Effect of Ground Chopi (Zanthoxylum piperitum) on Physicochemical Traits and Microbial Community of Chicken Summer Sausage during Manufacture

Changes in the Microbial Community of the Mottled Skate (Beringraja pulchra) During Alkaline Fermentation

Beringraja pulchra, Cham-hong-eo in Korean, is a mottled skate which is belonging to the cartilaginous fish. Although this species is economically valuable in South Korea as an alkalinefermented food, there are few microbial studies on such fermentation. Here, we analyzed microbial changes and pH before, during, and after fermentation and examined the effect of inoculation by a skin microbiota mixture on the skate fermentation (control vs. treatment). To analyze microbial community, the V4 regions of bacterial 16S rRNA genes from the skates were amplified, sequenced and analyzed. During the skate fermentation, pH and total number of marine bacteria increased in both groups, while microbial diversity decreased after fermentation. Pseudomonas, which was predominant in the initial skate, declined by fermentation (Day 0: 11.39 ± 5.52%; Day 20: 0.61 ± 0.9%), while the abundance of Pseudoalteromonas increased dramatically (Day 0: 1.42 ± 0.41%; Day 20: 64.92 ± 24.15%). From our co-occurrence analysis, the Pseudoalteromonas was positively correlated with Aerococcaceae (r = 0.638) and Moraxella (r = 0.474), which also increased with fermentation, and negatively correlated with Pseudomonas (r = -0.847) during fermentation. There are no critically significant differences between control and treatment. These results revealed that the alkaline fermentation of skates dramatically changed the microbiota, but the initial inoculation by a skin microbiota mixture didn't show critical changes in the final microbial community. Our results extended understanding of microbial interactions and provided the new insights of microbial changes during alkaline fermentation.

Potential of Fatty Oils from Traditional Chinese Medicine in Cancer Therapy: A Review for Phytochemical, Pharmacological and Clinical Studies

Cancer management is a worldwide challenge. In addition to effective cancer therapies like chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgery, treatment based on traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and combined TCM with western medicine has gradually gained attention in Oriental countries. One potential TCM approach using extracted fatty oils, containing fatty acids which are important active ingredients with a variety of pharmacological activities, makes significant contributions to cancer treatment. The strategies of treating cancer with the fatty oils of TCM were classified into “Fuzheng”, which usually associates with improving immunity, represented by coix seed oil. The other classification is “Quxie”, which relates to inducing apoptosis of cancer cells, and is represented by Brucea javanica oil. Compared with other active substances, the literature about anticancer fatty oils is relatively limited, and most of them focus on the composition and other biological activities without a systematic review. Therefore, based on the theories of “Fuzheng” and “Quxie” in TCM, in this paper, the anticancer effects of fatty oils have been reviewed. The chemical composition, anticancer mechanism, listed drugs, studying dosage form and clinical application of fatty oils have also been discussed. In summary, since there are different types and abundance of fatty oils among botanicals, anticancer effects of fatty oils can be achieved through two TCM theory-based strategies. We hoped that this review paper can reveal the anticancer potential of fatty oils and provide a reference for future related studies.

Experimental investigation of the strong stability, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effect and high bioabsorbability of a perilla oil or linseed oil nanoemulsion system

Perilla oil (PO) and linseed oil (LO) are very rich in nutrients and have great potential market value. Using the Cremophor RH40-Span80 preparation system to make a perilla oil nanoemulsion (PON) or linseed oil nanoemulsion (LON) can improve the bioavailability and stability of these oils. The effect of different reaction conditions on the stability of the emulsion was investigated. The results showed that the PON and LON have good stability at pH ≥ 7, different storage temperatures (4 °C, 25 °C, 37 °C and 55 °C) and different NaCl concentrations (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 M). Meanwhile, it was found that the content of the lipid peroxidation product malondialdehyde (MDA) in the nanoemulsion did not change significantly over 7 days, further demonstrating the stability of the nanoemulsion. Through anti-inflammatory and antibacterial tests, it was found that the PON and LON have an effective inhibitory effect on inflammation; moreover, the PON inhibits the growth of Escherichia coli, Salmonella enteritidis and Pseudomonas tolaasii, and the LON has an inhibitory effect on Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas tolaasii (inhibition zone > 10 mm). In addition, we found that there were no pathological differences in the heart, liver, spleen and kidney of Kunming mice between the PO and PON groups and the LO and LON groups. Furthermore, after intraperitoneal injection of P 407 into mice, the comparison between PON and PO and between LON and LO showed that the blood lipid levels of the mice in the PON and LON treatment groups increased, indicating that the absorption capacity of the small intestine of the mice for the PON and LON was enhanced. Therefore, the preparation of the PON and LON has good development prospects and opens up opportunities in the development of the food industry.

Strong stability, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory effect and high bioabsorbability of a perilla oil or linseed oil nanoemulsion system.