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Akinsulure-Smith AM, Andjembe Etogho EB, Genco SH. Exploring the Role of Traditional Women Society Membership Among West African Immigrant Women Who Have Experienced Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting. Violence Against Women 2024; 30:3372-3398. [PMID: 37350152 DOI: 10.1177/10778012231181046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
This study explores the complex nature of female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) by juxtaposing the mental and sexual health of women who had undergone FGM/C as part of initiation/membership into a traditional women's society (TWS) with those who were also cut but not initiated into a TWS. While considerable differences emerged between TWS members and nonmembers, there was no evidence that TWS membership was protective against the physical and psychological trauma typically ascribed to FGM/C. In fact, the pattern of results would tend to suggest the opposite. Possible explanations for and implications of these findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Simge Huyal Genco
- Department of Psychology, The City College of New York, New York, NY, USA
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Namer E, Shimbre MS, Alagaw A, Guyo TG. Intimate partner violence and associated factors among married adolescent girls and young women in the pastoralist community of South Ethiopia: is intimate partner violence associated with cultural phenomena? Front Public Health 2024; 12:1329699. [PMID: 38584912 PMCID: PMC10995306 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1329699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Violence against women is a major public health problem that affects the physical, sexual, mental, and social wellbeing of more than one-third of all women worldwide. Hence the purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of physical and sexual intimate partner violence (IPV) and associated factors among married adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) belonging to the pastoralist community of Dassenech district, South Omo Zone, South Ethiopia. Methods A community-based cross-sectional survey was conducted among married AGYW in the Dassenech district from March 1, 2022, to April 1, 2022. A multi-stage sampling technique was adopted to select 545 participants. The data were collected using pre-tested and standardized WHO multi-country study tools. A binary logistic regression model was fitted to identify the independent predictors of physical and sexual intimate partner violence. The adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) was used to measure the effect size, and finally, a p-value<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results The prevalence of physical IPV among AGYW belonging to the pastoralist community of Dassenech district was 44.1% (95% confidence interval (CI): 40%, 48%) and that of sexual IPV was 39.3% (95% CI: 35%, 43%). The husband only deciding for the household (AOR = 11.36; 95% CI: 6.97, 18.53), the father performing the Dimi cultural ceremony (AOR = 3.70; 95% CI: 2.22, 6.14), and frequent quarrels (AOR = 2.06; 95% CI: 1.07, 3.99) are significantly associated with physical IPV. Both partners drinking alcohol (AOR = 3.47; 95% CI: 1.94, 6.20), the husband only deciding for the household (AOR = 11.23; 95% CI: 6.91, 18.27), and frequent quarrels (AOR = 2.29; 95% CI: 1.15, 4.56) were factors significantly associated with sexual IPV. Conclusion Physical and sexual intimate partner violence is a significant public health problem in the study area. Therefore, interventional measures to change the attitude of cultural leaders, providing education to married men and women on risky sexual behavior, and empowering women need to be prioritized to prevent the occurrence of this problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ergudo Namer
- School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Mulugeta Shegaze Shimbre
- School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
- School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Amsalu Alagaw
- School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Tamirat Gezahegn Guyo
- Department of Public Health, Arba Minch College of Health Sciences, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
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Reman T, Balligand V, Schoefs B, Feipel V, Bertuit J. Psychological consequences of female genital mutilation: A mixed-method systematic review. SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOTHERAPY 2023; 79:1877. [PMID: 38855076 PMCID: PMC11157632 DOI: 10.4102/sajp.v79i1.1877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Female genital mutilation (FGM/C) defined as 'all procedures that involve partial or total removal of the external female genitalia, or other injury to the female genital organs for non-medical reasons' is a cultural practice having several consequences on women's health. Medical and sexual consequences have been documented, but the link between FGM/C and the development of psychological symptoms is not clearly established. The influence of contextual factors is poorly understood. Objectives To evaluate the psychological impact of FGM/C and how victims experience it. Method A mixed method systematic review was conducted. The inclusion criteria were observational primary studies involving women who had undergone FGM/C and had experienced psychological symptoms. Publication bias was assessed by using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. A configurative strategy that involved a comparison of quantitative and qualitative data was used, followed by an analysis of causal link between FGM/C and induced psychological disorders. Results Fourteen studies were included. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, anxiety and somatisation showed a significantly higher prevalence in women who have experienced FGM/C versus non-mutilated women. Female genital mutilation type II or III were identified as predictors of disorder severity. Qualitative studies showed a significant difference in the perception of FGM/C between immigrant and non-immigrant women, as well as the multidimensional nature of the factors influencing disorders' onsets. Conclusion Our study showed a high association of FGM/C (and its degree of severity) with psychological disorders such as PTSD, depression, anxiety and somatisation. It also illustrates contextual factors, including socio-cultural factors that may influence the intensity of these psychological disorders. Clinical implications It is important for health professionals to be aware of the psychological consequences of FGM/C and the different factors influencing FGM/C perception. Indeed, a feeling of 'Being abnormal' can be awakened among patients because of health professionals' incorrect behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara Reman
- School of Health Sciences (HESAV), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Functional Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussel, Belgium
| | - Valerie Balligand
- Department of Health, Haute Ecole Libre de Bruxelles Ilya Prigogine, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | | | - Veronique Feipel
- Laboratory of Functional Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussel, Belgium
| | - Jeanne Bertuit
- School of Health Sciences (HESAV), Lausanne, Switzerland
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Alidost F, Abbasi M, Ghamsari SR, Pakzad M. Mental Health Disorders in Circumcised Reproductive-age Women, Legal Dimensions and Prevention Strategies: A Narrative Review. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE GINECOLOGIA E OBSTETRÍCIA 2023; 45:281-288. [PMID: 37339648 PMCID: PMC10281771 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1770130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) can affect women's lives through various physical, psychological, social and even sexual mechanisms. According to the World Health Organization guidelines for managing the health effects of FGM/C, further research into its psychological effects and preventative measures is required. In this study, a comprehensive review of the mental health consequences of circumcised women of reproductive age has been conducted with a special focus on providing preventive solutions. METHODS A comprehensive search of the Web of Science, PubMed(MEDLINE), Proquest, Scopus and Google scholar was carried outfrom 2000 to 2022. The second stage of search was conducted in grey literature. To facilitate a systematic approach to search the literature, the PECO framework, was adopted. RESULTS The result of this narrative review study showed that, the most common mental health disorder in reproductive age circumcised women were depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder. Some studies found a significant relationship between parents' education level and circumcised girls, so that parents of the circumcised women had a low level of education. Two studies considered religious beliefs, tradition, cleanness, sexual desire control and virginity as the reasons for FGM/C. CONCLUSION All forms of FGM/C may be harmful to one's health. Women, who have undergone widespread forms of circumcision, are more likely to develop mental disorders. As the psychosocial effects of circumcision can affect the sexual experience of circumcised women, addressing this issue, emphasizing its legal aspects, and providing preventative solutions can improve physical, mental, social, and even sexual health in circumcised women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzane Alidost
- Midwifery and Reproductive Department, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Abbasi
- Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mona Pakzad
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Lien IL. Religion, Health, and Life Satisfaction Among Somali and Gambian Women in Norway. JOURNAL OF RELIGION AND HEALTH 2022; 61:2975-2991. [PMID: 35478306 PMCID: PMC9045022 DOI: 10.1007/s10943-022-01561-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This article describes and analyses the religious justifications for the life satisfaction reported by two groups of Muslim women. Approximately, twenty Somali women and twenty Gambian women, living in Norway, who had experienced trauma and pain due to female genital mutilation/cutting as well as other traumas and hardships, were interviewed. While the Somali women adhere to conservative Islam and try to cope with their life through endurance and patience, the Gambians belong to a Sufi tradition and verbalise their dissatisfaction in order to receive help from Sufi saints. Therefore, there are two religious codes, here called emotionologies, within the Muslim tradition that have different impacts on the expression of life satisfaction and women's ways of coping with pain and suffering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inger-Lise Lien
- Section for Trauma Catastrophes and Forced Migration - Adults and the Elderly, Norwegian Centre for Violence and Traumatic Stress Studies, Gullhaugveien 1-3, 0484, Oslo, Norway.
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Tordrup D, Bishop C, Green N, Petzold M, Vallejo FR, Vogel JP, Pallitto C. Economic burden of female genital mutilation in 27 high-prevalence countries. BMJ Glob Health 2022; 7:e004512. [PMID: 35105556 PMCID: PMC8744099 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2020-004512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Female genital mutilation (FGM) is a traditional harmful practice affecting 200 million women and girls globally. Health complications of FGM occur immediately and over time, and are associated with healthcare costs that are poorly understood. Quantifying the global FGM-related burden is essential for supporting programmes and policies for prevention and mitigation. METHODS Health complications of FGM are derived from a meta-analysis and stratified by acute, uro-gynaecological, obstetric and psychological/sexual. Treatment costs are calculated from national cohort models of 27 high-burden countries over 30 years. Savings associated with full/partial abandonment are compared with a current incidence reference scenario, assuming no changes in FGM practices. RESULTS Our model projects an increasing burden of FGM due to population growth. As a reference scenario assuming no change in practices, prevalent cases in 27 countries will rise from 119.4 million (2018) to 205.8 million (2047). Full abandonment could reduce this to 80.0 million (2047), while partial abandonment is insufficient to reduce cases. Current incidence economic burden is US$1.4 billion/year, rising to US$2.1 billion/year in 2047. Full abandonment would reduce the future burden to US$0.8 billion/year by 2047. CONCLUSION FGM is a human rights violation, a public health issue and a substantial economic burden that can be avoided through effective prevention strategies. While decreasing trends are observed in some countries, these trends are variable and not consistently observed across settings. Additional resources are needed to prevent FGM to avoid human suffering and growing costs. The findings of this study warrant increased political commitment and investment in the abandonment of FGM.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Tordrup
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Pharmaceutical Policy and Regulation, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Triangulate Health Ltd, Doncaster, UK
| | | | | | - Max Petzold
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Joshua P Vogel
- Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health Program, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christina Pallitto
- UNDP/UNFPA/UNICEF/WHO/World Bank Special Programme of Research, Development and ResearchTraining in Human Reproduction (HRP), Department of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
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Clinical Features Associated with Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting: A Pilot Longitudinal Study. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9082340. [PMID: 32707951 PMCID: PMC7463820 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9082340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) is associated with physical and psychological complications. However, there is scarce literature on how women with FGM/C respond to treatment interventions. (2) Methods: In the present pilot longitudinal study, we assessed changes in general psychopathology (Symptom Check List-90-R), sexual functioning and distress (Female Sexual Function Index, Female Sexual Distress Scale-Revised, and Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) female sexual dysfunction criteria), body image (Body Shape Questionnaire), and sexual body image (Female Genital Self-Image Scale) in a sample of n = 15 women with FGM/C before and after reconstructive surgery. (3) Results: Sexual distress was significantly improved following surgery. We also observed an improvement in general psychopathology and genital self-image. However, sexual function was not improved. (4) Conclusions: These results provide evidence for the benefits of reconstructive surgery on sexual distress in women with FGM/C. The impact of surgery on sexual function cannot be conclusively evaluated.
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Abdalla SM, Galea S. Is female genital mutilation/cutting associated with adverse mental health consequences? A systematic review of the evidence. BMJ Glob Health 2019; 4:e001553. [PMID: 31406589 PMCID: PMC6666816 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2019-001553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The adverse physical consequences of female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) have been thoroughly investigated and documented. Yet, we know little about the adverse mental health consequences of the practice. To fill this research gap, we systematically reviewed studies that assessed any adverse mental health consequences related to FGM/C. Methods We searched four databases from inception to 21 December 2018. We then reviewed all titles and abstracts for relevant studies. We used the National Institutes of Health quality assessment tool to appraise the quality of each study and the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale to rate the risk of bias within studies. Results We included 16 studies in this review; only six studies examined the association between FGM/C and adverse mental health outcomes as the sole research question. Among the included studies, 10 were conducted at the participants’ country of origin. The sample size of the populations studied ranged from 3 to 4800 participants. Only one study received a rating of ‘good’ methodological quality. Fourteen of the 16 studies reported an association between FGM/C and at least adverse mental health outcome. These included eight studies that reported a higher burden of adverse mental health outcomes among women who underwent FGM compared with women who did not undergo FGM/C. Four studies reported a correlation between the severity of FGM/C and the severity of adverse mental health outcomes. Conclusion This systematic review documents an association between FGM/C and adverse mental health outcomes. Importantly, our review demonstrates the need for more rigorous research on the topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma M Abdalla
- Epidemology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sandro Galea
- Epidemology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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DANESHKHAH F, ALLAHVERDIPOUR H, JAHANGIRI L, ANDREEVA T. Sexual Function, Mental Well-being and Quality of Life among Kurdish Circumcised Women in Iran. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 46:1265-1274. [PMID: 29026793 PMCID: PMC5632329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Female genital mutilation is an intentional inhumane procedure that threatens girls and women's health. It is especially widespread in developing countries due to cultural, traditional and religious preferences. The aim of the current study was to investigate how circumcision affects women's sexual function. METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted in the urban and rural area of Piranshahr County, Iran, in 2015 among convenience samples of 200 women, 15-49 yr old, who were applying to health care centers for receiving routine health care services. Data collection was conducted with the use of a self-administered written questionnaire to assess female sexual function, mental well-being, and quality of life. RESULTS Significant differences were found between circumcised and non-circumcised women in total score of female sexual function index (FSFI) in domains of desire, arousal, vaginal moisture, orgasm, satisfaction, and pain [(P<0.001), MD(95%CI)=5.64(3.64 to 7.64)] and based on Hotelling's T-square, significant differences were found in dimensions of quality of life and FSFI. CONCLUSION The revealed sexual dysfunction among mutilated women gives ground to require that public health systems take actions aimed at implementing special sexual education program to improve sexual functions of mutilated women and changing beliefs and social norms in the community level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh DANESHKHAH
- Dept. of Health Education & Promotion, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hamid ALLAHVERDIPOUR
- Dept. of Health Education & Promotion, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran, Clinical Psychiatry Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran,Corresponding Author:
| | - Leila JAHANGIRI
- Dept. of Health Education & Promotion, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Tatiana ANDREEVA
- School of Public Health, National University of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy, Kiev, Ukraine
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Sooky Z, Keramat A, Sharifi K, Dehghani M, Tagharrobi Z, Taebi M, Sadat Z. Investigating happiness and its related factors in married women referred to health centers of shahroud city. IRANIAN RED CRESCENT MEDICAL JOURNAL 2015; 16:e22211. [PMID: 25593738 PMCID: PMC4270650 DOI: 10.5812/ircmj.22211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 08/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Happiness is one of the most important factors affecting women's mental health. Several factors contribute to happiness in different societies. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate the level of happiness in married women and its related factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS This was a cross-sectional study with stratified sampling proportional to different age groups of married women in selected health centers (based on socioeconomic status). Subjects were 379 married women. The Oxford Happiness Inventory (scale: 0-87) was used to measure happiness. The Enrich Marital Satisfaction Inventory including 47 questions (scale: 47-235) and demographic information questionnaires were also used. Descriptive statistics, correlation, T-test, One-way ANOVA and Regression were used to analyze data. RESULTS The mean of happiness was 45.11 ± 14.40. Marital satisfaction was 164.68 ± 28.33 and 64% of the participants had a relative marital satisfaction. Univariate analysis of happiness showed significant effects of husband and wife education, husband job, economic status, stress in past six months, marital satisfaction and having social activates, but was not statistically significant for other factors (P < 0.05). Adjusting for the confounding effect of other variables, multiple linear regressions showed significant association of happiness with marital satisfaction, economic status and social activity. CONCLUSIONS Regarding lower level of happiness of married women in Shahroud comparing to some other studies in Iran and abroad, leisure time programs, training life skills especially stress management skills, increasing marital satisfaction and improving economic status should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Sooky
- Student Research Committee, Department of Reproductive Health, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, IR Iran
| | - Afsaneh Keramat
- Department of Reproductive Health, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, IR Iran
- Corresponding Author: Afsaneh Keramat, Reproductive Health Department, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, IR Iran. Tel: +98-2332395054, Fax: +98-2332394800,, E-mail:
| | - Khadijeh Sharifi
- Department of Nursing, Nursing and Midwifery Faculty, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, IR Iran
| | - Mohsen Dehghani
- Department of Epidemiology, Medical Faculty, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, IR Iran
| | - Zahra Tagharrobi
- Department of Nursing, Nursing and Midwifery Faculty, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, IR Iran
| | - Mahboubeh Taebi
- Department of Midwifery, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, IR Iran
| | - Zohreh Sadat
- Trauma Nursing Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, IR Iran
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Peltzer K, Pengpid S. Female genital mutilation and intimate partner violence in the Ivory Coast. BMC WOMENS HEALTH 2014; 14:13. [PMID: 24451017 PMCID: PMC3900257 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6874-14-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Serious forms of violence against women include Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) and Intimate Partner Violence (IPV). The aim of this study was to determine if FGM is associated with IPV, using data obtained from the Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) 2012 in Ivory Coast. Methods Participants for this study were drawn from the 2011-12 Ivory Coast Demographic and Health Survey (CDHS), a nationally representative sample of 10060 women aged 15 to 49 years. The analysis of this paper is restricted to the sample of women who responded to the FGM and domestic violence modules (N = 5005). Results The lifetime prevalence of physical violence was 24.8%, sexual violence, 5.7%, and emotional violence, 19.0%, and the prevalence of any lifetime IPV was 32.1%. In all, 40.6% reported female genital cutting or mutilation (FGM). Women reporting FGM were two times as likely to experience sexual IPV (AOR: 1.96, CI: 1.29-2.98), while other subtypes of IPV were higher in women reporting FGM but they were not significant. Of the socio-demographic covariates, urban residence and having a primary education were associated with most subtypes of IPV, while being a Muslim seemed protective from any type, sexual and emotional IPV. Having seen the father beating the mother was positively associated with most IPV subtypes, and having been diagnosed with a sexually transmitted infection (STI) in the previous 12 months was associated with physical and sexual IPV. Conclusion Significant rates of FGM and IPV were found among this sample of Ivorian women calling for the need for multiple strategies to reduce FGM and IPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Peltzer
- ASEAN Institute for Health Development, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phutthamonthon 73170, Thailand.
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