proposed in this work.
Methods
In this work, a deep learning network for Gleason grading of prostate cancer is proposed based on EfficientNet architecture. It applies a compound scaling method to balance the dimensions of the underlying network. Also, an additional attention branch is added to EfficientNet-B7 for precise feature weighting.
Result
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work that integrates an additional attention branch with EfficientNet architecture for Gleason grading. The proposed models were trained using H&E-stained samples from prostate cancer Tissue Microarrays (TMAs) in the Harvard Dataverse dataset.
Conclusions
The proposed network was able to outperform the existing methods and it achieved an Kappa score of 0.5775.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthik Ramamurthy
- Centre for Cyber Physical Systems, School of Electronics Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology , Chennai , India
| | - Abinash Reddy Varikuti
- School of Computer Science Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology , Chennai , India
| | - Bhavya Gupta
- School of Computer Science Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology , Chennai , India
| | - Nehal Aswani
- School of Electronics Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology , Chennai , India
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Implementation of Machine Learning Mechanism for Recognising Prostate Cancer through Photoacoustic Signal. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2022; 2022:6862083. [PMID: 36262985 PMCID: PMC9553468 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6862083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Biological tissues may be studied using photoacoustic (PA) spectroscopy, which can yield a wealth of physical and chemical data. However, it is really challenging to directly analyse these tissues because of a lot of data. Data mining techniques can get around this issue. In order to diagnose prostate cancer via PA spectrum assessment, this work describes the machine learning (ML) technique implementation, such as supervised classification and unsupervised hierarchical clustering. The collected PA signals were preprocessed using Pwelch method, and the features are extracted using two methods such as hierarchical cluster and correlation assessment. The extracted features are classified using four ML-methods, namely, Support Vector Machine (SVM), Naïve Bayes (NB), decision tree C4.5, and Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA). Furthermore, as these components alter throughout the progression of prostate cancer, this study focuses on the composition and distribution of collagen, lipids, and haemoglobin. In diseased tissues compared to normal tissues, there is a stronger correlation between the various chemical components ultrasonic power spectra, suggesting that the microstructural dispersion in tumour tissues has been more uniform. The accuracy of several classifiers used in cancer tissue diagnosis was greater than 94% for all four methods, which is effective than that of benchmark medical methods. Thus, the method shows significant promise for the noninvasive, early detection of severe prostate cancer.
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Yi Z, Ou Z, Hu J, Qiu D, Quan C, Othmane B, Wang Y, Wu L. Computer-aided diagnosis of prostate cancer based on deep neural networks from multi-parametric magnetic resonance imaging. Front Physiol 2022; 13:918381. [PMID: 36105290 PMCID: PMC9465082 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.918381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: To evaluate a new deep neural network (DNN)-based computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) method, namely, a prostate cancer localization network and an integrated multi-modal classification network, to automatically localize prostate cancer on multi-parametric magnetic resonance imaging (mp-MRI) and classify prostate cancer and non-cancerous tissues. Materials and methods: The PROSTAREx database consists of a "training set" (330 suspected lesions from 204 cases) and a "test set" (208 suspected lesions from 104 cases). Sequences include T2-weighted, diffusion-weighted, Ktrans, and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) images. For the task of abnormal localization, inspired by V-net, we designed a prostate cancer localization network with mp-MRI data as input to achieve automatic localization of prostate cancer. Combining the concepts of multi-modal learning and ensemble learning, the integrated multi-modal classification network is based on the combination of mp-MRI data as input to distinguish prostate cancer from non-cancerous tissues through a series of operations such as convolution and pooling. The performance of each network in predicting prostate cancer was examined using the receiver operating curve (ROC), and the area under the ROC curve (AUC), sensitivity (TPR), specificity (TNR), accuracy, and Dice similarity coefficient (DSC) were calculated. Results: The prostate cancer localization network exhibited excellent performance in localizing prostate cancer, with an average error of only 1.64 mm compared to the labeled results, an error of about 6%. On the test dataset, the network had a sensitivity of 0.92, specificity of 0.90, PPV of 0.91, NPV of 0.93, and DSC of 0.84. Compared with multi-modal classification networks, the performance of single-modal classification networks is slightly inadequate. The integrated multi-modal classification network performed best in classifying prostate cancer and non-cancerous tissues with a TPR of 0.95, TNR of 0.82, F1-Score of 0.8920, AUC of 0.912, and accuracy of 0.885, which fully confirmed the feasibility of the ensemble learning approach. Conclusion: The proposed DNN-based prostate cancer localization network and integrated multi-modal classification network yielded high performance in experiments, demonstrating that the prostate cancer localization network and integrated multi-modal classification network can be used for computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) of prostate cancer localization and classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenglin Yi
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhenyu Ou
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jiao Hu
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Dongxu Qiu
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chao Quan
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Belaydi Othmane
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yongjie Wang
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Longxiang Wu
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Naik N, Tokas T, Shetty DK, Hameed BZ, Shastri S, Shah MJ, Ibrahim S, Rai BP, Chłosta P, Somani BK. Role of Deep Learning in Prostate Cancer Management: Past, Present and Future Based on a Comprehensive Literature Review. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11133575. [PMID: 35806859 PMCID: PMC9267773 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11133575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This review aims to present the applications of deep learning (DL) in prostate cancer diagnosis and treatment. Computer vision is becoming an increasingly large part of our daily lives due to advancements in technology. These advancements in computational power have allowed more extensive and more complex DL models to be trained on large datasets. Urologists have found these technologies help them in their work, and many such models have been developed to aid in the identification, treatment and surgical practices in prostate cancer. This review will present a systematic outline and summary of these deep learning models and technologies used for prostate cancer management. A literature search was carried out for English language articles over the last two decades from 2000–2021, and present in Scopus, MEDLINE, Clinicaltrials.gov, Science Direct, Web of Science and Google Scholar. A total of 224 articles were identified on the initial search. After screening, 64 articles were identified as related to applications in urology, from which 24 articles were identified to be solely related to the diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer. The constant improvement in DL models should drive more research focusing on deep learning applications. The focus should be on improving models to the stage where they are ready to be implemented in clinical practice. Future research should prioritize developing models that can train on encrypted images, allowing increased data sharing and accessibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nithesh Naik
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Krnataka, India;
- iTRUE (International Training and Research in Uro-Oncology and Endourology) Group, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India; (M.J.S.); (S.I.); (B.P.R.); (B.K.S.)
| | - Theodoros Tokas
- Department of Urology and Andrology, General Hospital Hall i.T., Milser Str. 10, 6060 Hall in Tirol, Austria;
| | - Dasharathraj K. Shetty
- Department of Humanities and Management, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
- Correspondence: (D.K.S.); (B.M.Z.H.)
| | - B.M. Zeeshan Hameed
- iTRUE (International Training and Research in Uro-Oncology and Endourology) Group, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India; (M.J.S.); (S.I.); (B.P.R.); (B.K.S.)
- Department of Urology, Father Muller Medical College, Mangalore 575002, Karnataka, India
- Correspondence: (D.K.S.); (B.M.Z.H.)
| | - Sarthak Shastri
- Department of Information and Communication Technology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India;
| | - Milap J. Shah
- iTRUE (International Training and Research in Uro-Oncology and Endourology) Group, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India; (M.J.S.); (S.I.); (B.P.R.); (B.K.S.)
- Robotics and Urooncology, Max Hospital and Max Institute of Cancer Care, New Delhi 110024, India
| | - Sufyan Ibrahim
- iTRUE (International Training and Research in Uro-Oncology and Endourology) Group, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India; (M.J.S.); (S.I.); (B.P.R.); (B.K.S.)
- Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Bhavan Prasad Rai
- iTRUE (International Training and Research in Uro-Oncology and Endourology) Group, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India; (M.J.S.); (S.I.); (B.P.R.); (B.K.S.)
- Department of Urology, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne NE7 7DN, UK
| | - Piotr Chłosta
- Department of Urology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gołębia 24, 31-007 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Bhaskar K. Somani
- iTRUE (International Training and Research in Uro-Oncology and Endourology) Group, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India; (M.J.S.); (S.I.); (B.P.R.); (B.K.S.)
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Trust, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
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Velmurugan P, Mohanavel V, Shrestha A, Sivakumar S, Oyouni AAA, Al-Amer OM, Alzahrani OR, Alasseiri MI, Hamadi A, Alalawy AI. Developing a Multimodal Model for Detecting Higher-Grade Prostate Cancer Using Biomarkers and Risk Factors. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:9223400. [PMID: 35722463 PMCID: PMC9205705 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9223400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A technique to predict crucial clinical prostate cancer (PC) is desperately required to prevent diagnostic errors and overdiagnosis. To create a multimodal model that incorporates long-established messenger RNA (mRNA) indicators and conventional risk variables for identifying individuals with severe PC on prostatic biopsies. Urinary has gathered for mRNA analysis following a DRE and before a prostatic examination in two prospective multimodal investigations. A first group (n = 489) generated the multimodal risk score, which was then medically verified in a second group (n = 283). The reverse transcription qualitative polymerase chain reaction determined the mRNA phase. Logistic regression was applied to predict risk in patients and incorporate health risks. The area under the curve (AUC) was used to compare models, and clinical efficacy was assessed by using a DCA. The amounts of sixth homeobox clustering and first distal-less homeobox mRNA have been strongly predictive of high-grade PC detection. In the control subjects, the multimodal method achieved a total AUC of 0.90, with the most important aspects being the messenger riboneuclic acid features' PSA densities and previous cancer-negative tests as a nonsignificant design ability to contribute to PSA, aging, and background. An AUC of 0.86 was observed for one more model that added DRE as an extra risk component. Two methods were satisfactorily verified without any significant changes within the area under the curve in the validation group. DCA showed a massive net advantage and the highest decrease in inappropriate costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palanivel Velmurugan
- Centre for Materials Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Selaiyur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Vinayagam Mohanavel
- Centre for Materials Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai 600073, Tamil Nadu, India
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chandigarh University, Mohali 140413, Punjab, India
| | - Anupama Shrestha
- Department of Plant Protection, Himalayan College of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Kalanki, Kathmandu, Nepal PO box 44600
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Applied Science, Tokha Kathmandu, Nepal 2356
| | - Subpiramaniyam Sivakumar
- Department of Bioenvironmental Energy, College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang-Si, Gyeongsangnam-do 50463, Republic of Korea
| | - Atif Abdulwahab A. Oyouni
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
- Genome and Biotechnology Unit, Faculty of Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Osama M. Al-Amer
- Genome and Biotechnology Unit, Faculty of Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Othman R. Alzahrani
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
- Genome and Biotechnology Unit, Faculty of Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed I. Alasseiri
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Hamadi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adel Ibrahim Alalawy
- Genome and Biotechnology Unit, Faculty of Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
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Bhattacharya I, Khandwala YS, Vesal S, Shao W, Yang Q, Soerensen SJ, Fan RE, Ghanouni P, Kunder CA, Brooks JD, Hu Y, Rusu M, Sonn GA. A review of artificial intelligence in prostate cancer detection on imaging. Ther Adv Urol 2022; 14:17562872221128791. [PMID: 36249889 PMCID: PMC9554123 DOI: 10.1177/17562872221128791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
A multitude of studies have explored the role of artificial intelligence (AI) in providing diagnostic support to radiologists, pathologists, and urologists in prostate cancer detection, risk-stratification, and management. This review provides a comprehensive overview of relevant literature regarding the use of AI models in (1) detecting prostate cancer on radiology images (magnetic resonance and ultrasound imaging), (2) detecting prostate cancer on histopathology images of prostate biopsy tissue, and (3) assisting in supporting tasks for prostate cancer detection (prostate gland segmentation, MRI-histopathology registration, MRI-ultrasound registration). We discuss both the potential of these AI models to assist in the clinical workflow of prostate cancer diagnosis, as well as the current limitations including variability in training data sets, algorithms, and evaluation criteria. We also discuss ongoing challenges and what is needed to bridge the gap between academic research on AI for prostate cancer and commercial solutions that improve routine clinical care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indrani Bhattacharya
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1201 Welch Road, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yash S. Khandwala
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sulaiman Vesal
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Wei Shao
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Qianye Yang
- Centre for Medical Image Computing, University College London, London, UK
- Wellcome / EPSRC Centre for Interventional and Surgical Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Simon J.C. Soerensen
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology & Population Health, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Richard E. Fan
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Pejman Ghanouni
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Christian A. Kunder
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - James D. Brooks
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yipeng Hu
- Centre for Medical Image Computing, University College London, London, UK
- Wellcome / EPSRC Centre for Interventional and Surgical Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Mirabela Rusu
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Geoffrey A. Sonn
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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刘 琨, 张 明, 李 浩, 王 向, 李 冬, 刘 爽, 杨 昆, 孙 振, 薛 林, 崔 振. [Research status and prospect of artificial intelligence technology in the diagnosis of urinary system tumors]. SHENG WU YI XUE GONG CHENG XUE ZA ZHI = JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING = SHENGWU YIXUE GONGCHENGXUE ZAZHI 2021; 38:1219-1228. [PMID: 34970906 PMCID: PMC9927132 DOI: 10.7507/1001-5515.202103010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
With the rapid development of artificial intelligence technology, researchers have applied it to the diagnosis of various tumors in the urinary system in recent years, and have obtained many valuable research results. The article sorted the research status of artificial intelligence technology in the fields of renal tumors, bladder tumors and prostate tumors from three aspects: the number of papers, image data, and clinical tasks. The purpose is to summarize and analyze the research status and find new valuable research ideas in the future. The results show that the artificial intelligence model based on medical data such as digital imaging and pathological images is effective in completing basic diagnosis of urinary system tumors, image segmentation of tumor infiltration areas or specific organs, gene mutation prediction and prognostic effect prediction, but most of the models for the requirement of clinical application still need to be improved. On the one hand, it is necessary to further improve the detection, classification, segmentation and other performance of the core algorithm. On the other hand, it is necessary to integrate more standardized medical databases to effectively improve the diagnostic accuracy of artificial intelligence models and make it play greater clinical value.
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Affiliation(s)
- 琨 刘
- 河北大学 质量技术监督学院(河北保定 071002)School of Quality and Technical Supervision, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071002, P.R.China
- 河北大学附属医院 泌尿外科(河北保定 071000)Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071000, P.R.China
- 河北大学 光学工程博士后科研流动站(河北保定 071002)Postdoctoral Research Station of Optical Engineering, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071002, P.R.China
| | - 明洋 张
- 河北大学 质量技术监督学院(河北保定 071002)School of Quality and Technical Supervision, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071002, P.R.China
| | - 浩然 李
- 河北大学 质量技术监督学院(河北保定 071002)School of Quality and Technical Supervision, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071002, P.R.China
| | - 向辉 王
- 河北大学 质量技术监督学院(河北保定 071002)School of Quality and Technical Supervision, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071002, P.R.China
| | - 冬明 李
- 河北大学 质量技术监督学院(河北保定 071002)School of Quality and Technical Supervision, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071002, P.R.China
| | - 爽 刘
- 河北大学 质量技术监督学院(河北保定 071002)School of Quality and Technical Supervision, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071002, P.R.China
- 河北大学附属医院 泌尿外科(河北保定 071000)Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071000, P.R.China
- 河北大学 光学工程博士后科研流动站(河北保定 071002)Postdoctoral Research Station of Optical Engineering, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071002, P.R.China
| | - 昆 杨
- 河北大学 质量技术监督学院(河北保定 071002)School of Quality and Technical Supervision, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071002, P.R.China
| | - 振铎 孙
- 河北大学 质量技术监督学院(河北保定 071002)School of Quality and Technical Supervision, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071002, P.R.China
- 河北大学附属医院 泌尿外科(河北保定 071000)Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071000, P.R.China
| | - 林雁 薛
- 河北大学 质量技术监督学院(河北保定 071002)School of Quality and Technical Supervision, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071002, P.R.China
- 河北大学附属医院 泌尿外科(河北保定 071000)Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071000, P.R.China
| | - 振宇 崔
- 河北大学 质量技术监督学院(河北保定 071002)School of Quality and Technical Supervision, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071002, P.R.China
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Twilt JJ, van Leeuwen KG, Huisman HJ, Fütterer JJ, de Rooij M. Artificial Intelligence Based Algorithms for Prostate Cancer Classification and Detection on Magnetic Resonance Imaging: A Narrative Review. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11060959. [PMID: 34073627 PMCID: PMC8229869 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11060959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the upfront role of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for prostate cancer (PCa) diagnosis, a multitude of artificial intelligence (AI) applications have been suggested to aid in the diagnosis and detection of PCa. In this review, we provide an overview of the current field, including studies between 2018 and February 2021, describing AI algorithms for (1) lesion classification and (2) lesion detection for PCa. Our evaluation of 59 included studies showed that most research has been conducted for the task of PCa lesion classification (66%) followed by PCa lesion detection (34%). Studies showed large heterogeneity in cohort sizes, ranging between 18 to 499 patients (median = 162) combined with different approaches for performance validation. Furthermore, 85% of the studies reported on the stand-alone diagnostic accuracy, whereas 15% demonstrated the impact of AI on diagnostic thinking efficacy, indicating limited proof for the clinical utility of PCa AI applications. In order to introduce AI within the clinical workflow of PCa assessment, robustness and generalizability of AI applications need to be further validated utilizing external validation and clinical workflow experiments.
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12
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Popov GV, Chub AA, Lerner YV, Tsoy LV, Dubinina AV, Varshavsky VA. [Artificial intelligence in the diagnosis of prostate cancer]. Arkh Patol 2021; 83:38-45. [PMID: 33822553 DOI: 10.17116/patol20218302138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To discuss the possibilities and prospects of using artificial intelligence (AI) in the diagnosis of prostate cancer (PC). The laboratory diagnosis of PC is considered and prostate images are analyzed according to transrectal ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging using AI algorithms. Particular emphasis is placed on prostate histologic evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G V Popov
- PathVision.ai Corporation, Moscow, Russia
| | - A A Chub
- PathVision.ai Corporation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yu V Lerner
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University) of the Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - L V Tsoy
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University) of the Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - A V Dubinina
- N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology of the Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - V A Varshavsky
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University) of the Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia
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13
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Park J, Rho MJ, Moon HW, Kim J, Lee C, Kim D, Kim CS, Jeon SS, Kang M, Lee JY. Dr. Answer AI for Prostate Cancer: Predicting Biochemical Recurrence Following Radical Prostatectomy. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2021; 20:15330338211024660. [PMID: 34180308 PMCID: PMC8243093 DOI: 10.1177/15330338211024660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To develop a model to predict biochemical recurrence (BCR) after radical prostatectomy (RP), using artificial intelligence (AI) techniques. PATIENTS AND METHODS This study collected data from 7,128 patients with prostate cancer (PCa) who received RP at 3 tertiary hospitals. After preprocessing, we used the data of 6,755 cases to generate the BCR prediction model. There were 16 input variables with BCR as the outcome variable. We used a random forest to develop the model. Several sampling techniques were used to address class imbalances. RESULTS We achieved good performance using a random forest with synthetic minority oversampling technique (SMOTE) using Tomek links, edited nearest neighbors (ENN), and random oversampling: accuracy = 96.59%, recall = 95.49%, precision = 97.66%, F1 score = 96.59%, and ROC AUC = 98.83%. CONCLUSION We developed a BCR prediction model for RP. The Dr. Answer AI project, which was developed based on our BCR prediction model, helps physicians and patients to make treatment decisions in the clinical follow-up process as a clinical decision support system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihwan Park
- School of Software Convergence, College of Software Convergence,
Dankook University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Jung Rho
- Catholic Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, The
Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyong Woo Moon
- Department of Urology, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of
Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | - Choung-Soo Kim
- Department of Urology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan
College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Soo Jeon
- Department of Urology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan
University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Minyong Kang
- Department of Urology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan
University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan
University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Youl Lee
- Department of Urology, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of
Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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14
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The Application of Artificial Intelligence in Prostate Cancer Management—What Improvements Can Be Expected? A Systematic Review. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10186428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is progressively remodeling our daily life. A large amount of information from “big data” now enables machines to perform predictions and improve our healthcare system. AI has the potential to reshape prostate cancer (PCa) management thanks to growing applications in the field. The purpose of this review is to provide a global overview of AI in PCa for urologists, pathologists, radiotherapists, and oncologists to consider future changes in their daily practice. A systematic review was performed, based on PubMed MEDLINE, Google Scholar, and DBLP databases for original studies published in English from January 2009 to January 2019 relevant to PCa, AI, Machine Learning, Artificial Neural Networks, Convolutional Neural Networks, and Natural-Language Processing. Only articles with full text accessible were considered. A total of 1008 articles were reviewed, and 48 articles were included. AI has potential applications in all fields of PCa management: analysis of genetic predispositions, diagnosis in imaging, and pathology to detect PCa or to differentiate between significant and non-significant PCa. AI also applies to PCa treatment, whether surgical intervention or radiotherapy, skills training, or assessment, to improve treatment modalities and outcome prediction. AI in PCa management has the potential to provide a useful role by predicting PCa more accurately, using a multiomic approach and risk-stratifying patients to provide personalized medicine.
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15
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Şerbănescu MS, Oancea CN, Streba CT, Pleşea IE, Pirici D, Streba L, Pleşea RM. Agreement of two pre-trained deep-learning neural networks built with transfer learning with six pathologists on 6000 patches of prostate cancer from Gleason2019 Challenge. ROMANIAN JOURNAL OF MORPHOLOGY AND EMBRYOLOGY = REVUE ROUMAINE DE MORPHOLOGIE ET EMBRYOLOGIE 2020; 61:513-519. [PMID: 33544803 PMCID: PMC7864291 DOI: 10.47162/rjme.61.2.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION While the visual inspection of histopathology images by expert pathologists remains the golden standard method for grading of prostate cancer the quest for developing automated algorithms for the job is set and deep-learning techniques have emerged on top of other approaches. METHODS Two pre-trained deep-learning networks, obtained with transfer learning from two general purpose classification networks - AlexNet and GoogleNet, originally trained on a proprietary dataset of prostate cancer were used to classify 6000 cropped images from Gleason2019 Challenge. RESULTS The average agreement between the two networks and the six pathologists was found to be substantial for AlexNet and moderate for GoogleNet. When tested against the majority vote of the six pathologists the agreement was perfect and moderate for AlexNet, and GoogleNet, respectively. Despite our expectations, the average inter-pathologist agreement was moderate, while between the two networks it was substantial. Resulted accuracy for AlexNet and GoogleNet when tested against the majority vote as ground truth was of 85.51% and 74.75%, respectively. This result was higher than the score obtained on the dataset that they were trained on, showing their generalization capabilities. CONCLUSIONS Both the agreement and the accuracy indicate a better performance of AlexNet over GoogleNet, making it suitable for clinical deployment thus could potentially contribute to faster, more accurate and with higher reproducibility prostate cancer diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mircea Sebastian Şerbănescu
- Department of Scientific Research Methodology and Department of Pulmonology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Romania;
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16
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Suarez-Ibarrola R, Hein S, Reis G, Gratzke C, Miernik A. Current and future applications of machine and deep learning in urology: a review of the literature on urolithiasis, renal cell carcinoma, and bladder and prostate cancer. World J Urol 2019; 38:2329-2347. [PMID: 31691082 DOI: 10.1007/s00345-019-03000-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of the study was to provide a comprehensive review of recent machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) applications in urological practice. Numerous studies have reported their use in the medical care of various urological disorders; however, no critical analysis has been made to date. METHODS A detailed search of original articles was performed using the PubMed MEDLINE database to identify recent English literature relevant to ML and DL applications in the fields of urolithiasis, renal cell carcinoma (RCC), bladder cancer (BCa), and prostate cancer (PCa). RESULTS In total, 43 articles were included addressing these four subfields. The most common ML and DL application in urolithiasis is in the prediction of endourologic surgical outcomes. The main area of research involving ML and DL in RCC concerns the differentiation between benign and malignant small renal masses, Fuhrman nuclear grade prediction, and gene expression-based molecular signatures. BCa studies employ radiomics and texture feature analysis for the distinction between low- and high-grade tumors, address accurate image-based cytology, and use algorithms to predict treatment response, tumor recurrence, and patient survival. PCa studies aim at developing algorithms for Gleason score prediction, MRI computer-aided diagnosis, and surgical outcomes and biochemical recurrence prediction. Studies consistently found the superiority of these methods over traditional statistical methods. CONCLUSIONS The continuous incorporation of clinical data, further ML and DL algorithm retraining, and generalizability of models will augment the prediction accuracy and enhance individualized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Suarez-Ibarrola
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg-Medical Centre, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Simon Hein
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg-Medical Centre, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gerd Reis
- Department Augmented Vision, German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Christian Gratzke
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg-Medical Centre, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Arkadiusz Miernik
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg-Medical Centre, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
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Bhandari M, Reddiboina M. Augmented intelligence: A synergy between man and the machine. Indian J Urol 2019; 35:89-91. [PMID: 31000911 PMCID: PMC6458810 DOI: 10.4103/iju.iju_74_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mahendra Bhandari
- Department of Urology, Director Robotic Surgery Education and Research, Vattikuti Urology Institute, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, USA
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Bhandari M, Reddiboina M. Building artificial intelligence-based personalized predictive models. BJU Int 2019; 124:189-191. [DOI: 10.1111/bju.14746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahendra Bhandari
- Vattikuti Urology Institute; Henry Ford Hospital Ringgold Standard Institution; Detroit
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