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Chromobacterium violaceum: A Rare Cause of Urinary Tract Infection. Case Rep Infect Dis 2021; 2021:5840899. [PMID: 34676121 PMCID: PMC8526209 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5840899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A 41-year-old man with a neurogenic bladder due to spinal cord injury (SCI) attended the outpatient department with chief complaints of fever, pain in the lower abdomen, and persistent hematuria for 10 days. From the urine culture and the microbiological and biochemical tests, the causative organism was identified as Chromobacterium violaceum. The isolate was resistant to cephalosporins, while it was sensitive to ofloxacin, gentamicin, and imipenem. Clinicians should be aware of this rare cause of urinary tract infection (UTI), the choice of antibiotic, length of treatment, and necessity of prompt treatment in SCI patients.
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Alisjahbana B, Debora J, Susandi E, Darmawan G. Chromobacterium violaceum: A Review of an Unexpected Scourge. Int J Gen Med 2021; 14:3259-3270. [PMID: 34267544 PMCID: PMC8276824 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s272193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromobacterium violaceum is a common environmental bacterium that rarely causes disease in humans but has a high fatality rate if it does. Due to the rarity of the cases, clinicians are often unaware of the rapid progression of C. violaceum infection and its unexpected antibiotic resistance pattern, which contribute to the failure of patient management. Our review provides the clinical characteristics, possible sources of exposure, and comorbidities and determines factors associated with survival. We gathered information on 132 cases of C. violaceum causing disease in humans published between 1953 and 2020. Patients were predominantly male with a median age of 17.5, interquartile range (IQR) of 5.0-40.0 years, and a third of them were known to have immune deficiencies or comorbidities. Portals of entry were mainly through a wound in the leg and feet (28.0%), the torso (8.5%), or hands and arms (6.8%). It is not uncommon to acquire infection through unintended contact with contaminated water or dust through the mouth or inhalation. The median incubation period is 4.0 days (IQR 2.0-8.0 days) with a duration of clinical course of 17.5 days (IQR 8.0-30.8 days). The high rate of positive blood cultures (56.1%) and abscesses in internal organs (36.4%) shows the significant severity of this disease. Sepsis and Bacteremia were related to mortality with a risk ratio (RR) of 5.20 (95% CI, 0.831-32.58) and 2.14 (95% CI, 1.05-4.36), respectively. Appropriate antibiotic use prevented death at a RR 0.33 (95% CI, 0.21-0.52). Most patients who recovered and survived were treated with aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones and carbapenems. This review shows the malignant nature of C. violaceum infection and the need for clinicians to be aware and provide prompt source management for patients. Appropriate empiric and targeted antibiotic regiment guided by susceptibility test results is of vital importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bachti Alisjahbana
- Internal Medicine Department, Hasan Sadikin Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia.,Research Center for Care and Control of Infectious Diseases, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Josephine Debora
- Internal Medicine Department, Hasan Sadikin Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Evan Susandi
- Internal Medicine Department, Hasan Sadikin Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Guntur Darmawan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Krida Wacana Christian University, Jakarta, Indonesia
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Action and function of Chromobacterium violaceum in health and disease: Violacein as a promising metabolite to counteract gastroenterological diseases. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2017; 31:649-656. [PMID: 29566908 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpg.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Chromobacterium violaceum is a Gram negative, β-proteobacterium found in the microbiota of tropical and subtropical environments. Although considered an opportunistic pathogen, infection rapidly progress to fatal sepsis, with metastatic abscesses. It is noteworthy the multidrug resistant phenotype of C. violaceum and the possibility of relapse. Recently, an influence of global climate in the incidence of cases beyond the previous areas has been observed. Furthermore, chronic granulomatous disease has been considered a risk factor to infection. Despite the increase in C. violaceum infection incidence and high mortality, most clinicians are not familiar with it. This review pointed out important features of this life threatening microorganism, including its pathogenicity, mechanistic aspects, genetic and drug resistance associated factors, and the clinical association with chronic granulomatous disease. In addition, its main metabolite violacein may be a promising agent to counteract gastroenterological diseases, such as colorectal cancer and inflammatory gastric lesions.
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Bacteremia and Urinary Tract Infection Caused by Chromobacterium violaceum: Case Reports from a Tertiary Care Hospital in Kathmandu, Nepal. Case Rep Med 2017; 2017:7929671. [PMID: 28479920 PMCID: PMC5396438 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7929671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromobacterium violaceum is ubiquitous in the environment of tropical and subtropical regions but the infections caused by this organism are rare and the urinary tract infections caused by it are even rarer. Due to the propensity for hematogenous spread leading to fatal sepsis, the infections caused by Chromobacterium violaceum have high mortality rate (65–80%) with death occurring in as less as one week of acquiring infection. So, prompt proper treatment is necessary for successful treatment of the infections but, due to the rarity of the infections caused by the organism, there is limited awareness among the clinicians regarding the infections caused by this organism. Here, we reported a case of urinary tract infection caused by Chromobacterium violaceum in a 84-year-old male, who was a kidney patient, and another case of bacteremia caused by the same bacterium in a road traffic accident patient (22-year-old male), both of which were managed with the timely suitable treatment.
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Durán N, Justo GZ, Durán M, Brocchi M, Cordi L, Tasic L, Castro GR, Nakazato G. Advances in Chromobacterium violaceum and properties of violacein-Its main secondary metabolite: A review. Biotechnol Adv 2016; 34:1030-1045. [PMID: 27288924 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Chromobacterium violaceum is important in the production of violacein, like other bacteria, such as Alteromonas, Janthinobacterium, Pseudoalteromonas, Duganella, Collimonas and Escherichia. Violacein is a versatile pigment, where it exhibits several biological activities, and every year, it shows increasing commercially interesting uses, especially for industrial applications in cosmetics, medicines and fabrics. This review on violacein focuses mainly on the last five years of research regarding this target compound and describes production and importance of quorum sensing in C. violaceum, mechanistic aspects of its biosynthesis, monitoring processes, genetic perspectives, pathogenic effects, antiparasitic and antimicrobial activities, immunomodulatory potential and uses, antitumor potential and industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson Durán
- Institute of Chemistry, Biological Chemistry Laboratory, University of Campinas, CP 6154, CEP 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil; NanoBioss, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil; LNNano (CNPEM) Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Giselle Z Justo
- Department of Cell Biology and Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP-Diadema), SP, Brazil
| | - Marcela Durán
- NanoBioss, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil; Institute of Biology, Urogenital, Carcinogenesis and Immunotherapy Laboratory, University of Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Brocchi
- Institute of Biology, Department Genetics, Evolution and Bioagents, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Livia Cordi
- NanoBioss, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil; Institute of Biology, Department Genetics, Evolution and Bioagents, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Ljubica Tasic
- Institute of Chemistry, Biological Chemistry Laboratory, University of Campinas, CP 6154, CEP 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil; NanoBioss, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Guillermo R Castro
- Nanobiomaterials Laboratory, Applied Biotechnology Institute (CINDEFI, UNLP-CONICET CCT La Plata) - School of Sciences, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Gerson Nakazato
- Department of Microbiology, Biology Sciences Center, Londrina State University (UEL), Londrina, Brazil
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