Combined Effects of Wheat Sprout and Isolated Soy Protein on Quality Properties of Breakfast Sausage

Effect of Hanwoo Crust on the Physicochemical Properties of Emulsion-Type Sausages

This study aimed to investigate the effects of Hanwoo crust, inedible surface layer formed during dry aging, on the physicochemical properties of emulsion-type sausages. Sausage samples were prepared with various amounts of Hanwoo crust—0% (i.e., control), 1%, 2%, and 3%. The physicochemical properties studied included the proximate composition, pH, color, water holding capacity (WHC), cooking yield (CY), and viscosity. Texture profile analysis (TPA) and sensory evaluation were also carried out. Protein, fat, and ash contents of the Hanwoo crust-treated samples were found to be significantly higher than those of the control (p<0.05). Moreover, the CIE b* value of cooked sausage with Hanwoo crust treatments was significantly lower than that of the control (p<0.05). The CIE L* value of uncooked and cooked samples with 3% Hanwoo crust was significantly lower than that of the control (p<0.05). In contrast, the CIE a* value of uncooked and cooked samples with 3% Hanwoo crust was significantly higher than that of the control (p<0.05). The viscosity of the uncooked samples increased with increasing Hanwoo crust content. Samples containing 3% Hanwoo crust exhibited significantly higher WHC and CY than the control (p<0.05). In the TPA, samples containing 2% and 3% Hanwoo crust showed significantly higher hardness, gumminess, and chewiness than the control (p<0.05). Overall, the sensory properties of Hanwoo crust treatments were significantly better than those of the control (p<0.05). In conclusion, adding 3% Hanwoo crust to emulsion-type sausage leads to optimal physicochemical properties.

Quality properties of whole milk powder on chicken breast emulsion-type sausage

The aim of the study was to determine the effect of whole milk powder (WMP) as heterologous proteins on chicken breast emulsion-type sausages. The quality properties of WMP on such chicken breast emulsion-type sausages were investigated by measuring the proximate composition, pH, color, cooking yield, protein solubility, and by applying other methods, such as texture profile analysis (TPA), microphotograph, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), and electronic nose. The crude fat, protein, and ash contents of 15% WMP samples were significantly higher than the control samples (p < 0.05). The redness of the cooked samples significantly increased with an increase in the WMP contents (p < 0.05). The cooking yield of WMP treated samples was significantly higher than the control sample (p < 0.05). Additionally, the hardness, gumminess, and chewiness of WMP treated samples were significantly higher than the control sample (p < 0.05). The sarcoplasmic and myofibrillar proteins of samples containing 15% WMP were significantly higher than the control samples (p < 0.05). The result of SDS-PAGE showed that the C protein, sarcoplasmic protein, actin, and tropomyosin increased with an increase in the WMP contents. The principal component analysis plot of WMP-treated samples was clearly different from that of the control samples. Based on these results, it was predicted that WMP could be useful as heterologous protein on emulsion-type sausage.

Effects of non-meat proteins on the quality of fermented sausages

Introduction. Non-meat proteins are widely used in meat processing. In our study, we analyzed the effects of whey and soy protein isolates on the physicochemical and sensory properties of domestic fermented sausage. Study objects and methods. Five groups of sausages were traditionally fermented under industrial conditions. The sausage group without the additives was labelled the control, while other sausages were manufactured with the addition of 0.5% and 1.5% protein isolates of whey and soybean. Using a quantitative descriptive test, we assessed the sensory characteristics of the sausages and instrumentally determined their color, hardness, water activity (aw), and pH. Results and discussion. The proteins added to fermented sausages improved emulsification, texture, as well as water and fat binding capacity, which was confirmed by the results for hardness. Using a 0.5% soy protein isolate resulted in a firmer product. The additives had a minor effect on the color: the samples with the additives had a slightly lower L* value, and those with a soy protein had higher yellowness (b*). Conclusion. Using the additives did not have a significant effect on the chemical composition and overall sensory quality of all tested samples (P > 0.05).

Effects of hydrocolloids on the quality characteristics of cold-cut duck meat jelly

In this study, we examined the effects of various hydrocolloid (alginate, carrageenan, and konjac) treatments on the quality characteristics of cold-cut duck meat jelly. Seven different types of cold-cut duck meat jelly were prepared: control, without hydrocolloids; T1, 0.5% alginate; T2, 0.5% carrageenan; T3, 0.5% konjac; T4, 0.25% alginate + 0.25% carrageenan; T5, 0.25% carrageen + 0.25% konjac; and T6, 0.25% alginate + 0.25% konjac. The pH and moisture content of the cold-cut duck meat jelly with hydrocolloids was higher (p < 0.05) than that of the control. The highest lightness value was recorded for T4 and T6 (p < 0.05), and the hardness was lower (p < 0.05) in the meat jelly with hydrocolloids than in the control, except for T2 and T5. The springiness of the meat jelly was the highest (p < 0.05) in T1 and T4. The onset, peak, and end temperatures were the lowest (p < 0.05) in the control. The highest appearance score of the meat jelly was observed in T6, and its overall acceptability was higher (p < 0.05) than that of the control, indicating that, of all the treatments, 0.25% alginate + 0.25% konjac yielded the most desirable results. Thus, the combined use of duck skin and gelatin with alginate and konjac is potentially applicable for the development of new cold-cut duck meat products.

Combination effects of nitrite from fermented spinach and sodium nitrite on quality characteristics of cured pork loin

Objective

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of fermented spinach derived nitrite and sodium nitrite on cured pork loin.

Methods

The following treatments were prepared using brine (8% [w/v] salt): Control (−), no nitrite added; Control (+), 0.08% (w/v) sodium nitrite brine; T1, 0.04% (w/v) nitrite fermented spinach juice in 0.04% (w/v) sodium nitrite brine; T2, spinach juice in 0.04% (w/v) sodium nitrite brine; T3, 0.04% (w/v) nitrite fermented spinach juice used as sodium nitrite free brine; and T4, spinach juice used as sodium nitrite free brine. T2 and T4 were incubated to allow to reduce nitrate to nitrite.

Results

Spinach juice did not affect cooking loss and pH but negatively influenced flavor and overall acceptability (p<0.05). T1 samples containing synthetic and natural nitrites showed the highest redness values. Spinach juice negatively affected volatile basic nitrogen; however, thiobarbituric acid reactive substance values of T1 and T3 were similar to those of controls (+) (p>0.05). Residual nitrite content decreased with decreasing synthetic nitrite levels. T1 and control samples showed no significant differences in overall acceptability (p>0.05).

Conclusion

Thus, combined synthetic and natural nitrites improved the quality of cured pork loin.

Effect of hydrocolloids on the quality of restructured hams with duck skin

We investigated the quality of duck ham restructured with various hydrocolloids (Alginic acid, Konjac, Carrageenan) on proximate composition, cooking loss, emulsion stability, pH, color, texture profile analysis (TPA), protein solubility, sensory characteristics, and apparent viscosity. Restructured duck ham was prepared as follows: control with no hydrocolloids, T1 (Alginate 1%), T2 (Alginate 0.5% + Konjac 0.5%), T3 (Alginate 0.7% + Konjac 0.3%), T4 (Alginate 0.5% + Carrageenan 0.5%), and T5 (Alginate 0.7% + Carrageenan 0.3%). The restructured duck hams with hydrocolloids had higher value for moisture content, ash content, and apparent viscosity than the control (P < 0.05). The cooking loss, total expressible fluid and fat separation, redness, hardness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness of restructured duck hams with hydrocolloids was lower than those of the control (P < 0.05). The sensory score for overall acceptability of restructured duck ham with T1 (1% alginate) and T2 (0.5% alginate + 0.5% konjac) was higher than that of the control (P < 0.05). Thus, this study showed that adding 1% alginate or 0.5% alginate + 0.5% konjac in restructured duck ham formulations results in optimized quality characteristics.

Effects of konjac gel with vegetable powders as fat replacers in frankfurter-type sausage

Objective

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether addition of konjac gel with three different vegetable powders can increase quality of low-fat frankfurter-type sausage.

Methods

Low-fat frankfurter-type sausages were manufactured with formulations containing konjac gel and three vegetable powders (aloe vera, cactus pear, or wheat sprout) as pork fat replacers. The formulations of frankfurters were as follows: NF (normal-fat; 20% pork fat), LF (low-fat; 10% pork fat), KG (low-fat; 10% pork fat+10% konjac gel), and konjac gel with three vegetable powders (KV), such as KV-AV (10% pork fat+10% konjac gel with aloe vera), KV-CP (10% pork fat+10% konjac gel with cactus pear), and KV-WS (10% pork fat+10% konjac gel with wheat sprout). Proximate analysis, pH value, color evaluation, cooking loss, water-holding capacity, emulsion stability, apparent viscosity, texture profile analysis, and sensory evaluation were determined.

Results

The konjac gel containing groups showed lower fat content (p<0.05) and higher moisture content than NF group (p<0.05). The pH value of frankfurters was decreased in three KV groups (p<0.05). The three KV groups had increased dark color (p<0.05) compared with KG, and KV-CP had the highest redness (p<0.05). The water-holding capacity and emulsion stability were higher in the three KV groups than KG and LF (p<0.05). Cooking loss was generally decreased in the three KV groups, compared with KG (p<0.05). The apparent viscosity of KV groups was similar with NF group and overall texture properties were improved in KV-CP. In the sensory evaluation, the highest overall acceptability was found in KV-CP groups (p<0.05).

Conclusion

The four fat replacers improved physicochemical properties of low-fat frankfurters. Particularly, konjac gel with cactus pear powder seems more acceptable as a pork fat replacer.

Distribution of Microorganisms in Cheongyang Red Pepper Sausage and Effect of Central Temperature on Quality Characteristics of Sausage

The objective of this study was to provide preliminary data for food industry by investigating the distribution of microorganisms in raw materials and sausage examining the effect of heating temperature on sausage quality. Total microbes in sausage ranged 2.21–3.11 Log CFU/g. Bacillus pumilus, B. licheniformis, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, and Enterococcus faecalis were detected on sausage. Total microbes in raw materials was 1.59–7.16 Log CFU/g. Different types of microorganisms were found depending on raw materials, with B. pumilus and B. subtilis were being detected in both raw materials and sausage. Total microbes in sausage after heating was in the range of 1.10–2.22 Log CFU/g, showing the trend of decrease in total microbe with increasing heating temperature, although the decrease was not significant. With increasing heating temperature, pH and hardness were also increased. The yield of sausage manufactured at 85°C was 95.42% while that manufactured at 65°C was 96.67%. Therefore, decreasing heating temperature during sausage production might increase yield and save energy without microbiological effect.