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Druti Hazra, Krithika M., Shenoy VP, Kiran Chawla. Evaluation of phenol ammonium sulfate basic fuchsin and auramine O staining by pot technique for the detection of acid-fast bacilli among patients suspected of pulmonary tuberculosis. Biomedicine (Taipei) 2022. [DOI: 10.51248/.v42i4.1472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction and Aim: Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major public health concern with its high incidence and mortality. In developing countries, smear microscopy continues to be the primary diagnostic tool for the diagnosis of TB. Sputum samples processing under resource-limited settings could be hazardous, which urges safe and efficient smear microscopy techniques. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of two different pot methods: Phenol ammonium sulfate (PhAS) auramine O and PhAS basic fuchsin in comparison to the conventional Auramine O method.
Materials and Methods: A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Microbiology with 74 sputum samples. All sputum samples were processed using the Auramine O method PhAS auramine O and PhAS basic fuchsin staining methods. Microsoft Office Excel (Microsoft, Redmond, WA, USA) was used to maintain and analyze all the data.
Results: A total of 8 (10.7%) samples were positive for AFB and 67 (89.3%) samples were negative, according to routine auramine O method and pot methods. Pot methods showed a 100% sensitivity and specificity compared to the conventional Auramine O method. In terms of sputum smear grading, the direct smear using auramine O showed better results compared to pot methods.
Conclusion: Pot methods like PhAS basic fuchsin and PhAS auramine O are efficient to detect AFB in sputum smears by reducing the risk of laboratory-acquired infections.
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Morgan V, Casso-Hartmann L, Bahamon-Pinzon D, McCourt K, Hjort RG, Bahramzadeh S, Velez-Torres I, McLamore E, Gomes C, Alocilja EC, Bhusal N, Shrestha S, Pote N, Briceno RK, Datta SPA, Vanegas DC. Sensor-as-a-Service: Convergence of Sensor Analytic Point Solutions (SNAPS) and Pay-A-Penny-Per-Use (PAPPU) Paradigm as a Catalyst for Democratization of Healthcare in Underserved Communities. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 10:diagnostics10010022. [PMID: 31906350 PMCID: PMC7169468 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In this manuscript, we discuss relevant socioeconomic factors for developing and implementing sensor analytic point solutions (SNAPS) as point-of-care tools to serve impoverished communities. The distinct economic, environmental, cultural, and ethical paradigms that affect economically disadvantaged users add complexity to the process of technology development and deployment beyond the science and engineering issues. We begin by contextualizing the environmental burden of disease in select low-income regions around the world, including environmental hazards at work, home, and the broader community environment, where SNAPS may be helpful in the prevention and mitigation of human exposure to harmful biological vectors and chemical agents. We offer examples of SNAPS designed for economically disadvantaged users, specifically for supporting decision-making in cases of tuberculosis (TB) infection and mercury exposure. We follow-up by discussing the economic challenges that are involved in the phased implementation of diagnostic tools in low-income markets and describe a micropayment-based systems-as-a-service approach (pay-a-penny-per-use—PAPPU), which may be catalytic for the adoption of low-end, low-margin, low-research, and the development SNAPS. Finally, we provide some insights into the social and ethical considerations for the assimilation of SNAPS to improve health outcomes in marginalized communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Morgan
- Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; (V.M.); (E.M.); (S.P.A.D.)
| | - Lisseth Casso-Hartmann
- Natural Resources and Environmental Engineering, Universidad del Valle, Cali 760026, Colombia; (L.C.-H.); (I.V.-T.)
- Interdisciplinary Group for Biotechnological Innovation and Ecosocial Change BioNovo, Universidad del Valle, Cali 760026, Colombia
| | - David Bahamon-Pinzon
- Biosystems Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29631, USA; (D.B.-P.); (K.M.)
| | - Kelli McCourt
- Biosystems Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29631, USA; (D.B.-P.); (K.M.)
| | - Robert G. Hjort
- Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (R.G.H.); (C.G.)
| | - Sahar Bahramzadeh
- School of Computer Engineering, Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Saveh 11369, Iran;
| | - Irene Velez-Torres
- Natural Resources and Environmental Engineering, Universidad del Valle, Cali 760026, Colombia; (L.C.-H.); (I.V.-T.)
- Interdisciplinary Group for Biotechnological Innovation and Ecosocial Change BioNovo, Universidad del Valle, Cali 760026, Colombia
| | - Eric McLamore
- Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; (V.M.); (E.M.); (S.P.A.D.)
| | - Carmen Gomes
- Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (R.G.H.); (C.G.)
| | - Evangelyn C. Alocilja
- Global Alliance for Rapid Diagnostics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (E.C.A.); (N.B.)
- Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Nirajan Bhusal
- Global Alliance for Rapid Diagnostics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (E.C.A.); (N.B.)
- School of Medical Sciences, Kathmandu University, Kathmandu 44600, Nepal
- Dhulikhel Hospital, Kathmandu University, Kavrepalanchok 45200, Nepal; (S.S.); (N.P.)
| | - Sunaina Shrestha
- Dhulikhel Hospital, Kathmandu University, Kavrepalanchok 45200, Nepal; (S.S.); (N.P.)
| | - Nisha Pote
- Dhulikhel Hospital, Kathmandu University, Kavrepalanchok 45200, Nepal; (S.S.); (N.P.)
| | - Ruben Kenny Briceno
- Global Alliance for Rapid Diagnostics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (E.C.A.); (N.B.)
- Instituto de Investigacion en Ciencia y Tecnologia, Universidad Cesar Vallejo, Trujillo 13100, Peru;
- Hospital Victor Lazarte Echegaray, Trujillo 13100, Peru
- Institute for Global Health, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Shoumen Palit Austin Datta
- Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; (V.M.); (E.M.); (S.P.A.D.)
- MIT Auto-ID Labs, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- MDPnP Interoperability and Cybersecurity Labs, Biomedical Engineering Program, Department of Anesthesiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 65 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- NSF Center for Robots and Sensors for Human Well-Being, Purdue University, 156 Knoy Hall, Purdue Polytechnic, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Diana C. Vanegas
- Interdisciplinary Group for Biotechnological Innovation and Ecosocial Change BioNovo, Universidad del Valle, Cali 760026, Colombia
- Biosystems Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29631, USA; (D.B.-P.); (K.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-864-656-1001
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Briceno RK, Sergent SR, Benites SM, Alocilja EC. Nanoparticle-Based Biosensing Assay for Universally Accessible Low-Cost TB Detection with Comparable Sensitivity as Culture. Diagnostics (Basel) 2019; 9:diagnostics9040222. [PMID: 31847171 PMCID: PMC6963232 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics9040222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is the leading cause of death globally, surpassing HIV. Furthermore, multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant TB have become global public health threats. Care of TB patients starts with quality, accessible, and affordable diagnosis. The study presents a novel technique called nanoparticle-based colorimetric biosensing assay (NCBA) based on the principles of magnetically activated cell enrichment. A total of 1108 sputum samples were subjected to sputum smear microscopy (SSM), NCBA, and standard culture. SSM and NCBA were completed in 20 min; culture was completed in 8 weeks. Results show that NCBA has matching sensitivity of 100.0% and specificity of 99.7% compared to the gold standard culture method at a cost of $0.50/test based on Peruvian conditions. Sputum smear microscopy has 63.87% sensitivity compared to culture. NCBA has the potential of being used in local health clinics as it only requires a microscope that is widely available in many rural areas. Because NCBA could detect low levels of bacterial load comparable to culture, it could be used for rapid and early TB-onset detection. The gain in time is critical as TB is airborne and highly infectious, minimizing contact exposure. Early detection could lead to early treatment, while the patient’s immune system is still high. The low cost makes NCBA affordable and accessible to those who need them the most.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Kenny Briceno
- Instituto de Investigacion en Ciencia y Tecnologia, Universidad Cesar Vallejo, Trujillo 13100, Peru; (R.K.B.); (S.R.S.); (S.M.B.)
- Hospital Victor Lazarte Echegaray, Trujillo 13100, Peru
- Institute for Global Health, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Global Alliance for Rapid Diagnostics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Shane Ryan Sergent
- Instituto de Investigacion en Ciencia y Tecnologia, Universidad Cesar Vallejo, Trujillo 13100, Peru; (R.K.B.); (S.R.S.); (S.M.B.)
- Institute for Global Health, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Kingman Regional Medical Center, Kingman, AZ 86409, USA
- Global Alliance for Rapid Diagnostics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Santiago Moises Benites
- Instituto de Investigacion en Ciencia y Tecnologia, Universidad Cesar Vallejo, Trujillo 13100, Peru; (R.K.B.); (S.R.S.); (S.M.B.)
- Global Alliance for Rapid Diagnostics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Evangelyn C. Alocilja
- Global Alliance for Rapid Diagnostics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Correspondence:
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