Clinical Outcomes With Continuous Nafcillin Infusions in Children

A Review of Extended and Continuous Infusion Beta-Lactams in Pediatric Patients

Intravenous beta-lactam antibiotics are the most prescribed antibiotic class in US hospitalized patients of all ages; therefore, optimizing their dosing is crucial. Bactericidal killing is best predicted by the time in which beta-lactam drug concentrations are maintained above the organism's minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), rather than achievement of a high peak concentration. As such, administration of beta-lactam antibiotics via extended or continuous infusions over a minimum of 3 hours, rather than standard infusions over approximately 30 minutes, has been associated with improved achievement of pharmacodynamic targets and improved clinical outcomes in adult medical literature. This review summarizes the pediatric medical literature. Applicable studies include pharmacodynamic models, case series, retrospective analyses, and prospective studies on the use of extended infusion and continuous infusion penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, and monobactams in neonates, infants, children, and adolescents. Specialized patient populations with unique pharmacokinetics and high-risk infections (neonates, critically ill, febrile neutropenia, cystic fibrosis) are also reviewed. While more studies are needed to confirm prospective clinical outcomes, the current body of evidence suggests extended and continuous infusions of beta-lactam antibiotics are well tolerated in children and improve achievement of pharmacokineticpharmacodynamic targets with similar or superior clinical outcomes, particularly in infections associated with high MICs.