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Attia YA, Al sagan AA, Hussein ESOS, Olal MJ, Ebeid TA, Alhotan RA, Qaid MM, Bovera F, Shehta HA, Tufarelli V. Antioxidant Status, Lipid Metabolism, Egg Fatty Acids, and Nutritional Index of White-Egg Laying Hens Fed Flaxseed Cake. J Poult Sci 2024; 61:2024010. [PMID: 38577583 PMCID: PMC10985019 DOI: 10.2141/jpsa.2024010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Flaxseed cake contains high levels of phenolic compounds, which have numerous biological activities, as well as a considerable amount of omega-3 fatty acids, such as α-linolenic acid, which remains after oil extraction. In this study, we examined the effects of flaxseed cake meal (FSCM) on the antioxidative status, lipid metabolism, egg fatty acid profile, and egg health index of white-egg laying hens. A total of 63 Hisex White laying hens were divided into three experimental treatment groups and fed diets containing 0, 5, or 10% FSCM from 48 to 58 weeks of age. Feeding with 5 and 10% FSCM did not significantly (p>0.05) influence total lipid, triglyceride, total cholesterol, very low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, or low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol concentrations, or the high-/low-density lipoprotein ratio in the serum and egg yolk; however, 10% FSCM significantly (P<0.05) increased serum high-density lipoprotein. Dietary FSCM also did not affect (P>0.05) antioxidant markers in the eggs and blood plasma. Notably, dietary inclusion of FSCM significantly increased (P<0.05) total n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), α-linolenic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, and eicosapentaenoic acid levels in egg yolk, whereas the n-6:n-3 PUFAs ratio was markedly (P<0.05) decreased in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, including 5-10% FSCM improved (P<0.05) egg health indices, with 10% being the most beneficial. Together, these findings indicated that the inclusion of up to 10% FSCM in laying hen diets improved egg yolk lipid and fatty acid profiles, as well as egg quality and nutritional and metabolic indices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youssef A. Attia
- Animal and Poultry
Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture,
Damanhour University, Damanhour 22516, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A. Al sagan
- King Abdulaziz City
for Science and Technology, Riyadh 12354, Saudi
Arabia
| | - El-sayed O. S. Hussein
- Department of
Animal Production, College of Food and
Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University,
Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marai J. Olal
- Admin & Animal
Nutrition Technical Services, Danisco Animal
Nutrition & Health (IFF), Riyadh 11411, Saudi
Arabia
| | - Tarek A. Ebeid
- Department of
Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture,
Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh 33516,
Egypt
| | - Rashed A. Alhotan
- Department of
Animal Production, College of Food and
Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University,
Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed M. Qaid
- Department of
Animal Production, College of Food and
Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University,
Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fulvia Bovera
- Department of
Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production,
University of Napoli Federico II,, Napoli 80137,
Italy
| | - Heba A. Shehta
- Regional Centre for
Food and Feed, Agricultural Research Center, Giza
12619, Egypt
| | - Vincenzo Tufarelli
- Department of
Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Jonian
Area, Section of Veterinary Science and Animal
Production, University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’,, Bari
70010, Italy
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Attia YA, Al-Sagan AA, Hussein ESOS, Olal MJ, Ebeid TA, Al-Abdullatif AA, Alhotan RA, Alyileili SR, Shehata HA, Tufarelli V. Dietary flaxseed cake influences on performance, quality, and sensory attributes of eggs, serum, and egg trace minerals of laying hens. Trop Anim Health Prod 2024; 56:50. [PMID: 38236506 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-024-03897-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Nowadays, there is a global shortage in feed supply for animal nutrition; however, there are a considerable amount of agro-industrial co- and by-products that may offer a reasonable solution. Flaxseed cake (FSC) is a by-product of flaxseed for oil extraction rich in n-3 α-linolenic acid (ALA). Thus, the dietary inclusion of FSC on laying performance, egg quality, and serum and egg trace elements (Se, Zn, and Fe) was evaluated using Hisex White hens. The hens were distributed to three equal experimental treatments and provided diets including 0%, 5%, or 10% FSC from 48 to 58 weeks of age. Findings clarified that up to 10% FSC in the laying hen diet had no detrimental effect on laying rate, egg mass, and feed utilization. It was found that FSC resulted in a valuable source of protein, energy, macro- (Ca and P), micro- (Se, Zn and Fe) elements, and essential amino acids, with arginine being the highest. Dietary FSC did not negatively influence the egg quality traits, as well as egg sensory attributes. Including 5% or 10% FSC in diet did not significantly affect serum total protein and renal function in terms of creatinine, uric acid, and uric acid-to-creatinine ratio. Different FSC levels did not influence the chemical composition of eggs and trace elements in serum and eggs. It could be concluded that FSC is a valuable feedstuff that can provide a good source of energy, protein, amino acids, and macro- and micro-elements for hens' nutrition. The inclusion of up to 10% of FSC in hens diet did not adversely influence egg laying performance, egg quality of both fresh and stored eggs, sensory attributes, and nutritional composition, as well as Se, Zn, and Fe in serum and eggs due to balanced nutrient profile of FSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youssef A Attia
- Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, 21589, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Animal and Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Damanhour University, Damanhour, 22516, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed A Al-Sagan
- King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, 12354, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - El-Sayed O S Hussein
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marai J Olal
- Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, 21589, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tarek A Ebeid
- Department of Animal Production and Breeding, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, 51452, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, KafrEl-Sheikh, 33516, Egypt
| | - Abdulaziz A Al-Abdullatif
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rashed A Alhotan
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salem R Alyileili
- Department of Laboratory Analysis, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Heba A Shehata
- Regional Center for Food and Feed, Agricultural Research and Development Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Vincenzo Tufarelli
- Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Jonian Area, Section of Veterinary Science and Animal Production, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Valenzano, Bari, Italy.
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Weston WC, Hales KH, Hales DB. Flaxseed Reduces Cancer Risk by Altering Bioenergetic Pathways in Liver: Connecting SAM Biosynthesis to Cellular Energy. Metabolites 2023; 13:945. [PMID: 37623888 PMCID: PMC10456508 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13080945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
This article illustrates how dietary flaxseed can be used to reduce cancer risk, specifically by attenuating obesity, type 2 diabetes, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). We utilize a targeted metabolomics dataset in combination with a reanalysis of past work to investigate the "metabo-bioenergetic" adaptations that occur in White Leghorn laying hens while consuming dietary flaxseed. Recently, we revealed how the anti-vitamin B6 effects of flaxseed augment one-carbon metabolism in a manner that accelerates S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) biosynthesis. Researchers recently showed that accelerated SAM biosynthesis activates the cell's master energy sensor, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Our paper provides evidence that flaxseed upregulates mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation and glycolysis in liver, concomitant with the attenuation of lipogenesis and polyamine biosynthesis. Defatted flaxseed likely functions as a metformin homologue by upregulating hepatic glucose uptake and pyruvate flux through the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) in laying hens. In contrast, whole flaxseed appears to attenuate liver steatosis and body mass by modifying mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation and lipogenesis. Several acylcarnitine moieties indicate Randle cycle adaptations that protect mitochondria from metabolic overload when hens consume flaxseed. We also discuss a paradoxical finding whereby flaxseed induces the highest glycated hemoglobin percentage (HbA1c%) ever recorded in birds, and we suspect that hyperglycemia is not the cause. In conclusion, flaxseed modifies bioenergetic pathways to attenuate the risk of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and NAFLD, possibly downstream of SAM biosynthesis. These findings, if reproducible in humans, can be used to lower cancer risk within the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- William C. Weston
- Department of Molecular, Cellular & Systemic Physiology, School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA;
| | - Karen H. Hales
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA;
| | - Dale B. Hales
- Department of Molecular, Cellular & Systemic Physiology, School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA;
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA;
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