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Selmi O, Jelleli H, Bouali S, Aydi B, Hindawi O, Muscella A, Bouassida A, Weiss K, Knechtle B. The impact of verbal encouragement during the repeated agility speed training on internal intensity, mood state, and physical enjoyment in youth soccer players. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1180985. [PMID: 37809286 PMCID: PMC10551439 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1180985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Verbal encouragement (VE) can be used by coaches to boost morale and commitment during training exercises. This investigation aimed to study the impacts of VE given by coaches on the physiological aspects, players' internal intensity, mood, and perceived enjoyment of youth soccer players during repeated agility speed training (RAS). Methods A total of 17 male youth soccer players (mean ± SD; age: 13.8 ± 0.4 years; body mass: 59.1 ± 6.7 kg; height: 170.0 ± 6.2 cm; training experience: 5.1 ± 0.7 years) participated, in a randomized order, in two experimental training sessions that consisted of a RAS (i.e., the Illinois course) either with VE (RAS-E) or without VE (RAS-NE), with a 7-day interval between the testing sessions. Heart rate (HR) was registered throughout the exercise. The rating of perceived exertion, blood lactate concentration [La], and perceived enjoyment were measured after each training session. The mood state was recorded before and after each protocol. Results HR mean (Cohen's coefficient d = 0.45, small), %HRmax (d = 0.37, small), HR peak (d = 0.66, moderate), [La] (d = 0.56, small), and the PACES score (d = 2.8, very large) were higher in RAS-E compared to RAS-NE (all, P < 0.001). Compared to the RAS-E trial, the RAS-NE trial showed higher fatigue (P < 0.01), tension (P < 0.05), anger (0.05), total mood score (P < 0.001), and lower vigor (P < 0.001). Conclusion Coaches may use VE during RAS to improve psychophysiological responses, mood state, and perceived enjoyment in youth soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Okba Selmi
- High Institute of Sports and Physical Education of Kef, University of Jendouba, El Kef, Tunisia
- Research Unit: Sportive Sciences, Health and Movement, El Kef, Tunisia
| | - Hilmi Jelleli
- High Institute of Sports and Physical Education of Kef, University of Jendouba, El Kef, Tunisia
- Research Unit: Sportive Sciences, Health and Movement, El Kef, Tunisia
| | - Souheir Bouali
- Laboratory of Analysis and Expertise of Sports Performance, Institute of Science and Technology of Physical and Sports Activities, Abdelhamid Mehri, University Constantine, Constantine, Algeria
| | - Bilel Aydi
- High Institute of Sports and Physical Education of Kef, University of Jendouba, El Kef, Tunisia
- Research Unit: Sportive Sciences, Health and Movement, El Kef, Tunisia
| | - Omar Hindawi
- Department of Sports Rehabilitation, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - Antonella Muscella
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Technologies (DiSTeBA), University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Anissa Bouassida
- High Institute of Sports and Physical Education of Kef, University of Jendouba, El Kef, Tunisia
- Research Unit: Sportive Sciences, Health and Movement, El Kef, Tunisia
| | - Katja Weiss
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Beat Knechtle
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Medbase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz, St. Gallen, Switzerland
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Ciocca G, Tessitore A, Tschan H. Agility and change-of-direction speed are two different abilities also during the execution of repeated trials and in fatigued conditions. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0269810. [PMID: 35687604 PMCID: PMC9187116 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Agility and change of direction speed are two different abilities, but no study has investigated if this difference exists also in fatigued conditions, and whether fatigue develops in a different way in a repeated-trial scenario. Fourteen soccer players (age: 17.0 ± 0.4 yrs; height: 176.9 ± 6.5 cm; body mass: 69.2 ± 6.4 kg) competing in a national-level youth league completed in a randomized counter-balanced crossover design a repeated agility protocol (RA) and a repeated change-of-direction one (RCOD), both consisting in performing 20 consecutive repetitions (work:rest ratio 1:5). The 20 repetitions were divided into 4 blocks (each block containing 5 repetitions) for the analysis. Results show that agility and COD are two different abilities both in rest and fatigue conditions: block 1 RA vs 1 RCOD (p < 0.001; ES = 2.02 huge; r = 0.17 poor; r2 = 0.03), 2 RA vs 2 RCOD (p < 0.001; ES = 2.3 huge; r = 0.51 fair; r2 = 0.26), 3 RA vs 3 RCOD (p < 0.001; ES = 2.38 huge; r = 0.54 fair; r2 = 0.29), and 4 RA vs 4 RCOD (p < 0.001; ES = 2.7 huge; r = 0.41 fair; r2 = 0.17). However, the fatigue development in both conditions was similar, with a percentage decrement score (Sdec) of 7.5% for RA, and 7.3% for RCOD. Ratings of perceived exertions (RPE) were similar too (7.3 ± 1.7, and 6.6 ± 1.9, for RA and RCOD, respectively). However, a significant fatigue-related performance impairment arose earlier in RA (block 2) than in RCOD (block 3). Total RA and total RCOD times were significantly different (p < 0.001; ES = 2.65 huge; r = 0.41 fair; r2 = 0.17), suggesting that they are two different and independent abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianmarco Ciocca
- Centre for Sports Science and University Sports, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail:
| | - Antonio Tessitore
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Rome, Italy
| | - Harald Tschan
- Centre for Sports Science and University Sports, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Alonso-Aubin DA, Picón-Martínez M, Chulvi-Medrano I. Strength and Power Characteristics in National Amateur Rugby Players. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18115615. [PMID: 34074013 PMCID: PMC8197353 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18115615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Rugby players need muscular strength and power to meet the demands of the sport; therefore, a proper assessment of the performance in rugby players should include both variables. The purpose of this study was to examine the strength and power characteristics (SPC) during the squat (SQ) and bench press (BP) in national amateur rugby players and to analyze gender- and position-related differences. A total of 47 players (30 males and 17 females; age: 25.56 ± 1.14 and 23.16 ± 1.38 years, respectively) participated in the study. The one repetition-maximum (1-RM) and SPC in SQ and BP were obtained using a Smith Machine. Then, subjects performed one set of five repetitions on the SQ and BP against six relative loads (30-40-50-60-70-80% 1-RM) using a linear transducer. Differences between genders were found in 1-RM for maximal power, kilograms lifted at maximal power, maximal power, maximal strength and maximal speed in BP (p < 0.00) and 1-RM, kilograms lifted at maximal power, maximal power, maximal strength and maximal speed in SQ (p < 0.00). Comparisons between variables in SQ and BP present a significant relationship (p < 0.01) in SQ and BP 1-RM with kilograms lifted at maximal power (r = 0.86 and r = 0.84), maximal strength (r = 0.53 and r = 0.92) and maximal power (r = 0.76 and r = 0.93). This study confirms the importance of the SPC assessment for training prescription in rugby amateur players.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Iván Chulvi-Medrano
- UIRFIDE (Sport Performance and Physical Fitness Research Group), Department of Physical and Sports Education, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
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Nicholls A, Leicht A, Connor J, Halliday A, Doma K. Convergent validity and reliability of a novel repeated agility protocol in junior rugby league players. F1000Res 2020; 9:624. [PMID: 34804503 PMCID: PMC8577058 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.23129.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Rugby league involves repeated, complex, change-of-direction movements, although there are no test protocols that specifically assesses these physical fitness profiles. Thus, the current study examined the convergent validity and reliability of a repeated Illinois Agility (RIA) protocol in adolescent Rugby League players. Methods: Twenty-two junior Rugby League players completed 4 sessions with each separated by 7 days. Initially, physical fitness characteristics at baseline (i.e., multi-stage fitness, countermovement jump, 30-m sprint, single-effort agility and repeated sprint ability [RSA]) were assessed. The second session involved a familiarisation of RIA and repeated T-agility test (RTT) protocols. During the third and fourth sessions, participants completed the RIA and RTT protocols in a randomised, counterbalanced design to examine the validity and test-retest reliability of these protocols. Results: For convergent validity, significant correlations were identified between RIA and RTT performances (r= >0.80; p<0.05). For contributors to RIA performance, significant correlations were identified between all baseline fitness characteristics and RIA (r = >0.71; p < 0.05). Reliability of the RIA protocol was near perfect with excellent intra-class correlation coefficient (0.87-0.97), good ratio limits of agreement (×/÷ 1.05-1.06) and low coefficient of variations (1.77-1.97%). Conclusions: The current study has demonstrated the RIA to be a simple, valid and reliable field test that can provide coaches with information about their athlete's ability to sustain high intensity, multi-directional running efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Nicholls
- Sport & Exercise Science, James Cook University, Douglas, Queensland, 4814, Australia
| | - Anthony Leicht
- Sport & Exercise Science, James Cook University, Douglas, Queensland, 4814, Australia
| | - Jonathan Connor
- Sport & Exercise Science, James Cook University, Douglas, Queensland, 4814, Australia
| | - Aaron Halliday
- Physical Education, Kirwan State Highschool, Kirwan, Queensland, 4817, Australia
| | - Kenji Doma
- Sport & Exercise Science, James Cook University, Douglas, Queensland, 4814, Australia
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Nicholls A, Leicht A, Connor J, Halliday A, Doma K. Convergent validity and reliability of a novel repeated agility protocol in junior rugby league players. F1000Res 2020; 9:624. [PMID: 34804503 PMCID: PMC8577058 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.23129.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Background:: Rugby league involves repeated, complex, and high intensity change-of-direction (COD) movements with no existing test protocols that specifically assesses these multiple physical fitness components simultaneously. Thus, the current study examined the convergent validity of a repeated Illinois Agility (RIA) protocol with the repeated T-agility protocol, and the repeatability of the RIA protocol in adolescent Rugby League players. Furthermore, aerobic capacity and anaerobic and COD performance were assessed to determine whether these physical qualities were important contributors to the RIA protocol. Methods: Twenty-two junior Rugby League players completed 4 sessions with each separated by 7 days. Initially, physical fitness characteristics at baseline (i.e., Beep test,, countermovement jump, 30-m sprint, single-effort COD and repeated sprint ability [RSA]) were assessed. The second session involved a familiarisation of RIA and repeated T-agility test (RTT) protocols. During the third and fourth sessions, participants completed the RIA and RTT protocols in a randomised, counterbalanced design to examine the validity and test-retest reliability of these protocols. Results: For convergent validity, significant correlations were identified between RIA and RTT performances (r= >0.80; p<0.05). For contributors to RIA performance, significant correlations were identified between all baseline fitness characteristics and RIA (r = >0.71; p < 0.05). Reliability of the RIA protocol was near perfect with excellent intra-class correlation coefficient (0.87-0.97), good ratio limits of agreement (×/÷ 1.05-1.06) and low coefficient of variations (1.8-2.0%). Conclusions: The current study has demonstrated the RIA to be a simple, valid and reliable field test for RL athletes that can provide coaches with information about their team's ability to sustain high intensity, multi-directional running efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Nicholls
- Sport & Exercise Science, James Cook University, Douglas, Queensland, 4814, Australia
| | - Anthony Leicht
- Sport & Exercise Science, James Cook University, Douglas, Queensland, 4814, Australia
| | - Jonathan Connor
- Sport & Exercise Science, James Cook University, Douglas, Queensland, 4814, Australia
| | - Aaron Halliday
- Physical Education, Kirwan State Highschool, Kirwan, Queensland, 4817, Australia
| | - Kenji Doma
- Sport & Exercise Science, James Cook University, Douglas, Queensland, 4814, Australia
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Nicholls A, Leicht A, Connor J, Halliday A, Doma K. Convergent validity and reliability of a novel repeated agility protocol in junior rugby league players. F1000Res 2020; 9:624. [PMID: 34804503 PMCID: PMC8577058 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.23129.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: : Rugby league involves repeated, complex, and high intensity change-of-direction (COD) movements with no existing test protocols that specifically assesses these multiple physical fitness components simultaneously. Thus, the current study examined the convergent validity of a repeated Illinois Agility (RIA) protocol with the repeated T-agility protocol, and the repeatability of the RIA protocol in adolescent Rugby League players. Furthermore, aerobic capacity and anaerobic and COD performance were assessed to determine whether these physical qualities were important contributors to the RIA protocol. Methods: Twenty-two junior Rugby League players completed 4 sessions with each separated by 7 days. Initially, physical fitness characteristics at baseline (i.e., Multi-stage Shuttle test, countermovement jump, 30-m sprint, single-effort COD and repeated sprint ability [RSA]) were assessed. The second session involved a familiarisation of RIA and repeated T-agility test (RTT) protocols. During the third and fourth sessions, participants completed the RIA and RTT protocols in a randomised, counterbalanced design to examine the validity and test-retest reliability of these protocols. Results: For convergent validity, significant correlations were identified between RIA and RTT performances (r= >0.80; p<0.05). For contributors to RIA performance, significant correlations were identified between all baseline fitness characteristics and RIA (r = >0.71; p < 0.05). Reliability of the RIA protocol was near perfect with excellent intra-class correlation coefficient (0.87-0.97), good ratio limits of agreement (×/÷ 1.05-1.06) and low coefficient of variations (1.8-2.0%). Conclusions: The current study has demonstrated the RIA to be a simple, valid and reliable field test for RL athletes that can provide coaches with information about their team's ability to sustain high intensity, multi-directional running efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Nicholls
- Sport & Exercise Science, James Cook University, Douglas, Queensland, 4814, Australia
| | - Anthony Leicht
- Sport & Exercise Science, James Cook University, Douglas, Queensland, 4814, Australia
| | - Jonathan Connor
- Sport & Exercise Science, James Cook University, Douglas, Queensland, 4814, Australia
| | - Aaron Halliday
- Physical Education, Kirwan State Highschool, Kirwan, Queensland, 4817, Australia
| | - Kenji Doma
- Sport & Exercise Science, James Cook University, Douglas, Queensland, 4814, Australia
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Lopes-Silva JP, Ferreira da Silva Santos J, Abbiss CR, Franchini E. Measurement Properties and Feasibility of Repeated Sprint Ability Test: A Systematic Review. Strength Cond J 2019. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Effects of a Complex Strength-Training Program on Athletic Performance of Junior Female Handball Players. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2019; 14:163-169. [PMID: 29952672 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2018-0160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To analyze the effects of complex strength training on explosive muscle performance of junior female handball players. METHODS Subjects were arbitrarily divided between an experimental group (n = 14) and a control group (n = 14). Training sessions and matches were performed together, but during the 10-wk intervention, the experimental group replaced part of the regular regimen with complex strength training. Measures assessed in both groups before and after the intervention included running times over 5, 10, 20, and 30 m; change-of-direction tests (T-half agility test and modified Illinois test); repeated shuttle sprint ability and repeated change-of-direction tests; jumping (squat, countermovement, countermovement with aimed arms, and 5-jump test); static and dynamic balance; back-extensor strength; and 1-repetition-maximum half-squat. RESULTS The intervention yielded increases in sprint (10 m 11.7%), change-of-direction performance (T-half 5.1%, modified Illinois 4.2%), jumping (squat P < .01, 19%; countermovement P < .01, 20.3%; countermovement aimed arms P < .01, 19.3%; 5-jump P < .05, 15.2%), and 1 of 4 repeated-sprint scores (best time P < .05, 5.9%). However, repeated-sprint T-test and balance scores were unchanged. CONCLUSION Complex strength training develops abilities important to handball performance.
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Prieske O, Krüger T, Aehle M, Bauer E, Granacher U. Effects of Resisted Sprint Training and Traditional Power Training on Sprint, Jump, and Balance Performance in Healthy Young Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Front Physiol 2018; 9:156. [PMID: 29551981 PMCID: PMC5840954 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Power training programs have proved to be effective in improving components of physical fitness such as speed. According to the concept of training specificity, it was postulated that exercises must attempt to closely mimic the demands of the respective activity. When transferring this idea to speed development, the purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of resisted sprint (RST) vs. traditional power training (TPT) on physical fitness in healthy young adults. Thirty-five healthy, physically active adults were randomly assigned to a RST (n = 10, 23 ± 3 years), a TPT (n = 9, 23 ± 3 years), or a passive control group (n = 16, 23 ± 2 years). RST and TPT exercised for 6 weeks with three training sessions/week each lasting 45-60 min. RST comprised frontal and lateral sprint exercises using an expander system with increasing levels of resistance that was attached to a treadmill (h/p/cosmos). TPT included ballistic strength training at 40% of the one-repetition-maximum for the lower limbs (e.g., leg press, knee extensions). Before and after training, sprint (20-m sprint), change-of-direction speed (T-agility test), jump (drop, countermovement jump), and balance performances (Y balance test) were assessed. ANCOVA statistics revealed large main effects of group for 20-m sprint velocity and ground contact time (0.81 ≤ d ≤ 1.00). Post-hoc tests showed higher sprint velocity following RST and TPT (0.69 ≤ d ≤ 0.82) when compared to the control group, but no difference between RST and TPT. Pre-to-post changes amounted to 4.5% for RST [90%CI: (-1.1%;10.1%), d = 1.23] and 2.6% for TPT [90%CI: (0.4%;4.8%), d = 1.59]. Additionally, ground contact times during sprinting were shorter following RST and TPT (0.68 ≤ d ≤ 1.09) compared to the control group, but no difference between RST and TPT. Pre-to-post changes amounted to -6.3% for RST [90%CI: (-11.4%;-1.1%), d = 1.45) and -2.7% for TPT [90%CI: (-4.2%;-1.2%), d = 2.36]. Finally, effects for change-of-direction speed, jump, and balance performance varied from small-to-large. The present findings indicate that 6 weeks of RST and TPT produced similar effects on 20-m sprint performance compared with a passive control in healthy and physically active, young adults. However, no training-related effects were found for change-of-direction speed, jump and balance performance. We conclude that both training regimes can be applied for speed development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaf Prieske
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognition Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
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