1
|
Sharif-Nia H, Ahmadzadeh Tori N, Behmanesh F, Ghaffari F, Pourreza A. Development and psychometric evaluation of the questionnaire on the contributing factors of tendency towards voluntary single-childedness and childlessness: a mixed method study. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1305. [PMID: 38225376 PMCID: PMC10789787 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-51178-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Couples' tendency towards voluntary single-childedness and childlessness (VSCC) has turned into a major challenge in all societies and led to different problems such as population aging. A key step to VSCC management is to determine its contributing factors through valid and reliable instruments. This exploratory sequential mixed method study (qualitative-quantitative) was conducted in 2020-2021. Phases of qualitative consists of all couples aged 15-49 in Babol, Iran, who were single or childless. Sampling is based on the purpose, and the number of samples is 20 couples. To collect data, face-to-face and semi-structured interviews were conducted with the participants. Sampling continued until data saturation. The data were analyzed by the conventional content analysis method and quantitative phase. Initially, a qualitative study was conducted on twenty couples, and were analyzed through conventional content analysis. Findings were used to develop QFT-VSCC and then, the face, content, and construct validity as well as reliability were assessed. Construct validity was assessed through exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses and reliability was assessed through internal consistency and stability assessments. The results of the qualitative part analysis consist of 140 codes, 30 primary categories, and nine main categories and two themes (individual limitations and social limitations). The primary QFT-VSCC had 78 items. Fifty-eight items were omitted during validity assessment and the remaining twenty-two items were loaded on five factors during factor analysis. These factors were threatened priorities, inappropriate familial context for childbearing, sense of occupational and social insecurity for the child, social modeling of childlessness, and tendency towards change or stability in marital life. The five factors explained 52.56% of the total variance. All model fit indices in confirmatory factor analysis were acceptable and the Cronbach's alpha values of QFT-VSCC and all its factors were more than 0.70. The results of convergent validity analysis revealed that all factors had an AVE value greater than 0.5, and the HTMT index for all factors was less than 0.85. This indicated that discriminant validity had been achieved. QFT-VSCC is a simple valid and reliable instrument for VSCC assessment among both men and women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Sharif-Nia
- Psychosomatic Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Department of Nursing, Amol Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Neda Ahmadzadeh Tori
- Social Determinants of Health (SDH) Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
| | - Fereshteh Behmanesh
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Ghaffari
- Nursing Care Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Abolghasem Pourreza
- Department of Health Education and Promotion, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Alijanzadeh M, Bahrami N, Jafari E, Noori M, Miri F, Joftyar M, Griffiths MD, Alimoradi Z. Iranian women's attitude toward childbearing and its' association with generalized trust, social support, marital satisfaction and governmental childbearing incentives. Heliyon 2023; 9:e16162. [PMID: 37215895 PMCID: PMC10199260 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Having a child is important event for families worldwide. Attitudes toward childbearing are influenced by many factors. The aim of the present study was to investigate Iranian women's attitude toward childbearing and its association with generalized trust, social support, marital satisfaction, mental health, and socio-economic characteristics in Qazvin province. Methods A cross-sectional survey study was conducted between April and July 2022. Using convenience sampling, 347 women with no children or one child in Qazvin province (Iran) participated in the study. Data were collected via the Iranian online platform Porsline. The survey included a demographic and fertility characteristics questionnaire, Attitudes Toward the Government's Childbearing Incentives Scale (ATGCIS), Attitudes Toward Fertility and Childbearing Scale (ATFCS), ENRICH Marital Satisfaction Scale (ENRICH MSS), Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-4), Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), and Generalized Trust Scale (GTS). Findings The average age of participants was 35.66 years (SD = 6.89). The score of attitudes toward fertility and childbearing was 84.66 out of 134 (SD = 19.17). The average number of expected children by the couple was 2.36 (SD = 1.35). Multivariable linear regression found a positive and significant relationship between participants' attitudes toward fertility and childbearing (ATFC) and (i) governmental childbearing incentives (β = 0.365, p < 0.001, with 1.37 increase in ATFC with each unit increase in this scale) (ii) generalized trust (i.e., individual's expectation of others' trustworthiness), (β = 0.155, p < 0.003, with 0.60 increase in ATFC with each unit increase in generalized trust) and (iii) marital satisfaction (β = 0.146, p < 0.005, with 0.26 increase in ATFC with each unit increase marital satisfaction). The multivariable linear regression model also showed that attitudes toward fertility and childbearing was the only predictor of couples' expected number of children in the future (β = 0.214, p < 0.001, with 0.38 increase in couples' expected number of children with each unit increase in ATFC). Conclusion Government incentives were the strongest independent predictor of participants' attitudes toward childbearing which can indirectly influence couples' expected number of children in the future. Consequently, governments may be able to influence couples' childbearing decisions by providing appropriate incentives. Generalized trust and marital satisfaction were other significant predictors of attitudes toward childbearing. Therefore, implementing programs to improve generalized trust, and increasing marital satisfaction might be other influential measures in couples' childbearing decisions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mehran Alijanzadeh
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Nasim Bahrami
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Elahe Jafari
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Mohsen Noori
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Miri
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Mahsa Joftyar
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Mark D. Griffiths
- International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Zainab Alimoradi
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Modelling determinants of geographical Patterns in the Marital Statuses of Women in Nigeria. SPATIAL DEMOGRAPHY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s40980-020-00072-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
4
|
Kazemi A, Torabi M, Abdishahshahani M. Adjustment toward infertility mediates the relationship between coping, depression and anxiety in men: A confirmatory analysis. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2021; 258:48-52. [PMID: 33412462 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2020.12.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to develop a theoretical framework for the relationships between coping, adjustment toward infertility, depression and anxiety and to present a confirmatory analysis of the developed theoretical framework in men who, together with their spouses, were candidates for assisted reproductive technology (ART) treatment. STUDY DESIGN This cross-sectional study was conducted on 212 men selected from the couples who were candidate for ART. Depression and anxiety, adjustment toward infertility, and coping strategies were assessed using self-report questionnaire. Statistical analysis was performed using the plug-in application PROCESS macro and AMOS software. RESULTS The results showed that higher depression and anxiety scores were related to lower adjustment to infertility. Higher adjustment score was associated with lower self-blame, self-focused rumination, active confronting and avoidance coping strategies scores significantly. In the depression and anxiety pathway models, the positive relationship between active confronting and elf-focused rumination coping strategies were mediated by adjustment. However, the effect of active confronting on depression and anxiety was significant only with mediating role of adjustment. The direct and indirect relationship of self-focused rumination and the indirect relationship of active confronting with depression and anxiety had a good fitness (CMIN/ DF = .419). CONCLUSION The self-focused rumination and active confronting coping strategies, having negative association with adjustment to infertility, and may increase depression and anxiety in men undergoing ART; however, higher adjustment is associated with decreased depression and anxiety. Therefore, mental health programs for men undergoing ART may need to focus on improving the skills of adaptive coping strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf Kazemi
- Department of Midwifery and Reproductive Health, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Marjan Torabi
- Student Research Committee, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Mahshid Abdishahshahani
- Midwifery Department, Nursing and Midwifery Health Care Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Firouzbakht M, Tirgar A, Hajian-Tilaki K, Bakouei F, Riahi ME, Nikpour M. Social capital and fertility behaviors: a cross-sectional study in Iranian women health care workers. BMC WOMENS HEALTH 2020; 20:83. [PMID: 32345294 PMCID: PMC7189654 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-020-00943-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Fertility, in addition to the biomedical aspect, is phenomena of social, economic and demographic changes. Social network were considered for understanding fertility behaviors and changes in the levels of fertility. This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between social capital and childbirth behaviors in Iranian women employees. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2017 on 536 women health care workers who randomly selected from health care setting Babol/Iran. Data were collected using demographic, childbearing behavior and social capital questionnaires. The SPSS-21 software was employed to analysis the data at a significant level of 0.05. Results The results of the study showed that, there was significant relationship between number of pregnancy and social capital (P = 0.039). Furthermore, social capital has a significant relationship with the time of pregnancy (P = 0.043), the time of pregnancy in women with high social capital was observed to be relatively 30% shorter compare the women with low social capital. Conclusion Social capital, as one of the important factors influencing childbirth behaviors, should be considered in population planning and policy making.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mojgan Firouzbakht
- Social Determinant of Health Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Ganjafrooz Street, Babol, Mazandaran, Iran.,Department of Nursing- Midwifery, Islamic Azad University, Babol Branch, Babol, Iran
| | - Aram Tirgar
- Social Determinant of Health Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Ganjafrooz Street, Babol, Mazandaran, Iran.
| | | | - Fatemeh Bakouei
- Infertility and Health Reproductive Research Center, Health Research Institute, & Department of Midwifery, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, I.R., Iran
| | | | - Maryam Nikpour
- Social Determinant of Health Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Araban M, Karimy M, Armoon B, Zamani-Alavijeh F. Factors related to childbearing intentions among women: a cross-sectional study in health centers, Saveh, Iran. J Egypt Public Health Assoc 2020; 95:6. [PMID: 32813137 PMCID: PMC7364678 DOI: 10.1186/s42506-020-0035-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the most important demographic challenges over the recent three decades in the world has been a significant fall in the fertility rate. This study aimed to investigate factors related to childbearing intentions among a sample of Iranian women. METHODS A cross-sectional study of a sample of Iranian married women attending 8 centers in Saveh was conducted in 2015. A total of 483 married women 15-49 years old participated in this study. A questionnaire was used to collect data about demographics, attitude, subjective norms, marital satisfaction, social support, hopefulness, and behavioral intentions of childbearing. RESULTS Overall, 62% of women in the study intended to have children in the next 2 years. The group willing to have children had a higher score on attitude, subjective norms, hopefulness, perceived social support, and marital satisfaction compared to the group unwilling to have children. Also, the regression results revealed that the variables of age, literacy status, employment status, husband literacy, women and husband occupation status, attitude, subjective norms, hopefulness, perceived social support, and marital satisfaction were significant predicting factors for childbearing intention (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS The findings highlighted the importance of psychological factors such as marital satisfaction and social support in the childbearing process. Thus, health system planners should pay more attention to these determinants of fertility intention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marzieh Araban
- Department of Health Education and Promotion, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mahmood Karimy
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran
| | - Bahram Armoon
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Zamani-Alavijeh
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Stature and education among Roma women: taller stature is associated with better educational and economic outcomes. J Biosoc Sci 2019; 52:260-271. [PMID: 31232259 DOI: 10.1017/s0021932019000427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The association between body height and educational outcome, as measured by years of completed schooling, was investigated among Roma women in Serbia in 2014-2018. Height, demographic data, level of schooling and reproductive histories were collected from 691 Roma women aged between 16 and 80 years living in rural settlements in central and western Serbia. Multinomial logistic regression analysis showed that short stature was associated with an increased risk of low education, possibly as a result of poor growth and developmental disadvantage in early life. Roma cultural practices were also shown to influence the school achievement of these Roma girls: in addition to height, education was positively associated with a higher bride price and better socioeconomic status, as acquired through marriage. For Roma women, height might influence not only their level of education but also their lifetime prospects.
Collapse
|
8
|
Firouzbakht M, Tirgar A, Hajian-Tilaki K, Ebadi A, Bakouei F, Nikpour M, Riahi ME. Social capital and fertility behaviors among female workers in healthcare settings: study protocol of a sequential explanatory mixed methods study. Reprod Health 2018; 15:67. [PMID: 29673372 PMCID: PMC5909220 DOI: 10.1186/s12978-018-0507-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fertility rate in Iran has decreased by more than 70% in the last three decades. Continuous decrease in fertility rate will create socioeconomic crises for the country in a near future. A significant factor behind fertility behaviors is women's attitudes towards maternal and spousal roles. Such attitudes are mainly determined by social capital. This study aims to determine and explore of relationship between social capital and fertility behavior among female healthcare workers. METHODS This sequential explanatory mixed methods study will be conducted using the follow-up explanations model in two phases. In the first phase, a population-based cross-sectional survey will be conducted on 500 female workers recruited through multistage cluster sampling from healthcare settings located in Babol, Iran, and the relationship of social capital with fertility behaviors will be assessed. In the second phase, a qualitative study will be done to explain the findings of the first phase. Finally, the findings of the first phase will be explained using the findings of the second phase. DISCUSSION Understanding the relationship of social capital with fertility behaviors is essential to effective planning for the management of population decline. The findings of the present study will provide population policy-makers with helpful information.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mojgan Firouzbakht
- Social Determinant of Health Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of medical science, Babol, Iran
| | - Aram Tirgar
- Social Determinant of Health Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of medical science, Babol, Iran.
| | | | - Abbas Ebadi
- Behavioral Sciences Research Center. Life style institute, faculty of nursing. Baqiyatallah university of Medical sciences, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences., Tehran, IR, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Bakouei
- Infertility and Health Reproductive Research Center, Health Research Institute, & Department of Midwifery, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, IR, Iran
| | - Maryam Nikpour
- Social Determinant of Health Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of medical science, Babol, Iran
| | - Mohammad Esmaeil Riahi
- Sociology of Health and Illness, Department of Social Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Family Planning Practice by Patterns of Marriage in the North of Iran. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 46:66-75. [PMID: 28451531 PMCID: PMC5401938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The fertility experience in Iran suggests that the family planning programs had an effective role in the fertility reduction. This study aimed to specify patterns of marriage in Iran and especially in a northern city of Iran and to investigate the association between patterns of marriage and contraceptive use before first pregnancy and current contraceptive use. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, following the implementation of an expert panel in order to investigate marriage patterns, 880 women aged 15-49 yr old, were selected by multistage cluster sampling and completed the "reproductive practices" questionnaire in Babol City, northern Iran, in 2013. The data were analyzed using IBM SPSS ver.16 and descriptive and analytical parameters. RESULTS There are three patterns of marriage in the northern part of Iran: Traditional, Mixed and Modern marriage and between different patterns there is no statistically significant difference in the contraceptive use. CONCLUSION According to the lack of significant relationship between patterns of marriage and the contraceptives use, which is one of the proximate determinants of fertility, the policy makers should pay attention to other determinants of fertility in order to manage the problems and implications of population decline in the country.
Collapse
|