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Saeed B. Organ Donation in Syria. EXP CLIN TRANSPLANT 2024; 22:28-32. [PMID: 38775694 DOI: 10.6002/ect.bdcdsymp.l10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The first living donor kidney transplant in Syria was performed 44 years ago; by the end of 2022, 6265 renal transplants had been performed in Syria. Kidney, bone marrow, cornea, and stem cells are the only organs or tissues that can be transplanted in Syria. Although 3 heart transplants from deceased donors were performed in the late 1980s, cardiac transplant activities have since discontinued. In 2003, national Syrian legislation was enacted authorizing the use of organs from living unrelated and deceased donors. This important law was preceded by another big stride: the acceptance by the higher Islamic religious authorities in Syria in 2001 of the principle of procurement of organs from deceased donors, provided that consent is given by a first- or second-degree relative. After the law was enacted, kidney transplant rates increased from 7 per million population in 2002 to 17 per million population in 2007. Kidney transplants performed abroad for Syrian patients declined from 25% in 2002 to <2% in 2007. Rates plateaued through 2010, before the political crisis started in 2011. Forty-four years after the first successful kidney transplant in Syria, patients needing an organ transplant rely on living donors only. Moreover, 20 years after the law authorizing use of organs from deceased donors, a program is still not in place in Syria. The war, limited resources, and lack of public awareness about the importance of organ donation and transplant appear to be factors inhibiting initiation of a deceased donor program in Syria. A concerted and ongoing education campaign is needed to increase awareness of organ donation, change negative public attitudes, and gain societal acceptance. Every effort must be made to initiate a deceased donor program to lessen the burden on living donors and to enable national self-sufficiency in organs for transplant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bassam Saeed
- From the Farah Association for Child with Kidney Disease, Damascus, Syria
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Stock PG, Nagral S, Rondeau E, Gawronska S, Groverman J, Barbari A, Coates PT, Domínguez-Gil B, Fadhil R, Malyszko J, Niño Murcia A. Transplantation in the Context of Migration and Refugees: A Summary of the DICG and TTS Ethics Committee Workshop, Buenos Aires, Argentina, September 2022. Transplantation 2024:00007890-990000000-00667. [PMID: 38383953 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000004918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Global conflicts and humanitarian crises have resulted in an unprecedented number of refugees and migrants. This challenges the limited resources of health care systems and jeopardizes the availability of transplant care for these deserving migrants and refugees. This was the basis for a workshop held during the Congress of the Transplantation Society (Buenos Aires, 2022). We elaborate on the proceedings of the workshop entitled "Transplantation in the Context of Migration and Refugees," organized by the Ethics Committee of The Transplantation Society and Declaration of Istanbul Custodian Group. Transplant providers from around the world shared strategies of how each region has responded to providing access to care for refugees and migrants in need of transplant services. The potential exploitation of this vulnerable group leading to illicit organ removal was addressed for each region. The Transplantation Society, Declaration of Istanbul Custodian Group, and global transplant community should continue to focus on the status of refugees and migrants and collaborate on strategies to provide access to transplant care for this deserving population. Global cooperation will be essential to provide vigilant oversight to prevent exploitation of this vulnerable population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter G Stock
- Department of Transplant Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Ethics Committee of The Transplantation Society, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sanjay Nagral
- Department of Surgical Gastroenterology, Jaslok Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai, India
- Declaration of Istanbul Custodian Group (DICG), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Eric Rondeau
- Declaration of Istanbul Custodian Group (DICG), Montreal, QC, Canada
- Soins intensifs nephrologiques et Rein aigu, hôpital Tenon, Paris, France
| | - Sylwia Gawronska
- United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), Regional Office for Southeast Asia and the Pacific (ROSEAP), Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Antoine Barbari
- Department of Nephrology, Rafik Hariri University Hospital, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - P Toby Coates
- Central Northern Adelaide Renal and Transplantation Service, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Beatriz Domínguez-Gil
- Ethics Committee of The Transplantation Society, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Organización Nacional de Trasplantes, Madrid, Spain
| | - Riadh Fadhil
- Ethics Committee of The Transplantation Society, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Qatar Organ Donation Centre, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Jolanta Malyszko
- Declaration of Istanbul Custodian Group (DICG), Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Alejandro Niño Murcia
- Ethics Committee of The Transplantation Society, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Transplantation Surgery, Colombiana de Trasplantes, Bogotá, Colombia
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Tarzi M, Asaad M, Tarabishi J, Zayegh O, Hamza R, Alhamid A, Zazo A, Morjan M. Attitudes towards organ donation in Syria: a cross-sectional study. BMC Med Ethics 2020; 21:123. [PMID: 33298048 PMCID: PMC7727146 DOI: 10.1186/s12910-020-00565-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The perception of organ donation and brain death among Syrian population has not been previously explored. The goal of this study is to evaluate the attitude and knowledge of organ donation among Syrians and the willingness of this population to donate their organs. Methods We conducted a survey-based cross-sectional study in four hospitals in Aleppo, Syria in November 2019. Patient demographic, awareness of brain death; and attitude toward organ donation were collected and analyzed. Results A total of 350 individuals were invited to participate in the survey among whom 303 (197 females, 106 males) agreed to participate in the study (87% response rate). The majority of our participants (n = 249, 82%) heard about organ donation with television (n = 166, 55%), social media (n = 77, 25%), and the internet (n = 77, 25%) being the most common sources of information. When assessing knowledge about brain death, only 40% (n = 116) answered 3 or more questions (out of 5) correctly. Fifty-eight percent (n = 176) of respondents agreed with the idea of organ donation and 183 (62%) would like to donate their organs one day. The leading motivation to organ donation was the desire to help (n = 234, 77%), while the most common reason to refuse donation was the refusal to disfigure a dead body by removing an organ (n = 125, 41%). Religious reasons were cited as motivation for organ donation by 43% of participants (n = 130), and a reason for refusing to donate organs by 24% (n = 71). Most respondents (n = 261, 88%) were unaware of the laws and legislations related to organ donation in Syria. When asked if religion and law were encouraging organ donation, 76% of respondents (n = 226) would donate their organs. Although more positive attitude was found in those with better brain death knowledge (score ≥ 3), this did not translate into more willingness to donate organs in this group of participants. Conclusions The promotion of organ donations from deceased donors is a necessity given the rising shortage of organs. The information provided by this study could help policy makers build future strategies to promote deceased organ donation programs and overcome current obstacles preventing such initiatives from achieving their goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Tarzi
- Faculty of Medicine, Aleppo University, Al-Mouhafaza, Aleppo, Syria
| | - Malke Asaad
- Faculty of Medicine, Aleppo University, Al-Mouhafaza, Aleppo, Syria
| | - Joudi Tarabishi
- Faculty of Medicine, Aleppo University, Al-Mouhafaza, Aleppo, Syria
| | - Obada Zayegh
- Faculty of Medicine, Aleppo University, Al-Mouhafaza, Aleppo, Syria.
| | - Rama Hamza
- Faculty of Medicine, Aleppo University, Al-Mouhafaza, Aleppo, Syria
| | - Ahmad Alhamid
- Faculty of Medicine, Aleppo University, Al-Mouhafaza, Aleppo, Syria
| | - Aya Zazo
- Faculty of Medicine, Aleppo University, Al-Mouhafaza, Aleppo, Syria
| | - Mohamad Morjan
- Faculty of Medicine, Aleppo University, Al-Mouhafaza, Aleppo, Syria
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Saeed B. Deceased Organ Donation in Syria: Challenges and Solutions. EXP CLIN TRANSPLANT 2020; 18:27-30. [PMID: 32758117 DOI: 10.6002/ect.rlgnsymp2020.l5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The first living-donor kidney transplant in Syria was performed 41 years ago; by 2019, 5407 renal transplants had been performed there. Three heart transplants from deceased donors were performed in the late 1980s; cardiac transplant activities have since discontinued. In 2003, a new, national Syrian legislation was enacted authorizing the use of organs from living unrelated donors and from deceased donors. This important law was preceded by another big stride in this regard: the acceptance by the higher Islamic religious authorities in Syria in 2001 of the principle of procurement of organs from deceased donors, provided that consent is given by a first- or second-degree relative. After the enactment of this law, kidney transplant rates increased from 7 per million population in 2002 to 17 per million population in 2007. Kidney transplants performed abroad for Syrian patients declined from 25% in 2002 to < 2% in 2007. Kidney transplants continued at comparable rates until 2010, before the beginning of the political crisis in 2011. Four decades after the first successful kidney transplant in Syria, however, patients needing an organ transplant must rely on living donors only. Moreover, 17 years after the law authorizing use of organs from deceased donors, a program is still not in place in Syria, and additional improvement of the legal framework is needed. The war, limited resources, and lack of public awareness about the importance of organ donation and transplant appear to be major factors inhibiting initiation of a deceased-donor program in Syria. A concerted and ongoing education campaign is needed to increase awareness of organ donation, change negative public attitudes, and gain societal acceptance. Every effort must be made to initiate a deceased-donor program to lessen the burden on living donors and to enable national self-sufficiency in organs for transplant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bassam Saeed
- From the Farah Association for Child with Kidney Disease, Damascus, Syria
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