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Mitsushima S, Horiguchi H, Taniguchi K. Alpha and Delta variants and vaccination effectiveness against severity in COVID-19 inpatients based on medical claims in Japan. GHM OPEN 2023; 3:28-36. [PMID: 40143836 PMCID: PMC11933968 DOI: 10.35772/ghmo.2023.01005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/28/2025]
Abstract
Some mutated strains of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) presumably have high infectivity and pathogenicity. Using Japanese medical claims data, we assessed the pathogenicity of Alpha and Delta variants and vaccine effectiveness by severity. Inpatient records from the Medical Information Analysis Databank for the National Hospital Organization were used. Severity was defined as the proportion of inpatients using respiratory ventilators among inpatients with oxygen administration. We regressed severity and fatality on the proportion of patients with Alpha or Delta variant and on vaccination coverage, while allowing for some lag to reflect development from infection to hospitalization. We also examined results obtained when using data for all new inpatients, instead of inpatients with oxygen administration, as the denominator for severity. Estimation results were better when using severity defined by inpatients with oxygen administration as the denominator than when using all new inpatients. Especially for severity measures for inpatients 65 years old or older with oxygen administration, we confirmed an association of vaccination with lower severity and an association of Delta variant infection with high severity. Vaccines were most effective for people 65 years old or older. The age distributions of inpatients and confirmed patients were greater than for people younger than 65 years old. Vaccination reduced severity and fatality and Alpha and Delta variants might increase severity and fatality among inpatients 65 years old or older receiving oxygen therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Mitsushima
- Center for Field Epidemic Intelligence, Research and Professional Development, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Horiguchi
- Department of Clinical Data Management and Research, Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Headquarters, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyosu Taniguchi
- National Hospital Organization Mie National Hospital, Mie, Japan
- The Tokyo Foundation for Policy Research, Tokyo, Japan
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2
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Yao X, Zhang Z, Mei Q, Li S, Xing L, Long Y, Zhang D, Wang J, Wang X, Xie B, Yang B, Gao Y, Wu C, Meng Q. A highly sensitive bead-based flow cytometric competitive binding assay to detect SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody activity. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1041860. [PMID: 36532082 PMCID: PMC9748424 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1041860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate detection of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody (nAb) is critical for assessing the immunity levels after virus infection or vaccination. As fast, cost-effective alternatives to viral infection-based assays, competitive binding (CB) assays were developed to quantitate nAb by monitoring the ability of sera to inhibit the binding of viral spike (S) protein to the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor. Herein, we established a bead-based flow cytometric CB assay and tested the detection performance of six combination models, i.e. immobilized ACE2 and soluble Fc-tagged S1 subunit of S protein (iACE2/S1-Fc), immobilized ACE2 and soluble Fc-tagged receptor binding domain (RBD) of S protein (iACE2/RBD-Fc), immobilized S1 and soluble Fc-tagged ACE2 (iS1/ACE2-Fc), immobilized S1 and soluble His-tagged ACE2 (iS1/ACE2-His), immobilized RBD and soluble Fc-tagged ACE2 (iRBD/ACE2-Fc), and immobilized RBD and soluble His-tagged ACE2 (iRBD/ACE2-His). Using SARS-CoV-2 monoclonal antibodies and sera of convalescent COVID-19 patients and vaccinated subjects, the combination models iACE2/RBD-Fc, iACE2/S1-Fc and iS1/ACE2-His were identified to be able to specifically detect SARS-CoV-2 nAb, among which iACE2/RBD-Fc model showed the highest sensitivity, superior to a commercial SARS-CoV-2 surrogate virus neutralization test (sVNT) ELISA kit. Further studies demonstrated that the sensitivity and specificity of CB assays were affected by the tag of ACE2, type of spike and method of measuring binding rate between ACE2 and spike. Moreover, the iACE2/RBD-Fc model showed good performance in detecting kinetic development of nAb against both the prototype SARS-CoV-2 strain and an omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 in people immunized by an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, and the results of iACE2/RBD-Fc model are correlated well with those of live virus-based and pseudovirus-based neutralization tests, demonstrating the potential to be developed into a highly sensitive, specific, versatile and high-throughput method for detecting SARS-CoV-2 nAb in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Yao
- The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of National Ministry of Education, Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Zhichao Zhang
- Shanxi Academy of Advanced Research and Innovation, Taiyuan, China
| | - Qingmin Mei
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, China
| | - Shenwei Li
- The Support Department for Health and Quarantine, Shanghai International Travel Healthcare Center (Shanghai Customs Port Clinic), Shanghai, China
| | - Li Xing
- The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of National Ministry of Education, Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China,Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Major Infectious Disease Response, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yali Long
- Hospital of Shanxi University, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | | | - Jing Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, China
| | - Xiedong Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of National Ministry of Education, Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Bin Xie
- Pure and Applied Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Bo Yang
- Shanxi Academy of Advanced Research and Innovation, Taiyuan, China,Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Major Infectious Disease Response, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yong Gao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, China,*Correspondence: Qinglai Meng, ; Changxin Wu, ; Yong Gao,
| | - Changxin Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of National Ministry of Education, Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China,Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Major Infectious Disease Response, Taiyuan, China,*Correspondence: Qinglai Meng, ; Changxin Wu, ; Yong Gao,
| | - Qinglai Meng
- The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of National Ministry of Education, Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China,Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Major Infectious Disease Response, Taiyuan, China,*Correspondence: Qinglai Meng, ; Changxin Wu, ; Yong Gao,
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Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has had a significant impact on human health and economic development over the past two years. Therapeutics in combination with vaccines are critical measures to fight the pandemic. The three areas of drug development are blocking the entry of SARS-CoV-2 into cells, suppressing viral replication inside cells, and regulating the immune system, and important advances have recently been made in those areas. Increasing numbers of neutralizing antibodies and small molecules that show promise have been fully approved or authorized for emergency use, resulting in decreased mortality of patients with COVID-19. The use of therapeutics will have a great impact on formulating and revising public policies to control the pandemic. The pace of lifting of restrictions and economic recovery worldwide will also accelerate in the future. Here, the drugs or agents that have attracted considerable attention and that have led to remarkable progress in the fight against COVID-19 are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Gao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Fusheng Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong, China
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Lim JJ, Dar S, Venter D, Horcajada JP, Kulkarni P, Nguyen A, McBride JM, Deng R, Galanter J, Chu T, Newton EM, Tavel JA, Peck MC. A Phase 2 Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial of the Monoclonal Antibody MHAA4549A in Patients With Acute Uncomplicated Influenza A Infection. Open Forum Infect Dis 2021; 9:ofab630. [PMID: 35106315 PMCID: PMC8801227 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofab630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background MHAA4549A, a human monoclonal antibody targeting the influenza A hemagglutinin stalk, neutralizes influenza A virus in animal and human volunteer challenge studies. We investigated the safety and tolerability, efficacy, and pharmacokinetics of MHAA4549A in outpatients with acute, uncomplicated influenza A infection. Methods This was a phase 2, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of single intravenous (IV) doses of 3600 mg or 8400 mg of MHAA4549A or IV placebo in adult outpatients testing positive for influenza A. Patients were enrolled across 35 sites in 6 countries. Randomization and dosing occurred within ≤72 hours of symptom onset; the study duration was 14 weeks. The primary end point was the nature and frequency of adverse events (AEs). Secondary end points included median time to alleviation of all influenza symptoms, effects on nasopharyngeal viral load and duration of viral shedding, and MHAA4549A serum pharmacokinetics. Results Of 125 randomized patients, 124 received study treatment, with 99 confirmed positive for influenza A by central testing. The frequency of AEs between the MHAA4549A and placebo groups was similar; nausea was most common (8 patients; 6.5%). MHAA4549A serum exposure was confirmed in all MHAA4549A-treated patients and was dose-proportional. No hospitalizations or deaths occurred. Between the MHAA4549A and placebo groups, no statistically significant differences occurred in the median time to alleviation of all symptoms, nasopharyngeal viral load, or duration of viral shedding. Conclusions While MHAA4549A was safe and well tolerated with confirmed exposure, the antibody did not improve clinical outcomes in patients with acute uncomplicated influenza A infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy J Lim
- Early Clinical Development, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Sadia Dar
- Clinical Research Solutions, LLC, Smryna, Tennessee, USA
| | - Dirk Venter
- Henderson Medical Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Juan P Horcajada
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital del Mar, Institut Hospital del Mar d’Investigacions Mèdiques, Universitat Autònoma, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Priya Kulkarni
- Early Clinical Development, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Allen Nguyen
- Early Clinical Development, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jacqueline M McBride
- Early Clinical Development, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Rong Deng
- Early Clinical Development, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Joshua Galanter
- Early Clinical Development, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Tom Chu
- Early Clinical Development, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Newton
- Early Clinical Development, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jorge A Tavel
- Early Clinical Development, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Melicent C Peck
- Early Clinical Development, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
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Interaction between Spike Protein of SARS-CoV-2 and Human Virus Receptor ACE2 Using Two-Color Fluorescence Cross-Correlation Spectroscopy. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app112210697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), the cause of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), is initiated by the interaction between a receptor protein, angiotensin-converting enzyme type 2 (ACE2) on the cell surface, and the viral spike (S) protein. This interaction is similar to the mechanism in SARS-CoV, a close relative of SARS-CoV-2, which was identified in 2003. Drugs and antibodies that inhibit the interaction between ACE2 and S proteins could be key therapeutic methods for preventing viral infection and replication in COVID-19. Here, we demonstrate the interaction between human ACE2 and a fragment of the S protein (S1 subunit) derived from SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV using two-color fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy (FCCS), which can detect the interaction of fluorescently labeled proteins. The S1 subunit of SARS-CoV-2 interacted in solution with soluble ACE2, which lacks a transmembrane region, more strongly than that of SARS-CoV. Furthermore, one-to-one stoichiometry of the two proteins during the interaction was indicated. Thus, we propose that this FCCS-based interaction detection system can be used to analyze the interaction strengths of various mutants of the S1 subunit that have evolved during the worldwide pandemic, and also offers the opportunity to screen and evaluate the performance of drugs and antibodies that inhibit the interaction.
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