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Body Length and Craniometrics of Non-Native Raccoons in Two Regions in Middle Japan during Early Invasion Stages. Animals (Basel) 2022; 13:ani13010055. [PMID: 36611665 PMCID: PMC9817695 DOI: 10.3390/ani13010055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the genetic distribution of introduced raccoons (Procyon lotor) in recent years is well known, few studies have examined their morphometrics, especially the relationships between sex and age in the introduced populations. The aim of this study was to describe the morphological characteristics of raccoons from parts of eastern and western Japan during their early invasion stages, focusing on the relationships between body length and the principal component of craniometrics, with region, sex, age class, body length, and body mass index using a regression model. The body length increased more in males than females and in the older age class, supporting the association with intrasexual selection and competition for food resources. Positive relationships for body length and body mass index were found in craniometric analyses, particularly regarding cranial size components, in addition to age class for both sexes, while cranial size also differed between regions for females. The relationship between body length and craniometrics was inconsistent with that of subspecies originating in North America. Given the sympatric distribution of haplotypes of multiple subspecies without reproductive-isolating barriers in North America and in several introduced areas, hybridization must have occurred prior to the introduction or naturalization of this species.
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Horecka B, Jakubczak A, Ślaska B, Jeżewska-Witkowska G. Raccoon dog ( Nyctereutes procyonoides) phylogeography including the Polish population: local and global aspects. THE EUROPEAN ZOOLOGICAL JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/24750263.2022.2070289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- B. Horecka
- Institute of Biological Basis of Animal Production, Faculty of Animal Science and Bioeconomy, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin
| | - A. Jakubczak
- Institute of Biological Basis of Animal Production, Faculty of Animal Science and Bioeconomy, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin
| | - B. Ślaska
- Institute of Biological Basis of Animal Production, Faculty of Animal Science and Bioeconomy, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin
| | - G. Jeżewska-Witkowska
- Institute of Biological Basis of Animal Production, Faculty of Animal Science and Bioeconomy, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin
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Lehmann L, Stefen C. Study of non-metric characters of the skull to determine the epigenetic variability in populations of the European wildcat (Felis silvestris silvestris) and domestic cats (Felis catus). Mamm Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s42991-021-00119-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AbstractWe studied the variability of non-metric cranial traits, mainly foramina, of European wildcats (Felis silvestris silvestris) and domestic cats (Felis catus) from Germany based on 28 non-metric traits in 211 skulls. The domestic cats were grouped together as a statistical population. The wildcats were divided into two populations: Harz and Hesse, which were further subdivided, based on traffic infrastructure, natural landscape, and in the Harz, on time period. Epigenetic variability, epigenetic distance and the fluctuating asymmetry were calculated to assess genetic variability, possible depressions and population stability. The epigenetic variability Iev of the wildcat groups ranged from 0.27 (Hesse II) to 0.40 (Harz I). The difference in Iev between all specimens from Harz and Hesse respectively was less (Iev = 0.37 Harz and 0.31 Hesse). Compared to other studies these values are not assumed to indicate genetic depression. The epigenetic distance between the wildcat samples is 0.0774 overall, and in each case higher between sub-groups of the Harz and Hesse than between groups within these regions, respectively. The significant epigenetic distance between Harz and Hesse might indicate—at least past formerly—restricted connectivity between these regions. The fluctuating asymmetry for wildcats in total is 11.74% and in the sub-groups it ranges from 8.47 to 16.14%. These values are below 20% are at the lower range known from populations of other mammal species. The use of fluctuating asymmetry had also been discussed critically in its usefulness to assess viability of populations.
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Hong Y, Lee H, Kim KS, Min MS. Phylogenetic relationships between different raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) populations based on four nuclear and Y genes. Genes Genomics 2020; 42:1075-1085. [PMID: 32725576 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-020-00972-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides), endemic to East Asia, is classified as six subspecies according to their geographical distribution including a population introduced to Europe. Studies on phylogenetic relationship or population genetics in both native and introduced areas have been carried out recently. Lately, opinions that Japanese raccoon dogs should be classified as a different species were asserted based on several studies using karyotypes, morphometric characters, mtDNA, and microsatellites analysis. However, no data pertaining to the nuclear DNA (nDNA) or Y chromosome are available. OBJECTIVE To estimate the relationship among the species using different genes is necessary in understanding of the history of this species. METHOD Therefore, we investigated nDNA and Y chromosomes in our study to define relationships: (1) between continental raccoon dog populations, (2) between original and introduced groups, and (3) between continental and Japanese groups. RESULTS The analysis of four nuclear (CHRNA1, VTN, TRSP, WT1) and ZFY genes indicated that there had been no genetic differentiation among the continental populations. However, significant differences were observed between continental and Japanese raccoon dogs in VTN and ZFY genes implying genetic differentiation has been going between them. CONCLUSION To better understand the phylogenetic relationship among raccoon dog populations, further study will be necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- YoonJee Hong
- Conservation Genome Resource Bank for Korean Wildlife (CGRB), Research Institute for Veterinary Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.,Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Hang Lee
- Conservation Genome Resource Bank for Korean Wildlife (CGRB), Research Institute for Veterinary Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Seok Kim
- Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Mi-Sook Min
- Conservation Genome Resource Bank for Korean Wildlife (CGRB), Research Institute for Veterinary Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Zertuche F, Meza-Peñaloza A. A Parametric Bootstrap for the Mean Measure of Divergence. Int J Biostat 2020; 16:/j/ijb.ahead-of-print/ijb-2019-0117/ijb-2019-0117.xml. [PMID: 32187013 DOI: 10.1515/ijb-2019-0117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
For more than 50 years the Mean Measure of Divergence (MMD) has been one of the most prominent tools used in anthropology for the study of non-metric traits. However, one of the problems, in anthropology including palaeoanthropology (more often there), is the lack of big enough samples or the existence of samples without sufficiently measured traits. Since 1969, with the advent of bootstrapping techniques, this issue has been tackled successfully in many different ways. Here, we present a parametric bootstrap technique based on the fact that the transformed θ, obtained from the Anscombe transformation to stabilize the variance, nearly follows a normal distribution with standard deviation $\sigma = 1 / \sqrt{N + 1/2}$σ=1/N+1/2, where N is the size of the measured trait. When the probabilistic distribution is known, parametric procedures offer more powerful results than non-parametric ones. We profit from knowing the probabilistic distribution of θ to develop a parametric bootstrapping method. We explain it carefully with mathematical support. We give examples, both with artificial data and with real ones. Our results show that this parametric bootstrap procedure is a powerful tool to study samples with scarcity of data.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Zertuche
- Unidad Cuernavaca Instituto de Matemáticas, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Avenida Universidad S/N, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, Mexico
| | - A Meza-Peñaloza
- Instituto de Investigaciones Antropologicas, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Distrito Federal Coyoacan, Mexico
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Hong Y, Kim KS, Kimura J, Kauhala K, Voloshina I, Goncharuk MS, Yu L, Zhang YP, Sashika M, Lee H, Min MS. Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of East Asian Raccoon Dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides): Genetic Features in Central and Marginal Populations. Zoolog Sci 2019; 35:249-259. [PMID: 29882500 DOI: 10.2108/zs170140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) is endemic to East Asia but has been introduced in Europe. Its high adaptability enabled its rapid colonization of European countries, where population growth has been raising concerns regarding ecosystem disturbance and the spread of zoonotic diseases. The genetic diversity and structure of endemic, source, and introduced populations from seven locations across South Korea, China, Russian Far East, Finland (spread to Finland after introduction to European part of Russia from Russian Far East), Vietnam, and Japan (Honshu and Hokkaido) were examined based on 16 microsatellite loci. Two major and significantly different (FST = 0.236) genetic clusters were found: continental (South Korean, Chinese, Russian, Finnish, and Vietnamese) and island (Japanese) populations. The continental raccoon dog population comprises three subpopulations (Chinese_Russian_Finnish, South Korean, and Vietnamese) and the Japanese population consists of Honshu and Hokkaido subpopulations. The genetic diversity and geographic structure of raccoon dogs in East Asia has been influenced by natural barriers to gene flow and reveals a typical central-marginal trend in genetic diversity (continental vs. island, and central vs. marginal or source vs. introduced within continental populations). The detected differences between continental and island populations agree with those reported in previous studies that considered these populations as different species.
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Affiliation(s)
- YoonJee Hong
- 1 Conservation Genome Resource Bank for Korean Wildlife (CGRB), Research Institute for Veterinary Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Kyung Seok Kim
- 2 Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Junpei Kimura
- 3 Laboratory of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Kaarina Kauhala
- 4 Luonnonvarakeskus (Luke)/Natural Resources Institute Finland, Itäinen Pitkäkatu 3 A, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Inna Voloshina
- 5 Lazovsky State Nature Reserve, Lazo, Primorsky Krai 692980, Russia
| | - Mikhail S Goncharuk
- 6 Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London NW1 4RY, United Kingdom
| | - Li Yu
- 7 State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Ya-Ping Zhang
- 8 State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, China
| | - Mariko Sashika
- 9 Laboratory of Wildlife Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hang Lee
- 1 Conservation Genome Resource Bank for Korean Wildlife (CGRB), Research Institute for Veterinary Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Mi-Sook Min
- 1 Conservation Genome Resource Bank for Korean Wildlife (CGRB), Research Institute for Veterinary Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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Nørgaard LS, Mikkelsen DMG, Elmeros M, Chriél M, Madsen AB, Nielsen JL, Pertoldi C, Randi E, Fickel J, Brygida S, Ruiz-González A. Population genomics of the raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) in Denmark: insights into invasion history and population development. Biol Invasions 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-017-1385-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Dental polymorphism of the raccoon dog in indigenous and invasive populations: internal and external causation. MAMMAL RES 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s13364-016-0293-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Drygala F, Korablev N, Ansorge H, Fickel J, Isomursu M, Elmeros M, Kowalczyk R, Baltrunaite L, Balciauskas L, Saarma U, Schulze C, Borkenhagen P, Frantz AC. Homogenous Population Genetic Structure of the Non-Native Raccoon Dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) in Europe as a Result of Rapid Population Expansion. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153098. [PMID: 27064784 PMCID: PMC4827816 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The extent of gene flow during the range expansion of non-native species influences the amount of genetic diversity retained in expanding populations. Here, we analyse the population genetic structure of the raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) in north-eastern and central Europe. This invasive species is of management concern because it is highly susceptible to fox rabies and an important secondary host of the virus. We hypothesized that the large number of introduced animals and the species' dispersal capabilities led to high population connectivity and maintenance of genetic diversity throughout the invaded range. We genotyped 332 tissue samples from seven European countries using 16 microsatellite loci. Different algorithms identified three genetic clusters corresponding to Finland, Denmark and a large 'central' population that reached from introduction areas in western Russia to northern Germany. Cluster assignments provided evidence of long-distance dispersal. The results of an Approximate Bayesian Computation analysis supported a scenario of equal effective population sizes among different pre-defined populations in the large central cluster. Our results are in line with strong gene flow and secondary admixture between neighbouring demes leading to reduced genetic structuring, probably a result of its fairly rapid population expansion after introduction. The results presented here are remarkable in the sense that we identified a homogenous genetic cluster inhabiting an area stretching over more than 1500km. They are also relevant for disease management, as in the event of a significant rabies outbreak, there is a great risk of a rapid virus spread among raccoon dog populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Joerns Fickel
- Leibniz-Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW), Berlin, Germany
- Potsdam University, Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Marja Isomursu
- Finnish Food Safety Authority, Production animal and wildlife research unit, Oulu, Finland
| | - Morten Elmeros
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Rønde, Denmark
| | - Rafał Kowalczyk
- Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Białowieża, Poland
| | | | | | - Urmas Saarma
- University of Tartu, Department of Zoology, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Peter Borkenhagen
- Faunistisch-Ökologischen Arbeitsgemeinschaft S-H, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
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PAULAUSKAS A, GRICIUVIENĖ L, RADZIJEVSKAJA J, GEDMINAS V. Genetic characterization of the raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides),an alien species in the Baltic region. TURK J ZOOL 2016. [DOI: 10.3906/zoo-1502-34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Kim SI, Oshida T, Lee H, Min MS, Kimura J. Evolutionary and biogeographical implications of variation in skull morphology of raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides, Mammalia: Carnivora). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sang-In Kim
- Conservation Genome Resource Bank for Korean Wildlife (CGRB) and Research Institute for Veterinary Science; College of Veterinary Medicine; Seoul National University; Seoul 151-742 Korea
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology; College of Veterinary Medicine; Seoul National University; Seoul 151-742 Korea
| | - Tatsuo Oshida
- Laboratory of Wildlife Biology; Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine; Obihiro 080-8555 Japan
| | - Hang Lee
- Conservation Genome Resource Bank for Korean Wildlife (CGRB) and Research Institute for Veterinary Science; College of Veterinary Medicine; Seoul National University; Seoul 151-742 Korea
| | - Mi-Sook Min
- Conservation Genome Resource Bank for Korean Wildlife (CGRB) and Research Institute for Veterinary Science; College of Veterinary Medicine; Seoul National University; Seoul 151-742 Korea
| | - Junpei Kimura
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology; College of Veterinary Medicine; Seoul National University; Seoul 151-742 Korea
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Korablev NP, Korablev MP, Rozhnov VV, Korablev PN. Polymorphism of the mitochondrial DNA control region in the population of raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides Gray, 1834) introduced into the Upper Volga basin. RUSS J GENET+ 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795411100103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Korablev NP, Korablev MP, Korablev PN. Introduction of alien species and microevolution: The European beaver, raccoon dog, and American mink. BIOL BULL+ 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359011020051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Kowalczyk R, Zalewski A. Adaptation to cold and predation—shelter use by invasive raccoon dogs Nyctereutes procyonoides in Białowieża Primeval Forest (Poland). EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10344-010-0406-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Pitra C, Schwarz S, Fickel J. Going west—invasion genetics of the alien raccoon dog Nyctereutes procynoides in Europe. EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s10344-009-0283-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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