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Chittora R, Jain S, Roy A, Pandey S, Kochhar KP. Multifactorial effects of short duration early exposure low intensity magnetic field stimulation in Streptozotocin induced Alzheimer's disease rat model. Neurosci Lett 2024; 836:137878. [PMID: 38862088 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2024.137878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an approaching, progressive public health crisis which presently lacks an effective treatment. Various non-invasive novel therapies like repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation have shown potential to improve cognitive performance in AD patients. In the present study, the effect of extremely low intensity magnetic field (MF) stimulation on neurogenesis and cortical electrical activity was explored. Adult Wistar rats were divided into Sham, AD and AD + MF groups. Streptozotocin (STZ) was injected intracerebroventricularly, at a dose of 3 mg/kg body weight for developing AD model. The AD rats were then exposed to MF (17.96 µT) from 8th day of STZ treatment until 15th day, followed by cognitive assessments and electrocortical recording. In brain tissue samples, cresyl violet staining and BrdU immunohistochemistry were done. MF exposure, improved passive avoidance and recognition memory, attenuated neuronal degeneration and enhanced cell proliferation (BrdU positive cells) in comparison to AD rats. It also significantly restores delta wave power from frontal lobe. Our results suggest that early-stage MF exposure could be an asset for AD research and open new avenues in slowing down the progression of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reena Chittora
- Neurophysiology and Nanomedicine Laboratory, Department of Physiology, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
| | - Suman Jain
- Neurophysiology and Nanomedicine Laboratory, Department of Physiology, AIIMS, New Delhi, India.
| | - Avishek Roy
- Neurophysiology and Nanomedicine Laboratory, Department of Physiology, AIIMS, New Delhi, India; Centre Broca Nouvelle-Aquitaine, Bordeaux, France
| | - Shivam Pandey
- Department of Biostatistics, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
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2
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Associations between objectively measured sleep parameters and cognition in healthy older adults: A meta-analysis. Sleep Med Rev 2023; 67:101734. [PMID: 36577339 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2022.101734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Multiple studies have examined associations between sleep and cognition in older adults, but a majority of these depend on self-reports on sleep and utilize cognitive tests that assess overall cognitive function. The current meta-analysis involved 72 independent studies and sought to quantify associations between objectively measured sleep parameters and cognitive performance in healthy older adults. Both sleep macrostructure (e.g., sleep duration, continuity, and stages) and microstructure (e.g., slow wave activity and spindle activity) were evaluated. For macrostructure, lower restlessness at night was associated with better memory performance (r = 0.43, p = 0.02), while lower sleep onset latency was associated with better executive functioning (r = 0.28, p = 0.03). Greater relative amount of N2 and REM sleep, but not N3, positively correlated with cognitive performance. The association between microstructure and cognition in older adults was marginally significant. This relationship was moderated by age (z = 0.07, p < 0.01), education (z = 0.26, p = 0.03), and percentage of female participants (z = 0.01, p < 0.01). The current meta-analysis emphasizes the importance of considering objective sleep measures to understand the relationship between sleep and cognition in healthy older adults. These results also form a base from which researchers using wearable sleep technology and measuring behavior through computerized testing tools can evaluate their findings.
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García PS, Kreuzer M, Hight D, Sleigh JW. Effects of noxious stimulation on the electroencephalogram during general anaesthesia: a narrative review and approach to analgesic titration. Br J Anaesth 2021; 126:445-457. [PMID: 33461725 DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2020.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Electroencephalographic (EEG) activity is used to monitor the neurophysiology of the brain, which is a target organ of general anaesthesia. Besides its use in evaluating hypnotic states, neurophysiologic reactions to noxious stimulation can also be observed in the EEG. Recognising and understanding these responses could help optimise intraoperative analgesic management. This review describes three types of changes in the EEG induced by noxious stimulation when the patient is under general anaesthesia: (1) beta arousal, (2) (paradoxical) delta arousal, and (3) alpha dropout. Beta arousal is an increase in EEG power in the beta-frequency band (12-25 Hz) in response to noxious stimulation, especially at lower doses of anaesthesia drugs in the absence of opioids. It is usually indicative of a cortical depolarisation and increased cortical activity. At higher concentrations of anaesthetic drug, and with insufficient opioids, delta arousal (increased power in the delta band [0.5-4 Hz]) and alpha dropout (decreased alpha power [8-12 Hz]) are associated with noxious stimuli. The mechanisms of delta arousal are not well understood, but the midbrain reticular formation seems to play a role. Alpha dropout may indicate a return of thalamocortical communication, from an idling mode to an operational mode. Each of these EEG changes reflect an incomplete modulation of pain signals and can be mitigated by administration of opioid or the use of regional anaesthesia techniques. Future studies should evaluate whether titrating analgesic drugs in response to these EEG signals reduces postoperative pain and influences other postoperative outcomes, including the potential development of chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul S García
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Matthias Kreuzer
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Technical University of Munich School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
| | - Darren Hight
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Waikato Clinical School, University of Auckland, Hamilton, New Zealand; Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - James W Sleigh
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Waikato Clinical School, University of Auckland, Hamilton, New Zealand
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Kawai M, Schneider LD, Linkovski O, Jordan JT, Karna R, Pirog S, Cotto I, Buck C, Giardino WJ, O'Hara R. High-Resolution Spectral Sleep Analysis Reveals a Novel Association Between Slow Oscillations and Memory Retention in Elderly Adults. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 12:540424. [PMID: 33505299 PMCID: PMC7829345 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.540424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: In recognition of the mixed associations between traditionally scored slow wave sleep and memory, we sought to explore the relationships between slow wave sleep, electroencephalographic (EEG) power spectra during sleep and overnight verbal memory retention in older adults. Design, Setting, Participants, and Measurements: Participants were 101 adults without dementia (52% female, mean age 70.3 years). Delayed verbal memory was first tested in the evening prior to overnight polysomnography (PSG). The following morning, subjects were asked to recall as many items as possible from the same List (overnight memory retention; OMR). Partial correlation analyses examined the associations of delayed verbal memory and OMR with slow wave sleep (SWS) and two physiologic EEG slow wave activity (SWA) power spectral bands (0.5-1 Hz slow oscillations vs. 1-4 Hz delta activity). Results: In subjects displaying SWS, SWS was associated with enhanced delayed verbal memory, but not with OMR. Interestingly, among participants that did not show SWS, OMR was significantly associated with a higher slow oscillation relative power, during NREM sleep in the first ultradian cycle, with medium effect size. Conclusions: These findings suggest a complex relationship between SWS and memory and illustrate that even in the absence of scorable SWS, older adults demonstrate substantial slow wave activity. Further, these slow oscillations (0.5-1 Hz), in the first ultradian cycle, are positively associated with OMR, but only in those without SWS. Our findings raise the possibility that precise features of slow wave activity play key roles in maintaining memory function in healthy aging. Further, our results underscore that conventional methods of sleep evaluation may not be sufficiently sensitive to detect associations between SWA and memory in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Kawai
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
- Sierra Pacific Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Centers (MIRECC), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Logan D. Schneider
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
- Sierra Pacific Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Centers (MIRECC), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Omer Linkovski
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
- Department of Psychology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Josh T. Jordan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
- Department of Psychology, Dominican University of California, San Rafael, CA, United States
| | - Rosy Karna
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Sophia Pirog
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Isabelle Cotto
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Casey Buck
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - William J. Giardino
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Ruth O'Hara
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
- Sierra Pacific Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Centers (MIRECC), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, United States
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Tsapanou A, Gu Y, O'Shea DM, Yannakoulia M, Kosmidis M, Dardiotis E, Hadjigeorgiou G, Sakka P, Stern Y, Scarmeas N. Sleep quality and duration in relation to memory in the elderly: Initial results from the Hellenic Longitudinal Investigation of Aging and Diet. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2017; 141:217-225. [PMID: 28455107 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2017.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sleep is crucial for cognition, particularly for memory, given its complex association with neurodegenerative processes. The aim of the present study was to examine the association between sleep quality as well as sleep duration and memory performance in a Greek elderly population. SETTING Cross-sectional design in the Hellenic Longitudinal Investigation of Aging and Diet (HELIAD), a population representative study of Greek elderly (65years or older). METHODS Data from 1589 participants free of sleep medication were included. Sleep quality was estimated by using the Sleep Scale from the Medical Outcomes Study. An extensive neuropsychological assessment examining memory was administered to each participant. Linear regression analyses were used to examine whether sleep quality (higher score, poor quality) and/or sleep duration were associated with memory expressed in the form of a z-score. Age, sex, education, and body mass index were included as covariates. The main analyses were conducted first on the total sample, then with the exclusion of demented participants, and finally with the exclusion of both demented and participants with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI). We then conducted further analyses on the non-demented, non-MCI group, initially stratified by Apolipoprotein E-ε4 gene. We further examined the role of co-morbidities, as well as the association between sleep duration groups and memory. We also explored any interaction effect between sex and sleep quality/duration on memory. We then examined the associations between components of sleep measures and memory scores. Lastly, we examined the associations between sleep quality/duration and verbal/non-verbal memory separately. RESULTS In the total sample, we noted significant associations between sleep duration and memory (B=-0.001, p≤0.0001), but not for sleep quality and memory (B=-0.038, p=0.121). After excluding the demented participants, the associations were significant for: sleep quality and memory (B=-0.054, p=0.023), and sleep duration and memory (B=-0.001, p≤0.0001). After excluding both the MCI and the demented subjects, the associations between sleep quality and memory (B=-0.065, p=0.006), and sleep duration and memory (B=-0.001, p=0.003) were still significant. The association between the sleep duration groups and memory function was also significant, such that poor memory performance was associated with the longer sleep duration group. The results remained significant even after controlling for the co-morbidities, as well as after adding in the model anxiety and depression as covariates. Associations between sleep quality and memory, and sleep duration and memory were present in the ApoE-ε4 non-carriers. The individual sleep questions that were probably shown to be driving the associations between sleep and memory were: time to fall asleep, sleep not quiet, getting enough sleep to feel rested upon waking in the morning, and getting the amount of sleep needed. Sleep duration was associated with both verbal and non-verbal memory, while sleep quality was only associated with verbal memory. CONCLUSION Poor sleep quality and longer sleep duration were linked to low memory performance, independent of demographic and clinical factors, in a large sample of cognitively healthy older Greek adults. Other parameters than sleep and memory measurements could play an important role on the association. Levels of melatonin, or circadian rhythms dysregulation might play a crucial role in the above associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tsapanou
- Department of Social Medicine, Psychiatry and Neurology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Cognitive Neuroscience Division, Department of Neurology and The Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Y Gu
- Cognitive Neuroscience Division, Department of Neurology and The Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - D M O'Shea
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida, FL, USA
| | - M Yannakoulia
- Department of Nutrition and Diabetics, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - M Kosmidis
- Department of Psychology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - E Dardiotis
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - G Hadjigeorgiou
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - P Sakka
- Athens Association of Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders, Athens, Greece
| | - Y Stern
- Cognitive Neuroscience Division, Department of Neurology and The Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - N Scarmeas
- Department of Social Medicine, Psychiatry and Neurology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Cognitive Neuroscience Division, Department of Neurology and The Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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6
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Kawai M, Beaudreau SA, Gould CE, Hantke NC, Cotto I, Jordan JT, Hirst RB, O'Hara R. Longitudinal association of delta activity at sleep onset with cognitive and affective function in community-dwelling older adults. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2016; 31:1124-35. [PMID: 27554208 DOI: 10.1002/gps.4554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This investigation sought to determine whether delta activity at sleep onset (DASO) in the sleep electroencephalography of older adults represents normal variation or is associated with clinical pathology. To this end, we examined its longitudinal associations with cognitive and affective function in older adults without dementia. METHODS Participants were 153 community-dwelling older adults without dementia. We evaluated polysomnography (PSG), cognitive performance, and affective function at four time points: baseline, 12, 24, and 36 months. All participants completed PSG and measures of global cognition, delayed verbal memory, information processing speed, attention, inhibition, verbal naming, visuospatial ability, and measures of anxiety and depression. DASO was defined as sequences of rhythmic anterior delta activity on PSG in the transition from awake to sleep during the baseline assessment (Figure ). RESULTS At the baseline, 83 women and 70 men, mean age 71.3 ± 0.6 years participated and 19.6% of participants exhibited DASO. Age, years of education, gender, and body mass index did not differ according to DASO status. Linear mixed modeling showed that the presence of DASO was actually associated with lower levels of anxiety and depression. Further, participants with DASO, versus those without DASO, exhibited a trend towards better cognitive performance over time, although none of these associations reached statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS Whereas DASO was associated with better affective function, no significant association was found between DASO and cognitive change over time. These longitudinal findings support the view that the presence of DASO in healthy older adults represents normal variation rather than pathological aging. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Kawai
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Sherry A Beaudreau
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Sierra Pacific Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Centers, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA.,School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Christine E Gould
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Nathan C Hantke
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Sierra Pacific Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Centers, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Isabelle Cotto
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Josh T Jordan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,California School of Professional Psychology at Alliant, International University, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Ruth O'Hara
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Sierra Pacific Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Centers, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA.,School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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Bliwise DL, Epstein CM. Delta, By Any Other Name. Sleep 2016; 39:725-6. [PMID: 26951386 DOI: 10.5665/sleep.5614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Donald L Bliwise
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Charles M Epstein
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
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