Pathology of Asbestosis: An Update of the Diagnostic Criteria Response to a Critique

Experimental Models of Pulmonary Fibrosis and their Translational Potential

Pulmonary fibrosis, represented mainly by idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, develops chronic and progressive changes in lung parenchyma with high mortality and limited therapeutic options. The aim of this review was to summarize the most common experimental models used in the research of pulmonary fibrosis. Lung damage associated with development of pulmonary fibrosis can be caused by irradiation or by instillation of bleomycin, fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), silicon dioxide (silica), asbestos, etc. This article reviews the characteristics of the most frequently used animal models of fibrosis, including the limitations of their use. Although none of the used animal models resembles completely the changes in human pulmonary fibrosis, similarities between them allow preclinical testing of novel treatment approaches or their combinations in the laboratory conditions before their use in the clinical practice.

Iron addiction with ferroptosis-resistance in asbestos-induced mesothelial carcinogenesis: Toward the era of mesothelioma prevention

Cancer is the primary cause of human mortality in most countries. This tendency has increased as various medical therapeutics have advanced, which suggests that we cannot escape carcinogenesis, although the final outcome may be modified by exposomes and statistics. Cancer is classified by its cellular differentiation. Mesothelial cells are distinct in that they line somatic cavities, facilitating the smooth movement of organs, but are not exposed to the external environment. Malignant mesothelioma, or simply mesothelioma, develops either in the pleural, peritoneal or pericardial cavities, or in the tunica vaginalis testes. Mesothelioma has been a relatively rare cancer but is socially important due to its association with asbestos exposure, caused by modern industrial development. The major pathogenic mechanisms include oxidative stress either via catalytic reactions against the asbestos surface or frustrated phagocytosis of macrophages, and specific adsorption of hemoglobin and histones by asbestos fibers in the presence of phagocytic activity of mesothelial cells. Multiwall carbon nanotubes of ~50 nm-diameter, additionally adsorbing transferrin, are similarly carcinogenic to mesothelial cells in rodents and were thus classified as Group 2B carcinogens. Genetic alterations found in human and rat mesothelioma notably contain changes found in other excess iron-induced carcinogenesis models. Phlebotomy and iron chelation therapies have been successful in the prevention of mesothelioma in rats. Alternatively, loading of oxidative stress by non-thermal plasma to mesothelioma cells causes ferroptosis. Therefore, carcinogenesis by foreign fibrous inorganic materials may overlap the uncovered molecular mechanisms of birth of life and its evolution.

Transbronchial lung cryobiopsy: a novel confirmatory tool to diagnose asbestos-related pulmonary fibrosis

Asbestosis is diagnosed with a combination of historical, clinical and radiological findings in the absence of another cause. Histology is required when uncertainty exists, with lung biopsy via VATs being gold standard. Transbronchial cryobiopsy is becoming increasingly popular for diagnosing interstitial lung disease and may provide sufficient lung sample to demonstrate asbestosis. A 73 year old man presented with dyspnoea on a background of rheumatoid arthritis, previous methotrexate use and asbestos exposure. Examination revealed fine crackles in the mid and lower zones bilaterally without signs of pulmonary hypertension. The presence of pleural plaques and basal interstitial reticulation on HRCT was suggestive of asbestosis but histology was required to differentiate this from rheumatoid or methotrexate associated ILD. Samples of lung tissue were obtained via transbronchial cryobiopsy, demonstrating fibrosis and asbestos fibres consistent with asbestosis. Transbronchial cryobiopsy appears effective in obtaining sufficient parenchymal lung samples to diagnose asbestosis when clinical uncertainty exists.

Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) microanalysis: A powerful tool in biomedical research and diagnosis

The Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) microanalysis is a technique of elemental analysis associated to electron microscopy based on the generation of characteristic Xrays that reveals the presence of elements present in the specimens. The EDX microanalysis is used in different biomedical fields by many researchers and clinicians. Nevertheless, most of the scientific community is not fully aware of its possible applications. The spectrum of EDX microanalysis contains both semi-qualitative and semi-quantitative information. EDX technique is made useful in the study of drugs, such as in the study of drugs delivery in which the EDX is an important tool to detect nanoparticles (generally, used to improve the therapeutic performance of some chemotherapeutic agents). EDX is also used in the study of environmental pollution and in the characterization of mineral bioaccumulated in the tissues. In conclusion, the EDX can be considered as a useful tool in all works that require element determination, endogenous or exogenous, in the tissue, cell or any other sample.

Exploring Animal Models That Resemble Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis

Large multicenter clinical trials have led to two recently approved drugs for patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF); yet, both of these therapies only slow disease progression and do not provide a definitive cure. Traditionally, preclinical trials have utilized mouse models of bleomycin (BLM)-induced pulmonary fibrosis—though several limitations prevent direct translation to human IPF. Spontaneous pulmonary fibrosis occurs in other animal species, including dogs, horses, donkeys, and cats. While the fibrotic lungs of these animals share many characteristics with lungs of patients with IPF, current veterinary classifications of fibrotic lung disease are not entirely equivalent. Additional studies that profile these examples of spontaneous fibroses in animals for similarities to human IPF should prove useful for both human and animal investigators. In the meantime, studies of BLM-induced fibrosis in aged male mice remain the most clinically relevant model for preclinical study for human IPF. Addressing issues such as time course of treatment, animal size and characteristics, clinically irrelevant treatment endpoints, and reproducibility of therapeutic outcomes will improve the current status of preclinical studies. Elucidating the mechanisms responsible for the development of fibrosis and disrepair associated with aging through a collaborative approach between researchers will promote the development of models that more accurately represent the realm of interstitial lung diseases in humans.