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Golder HM, Denman SE, McSweeney C, Celi P, Lean IJ. Effects of feed additives on rumen function and bacterial and archaeal communities during a starch and fructose challenge. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:8787-8808. [PMID: 37678787 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to improve understandings of the rumen microbial ecosystem during ruminal acidosis and responses to feed additives to improve prudent use strategies for ruminal acidosis control. Rumen bacterial and archaeal community composition (BCC) and its associations with rumen fermentation measures were examined in Holstein heifers fed feed additives and challenged with starch and fructose. Heifers (n = 40) were randomly allocated to 5 treatment groups: (1) control (no additives); (2) virginiamycin (VM; 200 mg/d); (3) monensin (MT; 200 mg/d) + tylosin (110 mg/d); (4) monensin (MLY; 220 mg/d) + live yeast (5.0 × 1012 cfu/d); (5) sodium bicarbonate (BUF; 200 g/d) + magnesium oxide (30 g/d). Heifers were fed twice daily a 62% forage:38% concentrate total mixed ration at 1.25% of body weight (BW) dry matter (DM)/d for a 20-d adaptation period with their additive(s). Fructose (0.1% of BW/d) was added to the ration for the last 10 d of adaptation. On d 21 heifers were challenged once with a ration consisting of 1.0% of BW DM wheat and 0.2% of BW fructose plus their additive(s). A rumen sample was collected from each heifer via stomach tube weekly (d 0, 7, 14) and 5 times over a 3.6 h period at 5, 65, 115, 165, and 215 min after consumption of the challenge ration (d 21) and analyzed for pH, and ammonia, d- and l-lactate, volatile fatty acids (VFA), and histamine concentrations and total bacteria and archaea. The 16S rRNA gene spanning the V4 region was PCR amplified and sequenced. Alpha and β diversity and associations of relative abundances of taxa with rumen fermentation measures were evaluated. Rumen BCC shifted among treatment groups in the adaptation period and across the challenge sampling period, indicating the feed additives had different modes of action. The monensin-containing treatment groups, MT and MLY often had similar relative abundances of rumen bacterial phyla and families. The MLY treatment group was characterized in the challenge period by increased relative abundances of the lactate utilizing genera Anaerovibrio and Megasphaera. The MLY treatment group also had increased diversity of ruminal bacteria which may provide resilience to changes in substrates. The control and BUF treatment groups were most similar in BCC. A redundancy analysis showed the MLY treatment group differed from all other treatment groups and concentrations of histamine and valerate in the rumen were associated with the most variation in the microbiota, 5.3% and 4.8%, respectively. It was evident from the taxa common to all treatment groups that cattle have a core microbiota. Functional redundancy of rumen bacteria which was reflected in the greater sensitivity for the rumen BCC than rumen fermentation measures likely provide resilience to changes in substrate. This functional redundancy of microbes in cattle suggests that there is no single optimal ruminal microbial population and no universally superior feed additive(s). In summary, differences in modes of action suggest the potential for more targeted and improved prudent use of feed additives with no single feed additive(s) providing an optimal BCC in all heifers.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Golder
- Scibus, Camden, New South Wales, 2570, Australia; Dairy Science Group, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia, 2567.
| | - S E Denman
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, St. Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia
| | - C McSweeney
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, St. Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia
| | - P Celi
- Melbourne School of Land and Environment, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - I J Lean
- Scibus, Camden, New South Wales, 2570, Australia; Dairy Science Group, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia, 2567
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Golder HM, LeBlanc SJ, Duffield T, Rossow HA, Bogdanich R, Hernandez L, Block E, Rehberger J, Smith AH, Thomson J, Lean IJ. Characterizing ruminal acidosis risk: A multiherd, multicountry study. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:3155-3175. [PMID: 36894423 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
A multicenter observational study was conducted on early lactation Holstein cows (n = 261) from 32 herds from 3 regions (Australia, AU; California, CA; and Canada, CAN) to characterize their risk of acidosis into 3 groups (high, medium, or low) using a discriminant analysis model previously developed. Diets ranged from pasture supplemented with concentrates to total mixed ration (nonfiber carbohydrates = 17 to 47 and neutral detergent fiber = 27 to 58% of dry matter). Rumen fluid samples were collected <3 h after feeding and analyzed for pH, and ammonia, d- and l-lactate, and volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations. Eigenvectors were produced using cluster and discriminant analysis from a combination of rumen pH, and ammonia, d-lactate, and individual VFA concentrations and were used to calculate the probability of the risk of ruminal acidosis based on proximity to the centroid of 3 clusters. Bacterial 16S ribosomal DNA sequence data were analyzed to characterize bacteria. Individual cow milk volume, fat, protein, and somatic cell count values were obtained from the closest herd test to the rumen sampling date (median = 1 d before rumen sampling). Mixed model analyses were performed on the markers of rumen fermentation, production characteristics, and the probability of acidosis. A total of 26.1% of the cows were classified as high risk for acidosis, 26.8% as medium risk, and 47.1% as low risk. Acidosis risk differed among regions with AU (37.2%) and CA (39.2%) having similar prevalence of high-risk cows and CAN only 5.2%. The high-risk group had rumen phyla, fermentation, and production characteristics consistent with a model of acidosis that reflected a rapid rate of carbohydrate fermentation. Namely, acetate to propionate ratio (1.98 ± 0.11), concentrations of valerate (2.93 ± 0.14 mM), milk fat to protein ratio (1.11 ± 0.047), and a positive association with abundance of phylum Firmicutes. The medium-risk group contains cows that may be inappetant or that had not eaten recently or were in recovery from acidosis. The low-risk group may represent cattle that are well fed with a stable rumen and a slower rumen fermentation of carbohydrates. The high risk for acidosis group had lower diversity of bacteria than the other groups, whereas CAN had a greater diversity than AU and CA. Rumen fermentation profile, abundance of ruminal bacterial phyla, and production characteristics of early lactation dairy cattle from 3 regions were successfully categorized in 3 different acidosis risk states, with characteristics differing between acidosis risk groups. The prevalence of acidosis risk also differed between regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Golder
- Scibus, Camden, NSW, Australia, 2570; Sydney Institute of Agriculture, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia, 2570
| | - S J LeBlanc
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - T Duffield
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - H A Rossow
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Tulare 93274
| | - R Bogdanich
- Cross Street Veterinary Clinic, Tulare, CA 93274
| | - L Hernandez
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison 53706
| | - E Block
- Arm & Hammer Animal and Food Production, Princeton, NJ 08540
| | - J Rehberger
- Arm & Hammer Animal and Food Production, Princeton, NJ 08540
| | - A H Smith
- Arm & Hammer Animal and Food Production, Princeton, NJ 08540
| | - J Thomson
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman 59717
| | - I J Lean
- Scibus, Camden, NSW, Australia, 2570; Sydney Institute of Agriculture, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia, 2570.
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Zhang Q, Sun H, Gao Z, Feng M, Zhang H, Zhang T. Comparison of methods for the effective evaluation of the energy content of poultry byproduct meal for beagles. J Anim Sci 2023; 101:skad149. [PMID: 37167634 PMCID: PMC10259253 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skad149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to compare the energy values of poultry byproduct meal (PBM) as feed for adult beagle dogs using the direct, difference, and regression methods to examine dogs' nitrogen metabolism, energy utilization, gaseous metabolism, and body health. Five groups of six 12 mo old female beagles with an average body weight of 9.67 ± 0.52 kg were tested in a 5 × 6 incomplete Latin square design, with six repetitions in each group. Five experimental diets were tested consisting of 100% PBM; three substitution diets containing either 15%, 30%, or 45% PBM (termed 15PBM, 30PBM, and 45PBM, respectively); and a basal diet (included 6.90% PBM). Each experimental period lasted for 10 d, comprising 4 d of dietary acclimation followed by 6 d of testing (including 3 d feeding period and 3 d fasting period), during which the heat production (HP) was determined and feces and urine were collected. Results showed that, in the feeding state, the nitrogen intake, urinary nitrogen, apparent nitrogen digestibility, retained nitrogen, andHP increased significantly (P < 0.05) as the PBM level increased. The net protein utilization, biological value of protein, and total apparent digestibility of amino acids did not differ between the 30PBM and 45PBM diets (P > 0.05). The O2 consumption and CO2 production of beagles during the fasting period were not influenced by the PBM level (P > 0.05). The digestible energy and metabolizable energy values of the PBM estimated by the regression method were 20.16 and 18.18 MJ/kg dry matter (DM), respectively, and did not differ from those determined by the direct method (P > 0.05). The fecal DM percentages and fecal PBM scores were significantly higher in the PBM diet than in the difference method groups (P < 0.05). The direct method group had a significantly higher fecal score (4.63) than the other groups (P < 0.05), The fecal score of the 45PBM diet (3.50) was significantly higher than the 30PBM diet (2.90; P < 0.05). In summary, the direct and difference methods of determining the effective energy value of PBM for beagles, produce significantly different results. Under the conditions of this test, the best proportion of PBM in beagle feed for optimum energy provision is 30%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoru Zhang
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Science, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Changchun 130112, P.R. China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Specialty Animal Germplasm Resources Exploration and Innovation, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao 066004, P.R. China
| | - Haoran Sun
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Science, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Changchun 130112, P.R. China
| | - Zuer Gao
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Science, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Changchun 130112, P.R. China
| | - Minshan Feng
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Specialty Animal Germplasm Resources Exploration and Innovation, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao 066004, P.R. China
| | - Haihua Zhang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Specialty Animal Germplasm Resources Exploration and Innovation, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao 066004, P.R. China
| | - Tietao Zhang
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Science, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Changchun 130112, P.R. China
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de Sousa Oliveira D, Alves AA, Rogério MCP, Pompeu RCFF, Pereira ES, Azevêdo DMMR, Guedes LF, Dos Santos Costa C, Muir JP. Influence of nutrient restriction on finishing Morada Nova lambs. Trop Anim Health Prod 2020; 52:3509-3518. [PMID: 32940853 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-020-02385-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Our objective was to evaluate the effect of 15% crude protein (CP) and total digestible nutrient (TDN) restriction vis-á-vis that recommended by NRC (2007) on feed intake, digestibility, and average daily gain (ADG) of confined Morada Nova lambs. Twenty lambs with 18.8 ± 2.8 kg liveweight were assigned to a randomized 2 × 2 factorial experiment with either early- or late-maturity feed formulation according to "Nutrient Requirements of Small Ruminants" with or without 15% CP and TDN restriction. The early-maturity diet, independent of restriction, resulted in greater dry matter and organic matter intake and increased rumination efficiency and feed conversion. Early-maturity diets also had the greatest nutrient digestibility as well as ADG and total gains. With late-maturity diets, independent of restriction, there were greater CP and TDN digestibilities as well as neutral detergent fiber (NDF) feed efficiency. However, when 15% of nutrients were restricted for late-maturity lamb diets, there was greater NDF intake and greater ether extract digestibility. Unrestricted early-maturity lamb diets was the better diet for confined Morada Nova lambs. Attention should be given to minimum effective NDF consumed and physically effective for this diet formulation. The use of late-maturity diets as recommended by NRC (2007) allows for 15% restriction of CP and TDN in Morada Nova lambs without negative effects on performance. This restriction should be tested in other tropical breeds to determine wider application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delano de Sousa Oliveira
- Departamento de Ciência Animal, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal do Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, CEP: 64049-550, Brazil
| | - Arnaud Azevêdo Alves
- Departamento de Ciência Animal, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal do Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, CEP: 64049-550, Brazil
| | | | | | - Elzânia Sales Pereira
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, CEP 60356-000, Brazil
| | | | - Luciana Freitas Guedes
- Embrapa Caprinos e Ovinos, Estrada Sobral-Groaíras, Km 04, Caixa Postal 145, Sobral, Ceará, CEP 62010-970, Brazil
| | - Clésio Dos Santos Costa
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, CEP 60356-000, Brazil
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Cortese M, Segato S, Andrighetto I, Ughelini N, Chinello M, Schiavon E, Marchesini G. The Effects of Decreasing Dietary Crude Protein on the Growth Performance, Feed Efficiency and Meat Quality of Finishing Charolais Bulls. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:E906. [PMID: 31683971 PMCID: PMC6912554 DOI: 10.3390/ani9110906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of decreasing dietary crude protein (CP) on the performance of finishing Charolais bulls in the Italian rearing system. Animals were fed two diets, differing only in the CP level (low protein (LP), 13.5% CP versus control (CON), 15.0% CP). Dry matter (DM) intake (DMI) and animals' weights were recorded to obtain average daily gain (ADG) and feed conversion rate (FCR). Feed and fecal samples were collected to evaluate digestibility of diet components. Daily cost of the ration (DRC), feed cost per kg of daily weight gain (CDG) and daily gross margin (DGM) were calculated to analyze the possible benefits of decreasing the protein level. Meat quality analyses were also conducted. Higher DMI (10.6 versus 10 kg/d; p < 0.05) and ADG (1.47 versus 1.36 kg/d; p < 0.05) were observed for CON. No differences in FCR or digestibility were found. Even if the DRC was lower (p < 0.05) for the LP diet (2.26 versus 1.97 €; CON versus LP), no difference was reported for CDG and DGM. Meat lightness and redness were significantly lower and higher in the LP, respectively. To conclude, the CP requirement in these rearing conditions appeared to be higher than 13.5%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Cortese
- Departement of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy.
| | - Severino Segato
- Departement of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy.
| | - Igino Andrighetto
- Departement of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy.
| | - Nicola Ughelini
- Departement of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy.
| | - Maria Chinello
- Departement of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy.
| | - Eliana Schiavon
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy.
| | - Giorgio Marchesini
- Departement of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy.
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Golder HM, Celi P, Takahashi J, Lean IJ. Effect of ruminal mechanical stimulating brushes on rumen fermentation and plasma oxidative stress and subsequent milk yield and composition in lactating dairy cattle. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1071/an15751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of ruminal mechanical stimulating brushes (RMS brush) on rumen fermentation and plasma oxidative stress and subsequent milk production in early lactation dairy cattle in the Australian spring and summer. Two hundred pasture-fed Holstein, Jersey, and Holstein × Jersey multiparous cows were enrolled into Control (no treatment; n = 103) or RMS brush (n = 97) groups in a randomised controlled trial at 26 ± 15 days before calving. The RMS brush group had three brushes/cow administered orally. Each RMS brush consisted of synthetic polymer bristles held in place with a metal component and was enclosed in a paper capsule that dissolved after insertion. Milk yield (MY), bodyweight, and weather data were recorded daily for the first 30 weeks of lactation. Stomach tube rumen fluid samples and plasma were collected monthly for the first 3 months of lactation from a minimum subset of 14 cows from each group. A total of 182 cows calved successfully and 34 cows were removed during the first 30 weeks of lactation. There was no difference in survival between the groups (hazard ratio = 0.952, confidence interval = 0.481–1.88). Rumen, plasma oxidative stress, and milk production measures were not affected by group or the interaction between group and time, with the exception of a mean increase of 304 µM of biological antioxidant potential in the RMS brush cows. The mean temperature humidity index for the first 30 weeks of lactation was <72; hence, effects on heat stress could not be evaluated. Maximum and minimum temperature and THI over the first 30 weeks of lactation were not correlated with MY and bodyweight for either group on time series cross correlation. Positive correlations occurred for the Controls at lag 0 and negative correlations for both groups at lags of 3 and 4 weeks between MY and relative humidity at 1500 hours. There appeared to be no effect of RMS on mitigation of temperature humidity index within the range studied. There did not appear to be negative impacts of the RMS brushes.
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He X, Wu Y, Cai M, Mu C, Luo W, Cheng Y, Zhu W. The effect of increased atmospheric temperature and CO2 concentration during crop growth on the chemical composition and in vitro rumen fermentation characteristics of wheat straw. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2015; 6:46. [PMID: 26543557 PMCID: PMC4634575 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-015-0045-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of increased atmospheric temperature and CO2 concentration during crop growth on the chemical composition and in vitro rumen fermentation characteristics of wheat straw. The field experiment was carried out from November 2012 to June 2013 at Changshu (31°32'93″N, 120°41'88″E) agro-ecological experimental station. A total of three treatments were set. The concentration of CO2 was increased to 500 μmol/mol in the first treatment (CO2 group). The temperature was increased by 2 °C in the second treatment (TEM group) and the concentration of CO2 and temperature were both increased in the third treatment (CO2 + TEM group). The mean temperature and concentration of CO2 in control group were 10.5 °C and 413 μmol/mol. At harvesting, the wheat straws were collected and analyzed for chemical composition and in vitro digestibility. Results showed that dry matter was significantly increased in all three treatments. Ether extracts and neutral detergent fiber were significantly increased in TEM and CO2 + TEM groups. Crude protein was significantly decreased in CO2 + TEM group. In vitro digestibility analysis of wheat straw revealed that gas production was significantly decreased in CO2 and CO2 + TEM groups. Methane production was significantly decreased in TEM and CO2 + TEM groups. Ammonia nitrogen and microbial crude protein were significantly decreased in all three treatments. Total volatile fatty acids were significantly decreased in CO2 and CO2 + TEM groups. In conclusion, the chemical composition of the wheat straw was affected by temperature and CO2 and the in vitro digestibility of wheat straw was reduced, especially in the combined treatment of temperature and CO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu He
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Yanping Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Min Cai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Chunlong Mu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Weihong Luo
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Yanfen Cheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Weiyun Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
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Van Dung D, Shang W, Yao W. Effect of Crude Protein Levels in Concentrate and Concentrate Levels in Diet on In vitro Fermentation. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2014; 27:797-805. [PMID: 25050017 PMCID: PMC4093177 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.2013.13560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Revised: 12/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The effect of concentrate mixtures with crude protein (CP) levels 10%, 13%, 16%, and 19% and diets with roughage to concentrate ratios 80:20, 60:40, 40:60, and 20:80 (w/w) were determined on dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM) digestibility, and fermentation metabolites using an in vitro fermentation technique. In vitro fermented attributes were measured after 4, 24, and 48 h of incubation respectively. The digestibility of DM and OM, and total volatile fatty acid (VFA) increased whereas pH decreased with the increased amount of concentrate in the diet (p<0.001), however CP levels of concentrate did not have any influence on these attributes. Gas production reduced with increased CP levels, while it increased with increasing concentrate levels. Ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) concentration and microbial CP production increased significantly (p<0.05) by increasing CP levels and with increasing concentrate levels in diet as well, however, no significant difference was found between 16% and 19% CP levels. Therefore, 16% CP in concentrate and increasing proportion of concentrate up to 80% in diet all had improved digestibility of DM and organic matter, and higher microbial protein production, with improved fermentation characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinh Van Dung
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095,
China
- Department of Technical Education, College of Education, Hue University, Hue city,
Vietnam
| | - Weiwei Shang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095,
China
| | - Wen Yao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095,
China
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Golder HM, Celi P, Rabiee AR, Lean IJ. Effects of feed additives on rumen and blood profiles during a starch and fructose challenge. J Dairy Sci 2013; 97:985-1004. [PMID: 24210482 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-7166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the effect of feed additives on the risk of ruminal acidosis in Holstein heifers (n = 40) fed starch and fructose in a challenge study. Heifers were randomly allocated to feed additive groups (n = 8 heifers/group): (1) control (no additives); (2) virginiamycin (VM); (3) monensin + tylosin (MT); (4) monensin + live yeast (MLY); and (5) sodium bicarbonate + magnesium oxide (BUF). Heifers were fed 2.5% of body weight (BW) dry matter intake (DMI) per day of a total mixed ration (62:38 forage:concentrate) and feed additives for a 20-d adaptation period. Fructose (0.1% of BW/d) was included for the last 10d of the adaptation period. On d 21, heifers were fed to target a DMI of 1.0% of BW of wheat, fructose at 0.2% of BW, and their feed additives. Rumen fluid samples obtained by stomach tube and blood samples were collected weekly as well as during a 3.6-h period on challenge day (d 21). Virginiamycin and BUF groups maintained a consistently high DMI across the 20-d adaptation period. The MLY heifers had low DMI of the challenge ration. Average daily gain and feed conversion ratio were not affected by feed additives. All rumen and plasma measures changed weekly over adaptation and over the challenge sampling period with the exception of rumen total lactate and histamine concentrations, plasma oxidative stress index, and ceruloplasmin. Substantial within- and between-group variation was observed in rumen and plasma profiles at challenge sampling. No significant group changes were observed in rumen total volatile fatty acids, propionate, acetate-to-propionate ratio, isobutyrate, caproate, isovalerate, total lactate, d- and l-lactate, and pH measures on challenge day. Acetate concentration was increased in the BUF and control groups on challenge day. Butyrate concentration was lower in the MLY and MT groups compared with other groups at challenge. Valerate concentrations were lowest in the control, VM, and BUF groups and lactate concentrations were numerically lower in the MLY, VM, and BUF groups. Total lactate concentrations were >10mM for each group throughout the challenge. Ammonia concentrations were lower in the MLY and MT groups. Histamine concentrations were decreased in MLY and increased in the VM and BUF groups. Plasma oxidative stress measures were not influenced by feed additives weekly or on challenge day, except for an increase in biological antioxidant potential in the control, VM, and MT groups on challenge day. Despite the large within-animal variation, all feed additives modified rumen function and may influence the risk of acidosis by different mechanisms; however, none stabilized the rumen in all heifers.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Golder
- Dairy Science Group, Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia 2570; SBScibus, Camden, New South Wales, Australia 2570.
| | - P Celi
- Dairy Science Group, Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia 2570; Melbourne School of Land and Environment, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia, 3052
| | - A R Rabiee
- Dairy Science Group, Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia 2570; SBScibus, Camden, New South Wales, Australia 2570
| | - I J Lean
- Dairy Science Group, Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia 2570; SBScibus, Camden, New South Wales, Australia 2570
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Van Dung D, Ba NX, Van NH, Phung LD, Ngoan LD, Cuong VC, Yao W. Practice on improving fattening local cattle production in Vietnam by increasing crude protein level in concentrate and concentrate level. Trop Anim Health Prod 2013; 45:1619-26. [PMID: 23619780 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-013-0407-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of crude protein (CP) level in concentrate (experiment 1) and concentrate level (experiment 2) on feed intake, nutrient digestibility, nitrogen (N) retention, ruminal pH and NH3-N concentration and average daily gain (ADG) of Vietnamese local fattening cattle. Animals (24 cattle, initial live weight (LW) 150.3 ± 11.8 kg in experiment 1 and 145.1 ± 9.8 kg in experiment 2) were allotted based on LW to one of four treatments in a randomised complete block design. In experiment 1, concentrate with four levels of CP (10, 13, 16 and 19 %) was fed at 1.5 % of LW. In experiment 2, concentrate was fed at 1.0, 1.4, 1.8 and 2.2 % of LW. In both experiments, roughage was 5 kg/day native grass and ad libitum rice straw (fresh basis). Results showed that the CP level in concentrate significantly affected dry matter (DM) intake (P < 0.05), N retention, ADG and ruminal NH3-N concentration (P < 0.01), but it had no significant effect on DM, organic matter (OM) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) digestibility (P > 0.05), whereas CP digestibility increased (P < 0.001) along with the CP level. DM intake, N retention and ADG increased (P < 0.001) linearly with concentrate intake. DM and CP digestibility were not significantly affected by concentrate intake (P > 0.05). OM digestibility and NH3-N concentration increased linearly (P < 0.05), whereas NDF digestibility and ruminal pH declined linearly with increased concentrate consumption (P < 0.01). These results indicate that 16 % CP in concentrate and feeding concentrate at the rate of 2.2 % of LW are recommendable for fattening local cattle in Vietnam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinh Van Dung
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Aderinboye RY, Onwuka CFI, Arigbede OM, Oduguwa OO, Aina ABJ. Effect of dietary monensin inclusion on performance, nutrient utilisation, rumen volatile fatty acid concentration and blood status of West African dwarf bucks fed with basal diets of forages. Trop Anim Health Prod 2011; 44:1079-87. [PMID: 22201011 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-011-0043-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
This experiment investigated the effect of dietary monensin on performance, nutrient utilisation, rumen volatile fatty acid and blood status in West African dwarf (WAD) goats fed with basal diets of forages. Four concentrate supplements were formulated to include 0 (MO), 15 (M15), 30 (M30) and 45 (M45) mg monensin/kg dry matter. Twenty-four WAD bucks (7.3 ± 1.20 kg initial body weight, aged 9-12 months) were randomly allotted to four experimental diets in a completely randomised design for 90 days, six animals per diet. Results indicated that animals fed M15, M30 and M45 diets had lower (P < 0.01) dry matter and water intake than those fed M0 diet. Crude protein and neutral detergent fibre intakes by the bucks followed similar trend. Animals on M15, M30 and M45 had better (P < 0.001) feed and protein efficiency ratio than those fed M0 diet. Rumen pH and total volatile fatty acid concentration were maintained (P > 0.05) while monensin decreased (P < 0.001) acetate/propionate ratio. Blood glucose increased (P < 0.001) from 59.1 mg/dl in animals on M0 diet to 67.8, 66.0 and 66.3 mg/dl in animals on M15, M30 and M45 diets. Overall, there were no variations among animals on M15, M30 and M45 diets. It is concluded that feeding monensin at 15 to 45 mg/kg DM of supplemental concentrate diets to West African dwarf bucks could be effective in improving feed and protein efficiency, manipulating the rumen for increased propionate production and increasing blood glucose levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronke Yemisi Aderinboye
- Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Livestock Production, University of Agriculture, P M B 2240, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria.
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