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Lewis MJ, Granger N, Jeffery ND. Emerging and Adjunctive Therapies for Spinal Cord Injury Following Acute Canine Intervertebral Disc Herniation. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:579933. [PMID: 33195591 PMCID: PMC7593405 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.579933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Some dogs do not make a full recovery following medical or surgical management of acute canine intervertebral disc herniation (IVDH), highlighting the limits of currently available treatment options. The multitude of difficulties in treating severe spinal cord injury are well-recognized, and they have spurred intense laboratory research, resulting in a broad range of strategies that might have value in treating spinal cord-injured dogs. These include interventions that aim to directly repair the spinal cord lesion, promote axonal sparing or regeneration, mitigate secondary injury through neuroprotective mechanisms, or facilitate functional compensation. Despite initial promise in experimental models, many of these techniques have failed or shown mild efficacy in clinical trials in humans and dogs, although high quality evidence is lacking for many of these interventions. However, the continued introduction of new options to the veterinary clinic remains important for expanding our understanding of the mechanisms of injury and repair and for development of novel and combined strategies for severely affected dogs. This review outlines adjunctive or emerging therapies that have been proposed as treatment options for dogs with acute IVDH, including discussion of local or lesion-based approaches as well as systemically applied treatments in both acute and subacute-to-chronic settings. These interventions include low-level laser therapy, electromagnetic fields or oscillating electrical fields, adjunctive surgical techniques (myelotomy or durotomy), systemically or locally-applied hypothermia, neuroprotective chemicals, physical rehabilitation, hyperbaric oxygen therapy, electroacupuncture, electrical stimulation of the spinal cord or specific peripheral nerves, nerve grafting strategies, 4-aminopyridine, chondroitinase ABC, and cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa J Lewis
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Nicolas Granger
- The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom.,CVS Referrals, Bristol Veterinary Specialists at Highcroft, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Nick D Jeffery
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A & M College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, College Station, TX, United States
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Kanekiyo K, Nakano N, Noda T, Yamada Y, Suzuki Y, Ohta M, Yokota A, Fukushima M, Ide C. Transplantation of choroid plexus epithelial cells into contusion-injured spinal cord of rats. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2018; 34:347-66. [PMID: 26923614 PMCID: PMC4927912 DOI: 10.3233/rnn-150546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: The effect of the transplantation of choroid plexus epithelial cells (CPECs) on locomotor improvement and tissue repair including axonal extension in spinal cord lesions was examined in rats with spinal cord injury (SCI). Methods: CPECs were cultured from the choroid plexus of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-transgenic rats, and transplanted directly into the contusion-injured spinal cord lesions of rats of the same strain. Locomotor behaviors were evaluated based on BBB scores every week after transplantation until 4 weeks after transplantation. Histological and immunohistochemical examinations were performed at 2 days, and every week until 5 weeks after transplantation. Results: Locomotor behaviors evaluated by the BBB score were significantly improved in cell-transplanted rats. Numerous axons grew, with occasional interactions with CPECs, through the astrocyte-devoid areas. These axons exhibited structural characteristics of peripheral nerves. GAP-43-positive axons were found at the border of the lesion 2 days after transplantation. Cavity formation was more reduced in cell-transplanted than control spinal cords. CPECs were found within the spinal cord lesion, and sometimes in association with astrocytes at the border of the lesion until 2 weeks after transplantation. Conclusion: The transplantation of CPECs enhanced locomotor improvement and tissue recovery, including axonal regeneration, in rats with SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Kanekiyo
- Institute of Regeneration and Rehabilitation, Aino University School of Health Science, Osaka, Japan
| | - Norihiko Nakano
- Institute of Regeneration and Rehabilitation, Aino University School of Health Science, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toru Noda
- Department of Physical Therapy, Aino University School of Health Science, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Yamada
- Department of Physical Therapy, Aino University School of Health Science, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Suzuki
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Tazuke Medical Research Institute, Kitano Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Ohta
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Tazuke Medical Research Institute, Kitano Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Atsushi Yokota
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Aino Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masanori Fukushima
- Translational Research Informatics Center, Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation, Kobe, Japan
| | - Chizuka Ide
- Institute of Regeneration and Rehabilitation, Aino University School of Health Science, Osaka, Japan
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Moore SA, Granger N, Olby NJ, Spitzbarth I, Jeffery ND, Tipold A, Nout-Lomas YS, da Costa RC, Stein VM, Noble-Haeusslein LJ, Blight AR, Grossman RG, Basso DM, Levine JM. Targeting Translational Successes through CANSORT-SCI: Using Pet Dogs To Identify Effective Treatments for Spinal Cord Injury. J Neurotrauma 2017; 34:2007-2018. [PMID: 28230415 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2016.4745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Translation of therapeutic interventions for spinal cord injury (SCI) from laboratory to clinic has been historically challenging, highlighting the need for robust models of injury that more closely mirror the human condition. The high prevalence of acute, naturally occurring SCI in pet dogs provides a unique opportunity to evaluate expeditiously promising interventions in a population of animals that receive diagnoses and treatment clinically in a manner similar to persons with SCI, while adhering to National Institutes of Health guidelines for scientific rigor and transparent reporting. In addition, pet dogs with chronic paralysis are often maintained long-term by their owners, offering a similarly unique population for study of chronic SCI. Despite this, only a small number of studies have used the clinical dog model of SCI. The Canine Spinal Cord Injury Consortium (CANSORT-SCI) was recently established by a group of veterinarians and basic science researchers to promote the value of the canine clinical model of SCI. The CANSORT-SCI group held an inaugural meeting November 20 and 21, 2015 to evaluate opportunities and challenges to the use of pet dogs in SCI research. Key challenges identified included lack of familiarity with the model among nonveterinary scientists and questions about how and where in the translational process the canine clinical model would be most valuable. In light of these, we review the natural history, outcome, and available assessment tools associated with canine clinical SCI with emphasis on their relevance to human SCI and the translational process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Moore
- 1 Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine , Columbus Ohio.,2 The Canine Spinal Cord Injury Consortium (CANSORT-SCI)
| | - Nicolas Granger
- 2 The Canine Spinal Cord Injury Consortium (CANSORT-SCI).,3 Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol , Langford, North Somerset, United Kingdom
| | - Natasha J Olby
- 2 The Canine Spinal Cord Injury Consortium (CANSORT-SCI).,4 Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina.,5 Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Ingo Spitzbarth
- 2 The Canine Spinal Cord Injury Consortium (CANSORT-SCI).,6 Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine , Hannover, Germany .,7 Center for Systems Neuroscience , Hannover, Germany
| | - Nick D Jeffery
- 2 The Canine Spinal Cord Injury Consortium (CANSORT-SCI).,8 Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas
| | - Andrea Tipold
- 2 The Canine Spinal Cord Injury Consortium (CANSORT-SCI).,7 Center for Systems Neuroscience , Hannover, Germany.,9 Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine , Hannover, Germany
| | - Yvette S Nout-Lomas
- 2 The Canine Spinal Cord Injury Consortium (CANSORT-SCI).,10 College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Ronaldo C da Costa
- 1 Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine , Columbus Ohio.,2 The Canine Spinal Cord Injury Consortium (CANSORT-SCI)
| | - Veronika M Stein
- 2 The Canine Spinal Cord Injury Consortium (CANSORT-SCI).,11 Department of Clinical Veterinary Sciences, University of Bern , Bern, Switzerland
| | - Linda J Noble-Haeusslein
- 2 The Canine Spinal Cord Injury Consortium (CANSORT-SCI).,12 Departments of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Sciences and Neurological Surgery, University of California , San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Andrew R Blight
- 2 The Canine Spinal Cord Injury Consortium (CANSORT-SCI).,13 Acorda Therapeutics, Inc. Ardsley, New York
| | - Robert G Grossman
- 2 The Canine Spinal Cord Injury Consortium (CANSORT-SCI).,14 Department of Neurosurgery, Houston Methodist Neurological Institute , Houston, Texas
| | - D Michele Basso
- 2 The Canine Spinal Cord Injury Consortium (CANSORT-SCI).,15 School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jonathan M Levine
- 2 The Canine Spinal Cord Injury Consortium (CANSORT-SCI).,8 Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas
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Song RB, Basso DM, da Costa RC, Fisher LC, Mo X, Moore SA. Adaptation of the Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan locomotor rating scale for use in a clinical model of spinal cord injury in dogs. J Neurosci Methods 2016; 268:117-24. [PMID: 27155106 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2016.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Naturally occurring acute spinal cord injury (SCI) in pet dogs provides an important clinical animal model through which to confirm and extend findings from rodent studies; however, validated quantitative outcome measures for dogs are limited. NEW METHOD We adapted the Basso Beattie Bresnahan (BBB) scale for use in a clinical dog model of acute thoracolumbar SCI. Based on observation of normal dogs, modifications were made to account for species differences in locomotion. Assessments of paw and tail position, and trunk stability were modified to produce a 19 point scale suitable for use in dogs, termed the canine BBB scale (cBBB). Pet dogs with naturally occurring acute SCI were assigned cBBB scores at 3, 10 and 30days after laminectomy. RESULTS Scores assigned via the cBBB were stable across testing sessions in normal dogs but increased significantly between days 3 and 30 in SCI-affected dogs (p=0.0003). The scale was highly responsive to changes in locomotor recovery over a 30day period, with a standardized response mean of 1.34. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS Concurrent validity was good, with strong correlations observed between the cBBB and two other locomotor scales, the OSCIS (r=0.94; p<0.001) and the MFS (r=0.85; p<0.0001). cBBB scores inversely correlated with other assessments of recovery including mechanical sensory threshold (r=-0.68; p<0.0001) and coefficient of variation of stride length (r=-0.49; p<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS These results support the use of the cBBB to assess locomotor recovery in canine clinical translational models of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel B Song
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, 601 Vernon Tharp St., Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - D Michele Basso
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State Unviersity, 453 West Tenth Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Ronaldo C da Costa
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, 601 Vernon Tharp St., Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Lesley C Fisher
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State Unviersity, 453 West Tenth Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Xiaokui Mo
- Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University, 320D Lincoln Tower, 1800 Cannon Drive, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Sarah A Moore
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, 601 Vernon Tharp St., Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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