Effect of Zinc oxide Nanoparticles onArtemia salina

Recent insights into metallic nanoparticles in shelf-life extension of agrifoods: Properties, green synthesis, and major applications

Nanotechnology emerged as a revolutionary technology in various fields of applied sciences, such as biomedical engineering and food technology. The pivotal roles of nanocompounds have been explored in various fields, such as food protection, preservation, and enhancement of shelf life. In this sequence, metallic nanoparticles (MNPs) are proven to be useful in developing products with antimicrobial activity and subsequently improve the shelf life of agrifoods. The major application of MNPs has been observed in the packaging industry due to the combining ability of biopolymers with MNPs. In recent years, various metal nanoparticles have been explored to formulate various active food packaging materials. However, the method of production and the need for risk evaluation are still a topic of discussion among researchers around the world. In general, MNPs are synthesized by various chemical and physical means, which may pose variable health risks. To overcome such issues, the green synthesis of MNPs using microbial and plant extracts has been proposed by various researchers. In this review, we aimed at exploring the green synthesis of MNPs, their properties and characterization, various ways of utilizing MNPs to extend their shelf life, and, most importantly, the risk associated with these along with their quality and safety considerations.

Nanoecotoxicology study of the response of magnetic O-Carboxymethylchitosan loaded silver nanoparticles on Artemia salina

Magnetic silver nanoparticles (MNPAg) are interesting nanotechnology materials with borderless environmental science, that can be used to disinfect water contaminated with pathogenic bacteria. The use of MNPAg leads to increased risk of nanomaterial contamination in the environment, especially natural water sources, with harmful effects on the ecosystem. This study investigating survival and enzyme activity of magnetic O-carboxymethylchitosan loaded silver nanoparticle on Artemia salina. The results showed that mortality increased with increasing concentrations of MNPAg. O-Carboxymethylchitosan loaded silver nanoparticles were found to be more toxic, with a LC₅₀ of 902.1 mg/L for γ-Fe₂O₃/Ag without reducing agent. Accumulation of silver on Artemia salina depends on the type of nanoparticle. Accumulation of nanoparticle containing polymers (carboxymethylchitosan/γ-Fe₂O₃/Ag without reducing agent, carboxymethylchitosan/γ-Fe₂O₃/Ag reduced with sucrose and carboxymethylchitosan/γ-Fe₂O₃/Ag reduced with NaBH₄) were found to be higher than γ-Fe₂O₃/Ag reduced with NaBH₄, γ-Fe₂O₃/Ag reduced with sucrose and γ-Fe₂O₃/Ag without reducing agent under the same experimental conditions. The antioxidant enzyme (CAT, SOD and GST) activities increased slightly following exposure, indicating that the toxic effects are related to oxidative stress. The combined results so far indicate that MNPA does not have the potential to affect aquatic organisms when released into the ecosystem.

Acute toxicity, uptake, and elimination of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) using saltwater microcrustacean, Artemia franciscana

This study aims to evaluate the potential toxic effects of ZnO nanoparticles on Artemia franciscana nauplii. The ZnO NPs suspension was characterized by TEM, EDS and DLS techniques. Acute toxicity was investigated by exposure of nauplii to concentrations of 1, 5, 7.5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 mg/L of ZnO NPs for 48 h and 96 h. The 96-h EC₁₀ and EC₅₀ values of ZnO NPs were found to be 1.39 mg/L and 4.86 mg/L respectively. The ZnO NPs suspensions did not cause any significant acute toxicity after 48 h of exposure, but the immobilization rate increase significantly compare to control group after 96 h (P < 0.05). The results showed that the uptake, accumulation, and elimination of NPs in nauplii depends on the concentration of NPs and time. The elimination rates of 46.66% and 83.85% were recorded at 1 and 10 mg/L of NPs after 24 h of depuration period, respectively.