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Lo Bianco M, Presti S, Finocchiaro MC, Trobia GL, Sciacca TV, Cucuzza ME, Caudullo E, Calcara G, Ruggieri M, Di Stefano VA. Point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) pediatric resident training course: a cross-sectional survey. Ital J Pediatr 2024; 50:82. [PMID: 38649948 PMCID: PMC11036774 DOI: 10.1186/s13052-024-01652-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) is becoming increasingly crucial in the Pediatric Emergency Department for objective patient examination. However, despite its growing interest and wide-ranging applications, POCUS remains relatively unexplored in general pediatric training and education. Many physicians still find it challenging to comprehend and implement. METHODS A theoretical-practical POCUS course for pediatric residents was conducted at the University of Catania, Italy. The course's effectiveness and practical impact on residents was assessed through a pre-post training survey. The first part of the questionnaire focused on the self-perceived time needed to learn how to recognize the following conditions using POCUS: (i) Pleural effusion (ii) Lung consolidation (iii) Pneumothorax (PNX) (iv) Cardiac contractility (v) Pericardial effusion (vi) Perisplenic effusion (vii) Morison's pouch effusion (viii) Douglas' pouch effusion (ix) Filling and collapsibility of the inferior vena cava. In the second part, we compared the potential role of POCUS in (i) Reducing the use of ionizing radiation in children (ii) Increasing the sense of security in diagnosis and treatment decisions making and (iii) Increasing the residents' confidence level with POCUS after the course on a 1-to-10 rating scale. RESULTS Seventy-two residents participated in the study. The statistical analysis showed significant pre-post differences in almost all the items considered, except for "cardiac contractility" and "PNX". Furthermore, the perceived potential role of POCUS in reducing ionizing radiation usage and the sense of security in diagnosis and treatment decisions showed statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) before and after the course. Data analysis also revealed a consistently high confidence level with POCUS after the course. CONCLUSIONS The results highlight the importance of including a POCUS track course in pediatric post-graduate programs due to its simplicity, rapid learning time, and clinical usefulness. Based on these findings, it would be recommended to increase the teaching hours dedicated to the recognition of pneumothorax and cardiology POCUS examination. Emphasizing POCUS training in pediatric education can enhance patient care and diagnostic accuracy while minimizing radiation exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Lo Bianco
- Postgraduate Training Program in Pediatrics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, via S. Sofia, 78, 95125, Catania, Italy.
| | - Santiago Presti
- Postgraduate Training Program in Pediatrics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, via S. Sofia, 78, 95125, Catania, Italy
| | - Maria Carla Finocchiaro
- Pediatric Unit and Pediatric Emergency, Room of Emergency Hospital Cannizzaro, Via Messina 829, 95126, Catania, Italy
| | - Gian Luca Trobia
- Pediatric Unit and Pediatric Emergency, Room of Emergency Hospital Cannizzaro, Via Messina 829, 95126, Catania, Italy
| | - Tiziana Virginia Sciacca
- Pediatric Unit and Pediatric Emergency, Room of Emergency Hospital Cannizzaro, Via Messina 829, 95126, Catania, Italy
| | - Maria Elena Cucuzza
- Pediatric Unit and Pediatric Emergency, Room of Emergency Hospital Cannizzaro, Via Messina 829, 95126, Catania, Italy
| | - Elia Caudullo
- U.O. Department of Diagnostic for Images, Emergency Hospital Cannizzaro, Via Messina 829, 95126, Catania, Italy
| | - Giacomo Calcara
- U.O.S.D. Diagnostics for Emergency Imaging, Emergency Hospital Cannizzaro, Via Messina 829, 95126, Catania, Italy
| | - Martino Ruggieri
- Unit of Clinical Pediatrics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, A.O.U. "Policlinico", P.O. "G. Rodolico", via S. Sofia, 78, 95125, Catania, Italy.
| | - Vita Antonella Di Stefano
- Pediatric Unit and Pediatric Emergency, Room of Emergency Hospital Cannizzaro, Via Messina 829, 95126, Catania, Italy
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Jordan J, Buckanavage J, Ilgen J, Gottlieb M, Hopson LR, Janicki A, Curato M, Chipman AK, Clarke SO. Oh, the places you'll go! A qualitative study of resident career decisions in emergency medicine. AEM EDUCATION AND TRAINING 2024; 8:e10956. [PMID: 38516256 PMCID: PMC10951628 DOI: 10.1002/aet2.10956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Objectives Postresidency career choices are complex decisions that involve personal, professional, and financial preferences and may be influenced by training programs. It is unknown how residents navigate these decisions during emergency medicine (EM) residency. We explored EM residents' perspectives on career decision making and how residency programs can support career planning. Methods We conducted semistructured interviews at seven accredited EM residency programs from diverse locations and training formats. We used purposive sampling to reflect the diversity of trainees with regard to gender, level of training, and career plans. Two researchers independently coded the transcripts. We used a constructivist-interpretivist paradigm to guide our thematic analysis. Results We interviewed 11 residents and identified major themes in three categories. Residents described being exposed to career options through formalized curricula such as required rotations, career fairs, and subspeciality tracks, highlighting the importance of access to faculty with diverse areas of clinical and academic expertise. Many noted that exposure was often self-driven. We identified three major themes regarding career decisions: instrumental factors, people involved, and processes of decision making. Instrumental factors included personal interests, goals, and values as well as practice characteristics, financial considerations, timing, and opportunity costs. Mentors and family were highly involved in resident career decisions. Residents often utilized reflection and conversations with mentors and peers in their decision-making process. Participants recommended that programs provide exposure to diverse career options early in training, protect time for career education, and ensure adequate mentorship and a supportive community. Participants suggested specific curricular content and strategies to support career decisions. Conclusions This study illuminates important factors involved in resident career decision making and how programs can support their trainees. Essential components include diverse experiences and building a reflective mentorship environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Jordan
- Department of Emergency MedicineDavid Geffen School of Medicine at UCLALos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Jack Buckanavage
- Drexel University College of MedicinePhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Jonathan Ilgen
- Department of Emergency MedicineUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Michael Gottlieb
- Department of Emergency MedicineRush University Medical CenterChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Laura R. Hopson
- Department of Emergency MedicineUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Adam Janicki
- Department of Emergency MedicineUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Mark Curato
- Department of Emergency MedicineWeill Cornell MedicineNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Anne K. Chipman
- Department of Emergency MedicineUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
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du L, Li Y, Wang Z, Zhang G, Chen X, Tian Y, Zhu C, Zhang J, Wu L, Li P, Chen Y, Ji B, Pan S, Zeng J, Chai Y, Mu Y, Zhang M, Ma Y, Lv C, Ma Q. A national survey on current state and development needs of clinical and academic emergency medicine in China. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2024; 24:229. [PMID: 38439054 PMCID: PMC10913662 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-024-05226-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To characterize the current state of emergency medicine (EM) and the requirements for advancing EM clinical practice, education and research in China. METHODS An anonymous electronic survey was conducted by Chinese Society of Emergency Medicine during September to October 2021. The survey contained 30 questions divided into 2 sections: the current state of EM development and the requirements for EM growth. RESULTS 722 hospitals were included, of 487 were Level III and 235 were Level II hospitals. We found that after 40 years of development, EM had established a mature disciplinary system and refined sub-specialties including critical care, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, toxicology, disaster and emergency rescue. In Level III hospitals, 70.8% of EDs were standardized training centers for EM residents, but master's degree program, Doctor Degree program and post-doctoral degree program was approved in only 37.8%, 8.4% and 2.9% of EDs respectively and postgraduate curriculum was available in 1/4 of EDs. Only 8% have national or provincial key laboratories. In addition to advance clinical practice, there was also a high demand to improve teaching and research capacities, mainly focusing on literature review, research design and delivery, paper writing, residency training. CONCLUSIONS EM has built a mature discipline system and refined sub-specialties in China. Teaching and research developed parallel with clinical practice. However, there was still a lack of EM master's and doctoral programs and research capacities need to be improved. More outstanding clinical and academic training should be provided to promote the rapid growth of EM in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanfang du
- Emergency department, Peking university third hospital, 100191, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Li
- Emergency department, Peking university third hospital, 100191, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenjie Wang
- Emergency department, The first affiliated hospital of Bengbu medical college, 233004, Bengbu, China
| | | | - Xiaohui Chen
- Emergency department, Guangzhou medical university, 510260, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingping Tian
- Emergency department, the second hospital of Hebei medical hospital, 050000, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Changju Zhu
- Emergency department, the first affiliated hospital of Zhengzhou university, 450052, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jinsong Zhang
- Emergency department, Jiangsu province hospital, 210029, Nanjing, China
| | - Lidong Wu
- Emergency department, the second affiliated hospital of Nanchang university, 330006, Nanchang, China
| | - Peiwu Li
- Emergency department, Lanzhou university second hospital, 730030, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yuguo Chen
- Emergency Department, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 250012, Jinan, China
| | - Bing Ji
- Emergency Department, First hospital of Shanxi medical university, 030001, Taiyuan, China
| | - Shuming Pan
- Emergency Department, Xinhua hospital, Shanghai jiao tong university school of medicine, 200092, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Zeng
- Emergency Department, Sichuan academy of medical science · Sichuan provincial people' s hospital, 610072, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanfen Chai
- Emergency Department, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 300052, Tianjin, China
| | - Yesai Mu
- Emergency Department, Xinjiang Uiger manucipal people's hospital, 830001, Wulumuqi, China
| | - Mao Zhang
- Emergency Department, The second affiliated hospital Zhejiang university school of medicine, 310009, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu Ma
- Chongqing University Central Hospital, Chongqing Emergency Medical Center, 630014, Chongqing, China
| | - Chuanzhu Lv
- Emergency Department, Sichuan academy of medical science · Sichuan provincial people' s hospital, 610072, Chengdu, China.
| | - Qingbian Ma
- Emergency department, Peking university third hospital, 100191, Beijing, China.
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Haidar DA, Hopson LR, Tucker RV, Huang RD, Koehler J, Theyyunni N, Klekowski N, Fung CM. Staffing Patterns of Non-ACGME Fellowships with 4-Year Residency Programs: A National Survey. West J Emerg Med 2024; 25:175-180. [PMID: 38596914 PMCID: PMC11000558 DOI: 10.5811/westjem.18454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Emergency medicine (EM) is one of few specialties with variable training lengths. Hiring a three-year graduate to continue fellowship training in a department that supports a four-year residency program can lead to conflicts around resident supervision. We sought to understand hiring and clinical supervision, or staffing, patterns of non-Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) fellowships hosted at institutions supporting four-year residency programs. Methods We performed a web-based, cross-sectional survey of non-ACGME fellowship directors (FD) hosted at institutions supporting four-year EM residency programs. We calculated descriptive statistics. Our primary outcome was the proportion of programs with four-year EM residencies that hire non-ACGME fellows graduating from three-year EM residencies. Results Of 119 eligible FDs, 88 (74%) completed the survey. Seventy FDs (80%) indicated that they hire graduates of three-year residencies. Fifty-six (80%) indicated that three-year graduates supervise residents. Most FDs (74%) indicated no additional requirements exist to supervise residents outside of being hired as faculty. The FDs cited department policy, concerns about quality and length of training, and resident complaints as reasons for not hiring three-year graduates. A majority (10/18, 56%) noted that not hiring fellows from three-year programs negatively impacts recruitment and gives them access to a smaller applicant pool. Conclusion Most non-ACGME fellowships at institutions with four-year EM programs recruit three-year graduates and allow them to supervise residents. This survey provides programs information on how comparable fellowships recruit and staff their departments, which may inform policies that fit the needs of their learners, the fellowship, and the department.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Haidar
- University of Michigan, Department of Emergency Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Laura R. Hopson
- University of Michigan, Department of Emergency Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Ryan V. Tucker
- University of Colorado, Department of Emergency Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Rob D. Huang
- University of Michigan, Department of Emergency Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jessica Koehler
- University of Michigan, Department of Emergency Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Nik Theyyunni
- University of Michigan, Department of Emergency Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Nicole Klekowski
- University of Michigan, Department of Emergency Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Christopher M. Fung
- University of Michigan, Department of Emergency Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Schlaepfer CH, Packiam VT, Tracy CR, Takacs EB, Steinberg RL. Current Utilization and Perceptions of Formal Education of Point-of-care Ultrasound in Urology. Urology 2024; 184:8-14. [PMID: 38065312 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2023.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the extent of formal point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) training, current utilization of POCUS, and contemporary perceptions of POCUS amongst urologists. METHODS A survey including questions regarding demographics, prior ultrasound education, current ultrasound utilization in practice/training, perceived optimal POCUS utilization, and the perception of formal ultrasound training was developed. The survey was disseminated to residency program directors (PDs) via the SAU and members of AUA subsection organizations. Data were collected via Redcap. RESULTS A total of 40 PDs and 159 other respondents completed the survey with approximately half (51%) in an academic practice and two-thirds (68%) with more than 10years in practice. PD response rate was 28%, and general response rate was 2%. Among all respondents, 95% (186/196) and 82% (160/194) agreed/strongly agreed formal POCUS training would be worthwhile during and after residency. Among urology residency PDs, 93% (37/40) agreed/strongly agreed that formal POCUS training is worthwhile in residency. The majority of respondents used some form of ultrasound in practice (77%, 154/199). However, only 37% (72/199) of all respondents had prior formal POCUS training, and 19% (5/26) of PDs reported formal training in their programs. Of respondents without formal training, 63% (80/127) reported interest in pursuing formal training. CONCLUSION POCUS is widely utilized in many practices. Yet, most urologists have not participated in formal POCUS training and most programs do not have curricula. Urologists have favorable opinions of the utility, safety, and efficacy of POCUS and desire training.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vignesh T Packiam
- University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Department of Urology, Iowa City, IA
| | - Chad R Tracy
- University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Department of Urology, Iowa City, IA
| | - Elizabeth B Takacs
- University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Department of Urology, Iowa City, IA
| | - Ryan L Steinberg
- University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Department of Urology, Iowa City, IA.
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Gottlieb M, Cooney R, King A, Mannix A, Krzyzaniak S, Jordan J, Shappell E, Fix M. Trends in point-of-care ultrasound use among emergency medicine residency programs over a 10-year period. AEM EDUCATION AND TRAINING 2023; 7:e10853. [PMID: 37008649 PMCID: PMC10061573 DOI: 10.1002/aet2.10853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Background Point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) is increasingly utilized in emergency medicine (EM). While residents are required by the Accreditation Council for General Medical Education to complete a minimum of 150 POCUS examinations before graduation, the distribution of examination types is not well-described. This study sought to assess the number and distribution of POCUS examinations completed during EM residency training and evaluate trends over time. Methods This was a 10-year retrospective review of POCUS examinations across five EM residency programs. The study sites were deliberately selected to represent diversity in program type, program length, and geography. Data from EM residents graduating from 2013 to 2022 were eligible for inclusion. Exclusion criteria were residents in combined training programs, residents who did not complete all training at one institution, and residents who did not have data available. Examination types were identified from the American College of Emergency Physicians guidelines for POCUS. Each site obtained POCUS examination totals for every resident upon graduation. We calculated the mean and 95% confidence interval for each procedure across study years. Results A total of 535 residents were eligible for inclusion, with 524 (97.9%) meeting all inclusion criteria. The mean number of POCUS examinations per resident increased by 46.9% from 277 in 2013 to 407 in 2022. All examination types had stable or increasing frequency. Focused assessment with sonography in trauma (FAST), cardiac, obstetric/gynecologic, and renal/bladder were performed most frequently. Ocular, deep venous thrombosis, musculoskeletal, skin/soft tissue, thoracic, and cardiac examinations had the largest percentage increase in numbers over the 10-year period, while bowel and testicular POCUS remained rare. Conclusions There was an overall increase in the number of POCUS examinations performed by EM residents over the past 10 years, with FAST, cardiac, obstetric/gynecologic, and renal/bladder being the most common examination types. Among less common procedures, increased frequency may be needed to ensure competence and avoid skill decay for those examination types. This information can help inform POCUS training in residency and accreditation requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Gottlieb
- Department of Emergency MedicineRush University Medical CenterChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Robert Cooney
- Department of Emergency MedicineGeisinger Medical CenterDanvillePennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Andrew King
- Department of Emergency MedicineThe Ohio State University Wexner Medical CenterColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Alexandra Mannix
- Department of Emergency MedicineUniversity of Florida College of Medicine–JacksonvilleJacksonvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Sara Krzyzaniak
- Department of Emergency MedicineStanford UniversityPalo AltoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Jaime Jordan
- Department of Emergency MedicineDavid Geffen School of Medicine at UCLALos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Eric Shappell
- Department of Emergency MedicineMassachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Megan Fix
- Department of Emergency MedicineUniversity of Utah HospitalSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
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Schiavon R, Casella F, Cogliati C. Moving forward with point-of-care ultrasound: An (early) educational effort can (also) strengthen research. Eur J Intern Med 2022; 106:54-55. [PMID: 36229284 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2022.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R Schiavon
- Internal Medicine, L. Sacco Hospital, ASST FBF-Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | - F Casella
- Internal Medicine, L. Sacco Hospital, ASST FBF-Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | - C Cogliati
- Internal Medicine, L. Sacco Hospital, ASST FBF-Sacco, Milan, Italy; Department of biochemical and clinical sciences, University of Milan, Italy.
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Haidar DA, Peterson WJ, Minges PG, Carnell J, Nomura JT, Bailitz J, Boyd JS, Leo MM, Liu EL, Duanmu Y, Acuña J, Kessler R, Elegante MF, Nelson M, Liu RB, Lewiss RE, Nagdev A, Huang RD. A consensus list of ultrasound competencies for graduating emergency medicine residents. AEM EDUCATION AND TRAINING 2022; 6:e10817. [PMID: 36425790 PMCID: PMC9677397 DOI: 10.1002/aet2.10817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Emergency ultrasound (EUS) is a critical component of emergency medicine (EM) resident education. Currently, there is no consensus list of competencies for EUS training, and graduating residents have varying levels of skill and comfort. The objective of this study was to define a widely accepted comprehensive list of EUS competencies for graduating EM residents through a modified Delphi method. METHODS We developed a list of EUS applications through a comprehensive literature search, the American College of Emergency Physicians list of core EUS benchmarks, and the Council of Emergency Medicine Residency-Academy of Emergency Ultrasound consensus document. We assembled a multi-institutional expert panel including 15 faculty members from diverse practice environments and geographical regions. The panel voted on the list of competencies through two rounds of a modified Delphi process using a modified Likert scale (1 = not at all important, 5 = very important) to determine levels of agreement for each application-with revisions occurring between the two rounds. High agreement for consensus was set at >80%. RESULTS Fifteen of 15 panelists completed the first-round survey (100%) that included 359 topics related to EUS. After the first round, 195 applications achieved high agreement, four applications achieved medium agreement, and 164 applications achieved low agreement. After the discussion, we removed three questions and added 13 questions. Fifteen of 15 panelists completed the second round of the survey (100%) with 209 of the 369 applications achieving consensus. CONCLUSION Our final list represents expert opinion on EUS competencies for graduating EM residents. We hope to use this consensus list to implement a more consistent EUS curriculum for graduating EM residents and to standardize EUS training across EM residency programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Haidar
- Department of Emergency MedicineMichigan MedicineAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | | | - Patrick G. Minges
- Department of Emergency MedicineUniversity of Cincinnati College of MedicineCincinnatiOhioUSA
| | - Jennifer Carnell
- Department of Emergency MedicineBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Jason T. Nomura
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Medical CollegeThomas Jefferson UniversityPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - John Bailitz
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Feinberg School of MedicineNorthwestern UniversityChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Jeremy S. Boyd
- Department of Emergency MedicineVanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleTennesseeUSA
| | - Megan M. Leo
- Department of Emergency MedicineBoston University School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - E. Liang Liu
- Department of Emergency MedicineEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Youyou Duanmu
- Department of Emergency MedicineStanford University School of MedicinePalo AltoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Josie Acuña
- Department of Emergency MedicineUniversity of ArizonaTucsonArizonaUSA
| | - Ross Kessler
- Department of Emergency MedicineUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Marco F. Elegante
- Department of Emergency MedicineUniversity of Florida College of MedicineGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Mathew Nelson
- Department of Emergency MedicineZucker Northwell School of Medicine, Northwell HealthManhassetNew YorkUSA
| | - Rachel B. Liu
- Department of Emergency MedicineYale School of MedicineNew HavenConnecticutUSA
| | - Resa E. Lewiss
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Medical CollegeThomas Jefferson UniversityPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Arun Nagdev
- Department of Emergency MedicineHighland Hospital, Alameda Health SystemOaklandCaliforniaUSA
| | - Rob D. Huang
- Department of Emergency MedicineUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborMichiganUSA
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