1
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Joseph AM, Nahar K, Daw S, Hasan MM, Lo R, Le TBK, Rahman KM, Badrinarayanan A. Mechanistic insight into the repair of C8-linked pyrrolobenzodiazepine monomer-mediated DNA damage. RSC Med Chem 2022; 13:1621-1633. [PMID: 36561066 PMCID: PMC9749960 DOI: 10.1039/d2md00194b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrrolobenzodiazepines (PBDs) are naturally occurring DNA binding compounds that possess anti-tumor and anti-bacterial activity. Chemical modifications of PBDs can result in improved DNA binding, sequence specificity and enhanced efficacy. More recently, synthetic PBD monomers have shown promise as payloads for antibody drug conjugates and anti-bacterial agents. The precise mechanism of action of these PBD monomers and their role in causing DNA damage remains to be elucidated. Here we characterized the damage-inducing potential of two C8-linked PBD bi-aryl monomers in Caulobacter crescentus and investigated the strategies employed by cells to repair the same. We show that these compounds cause DNA damage and efficiently kill bacteria, in a manner comparable to the extensively used DNA cross-linking agent mitomycin-C (MMC). However, in stark contrast to MMC which employs a mutagenic lesion tolerance pathway, we implicate essential functions for error-free mechanisms in repairing PBD monomer-mediated damage. We find that survival is severely compromised in cells lacking nucleotide excision repair and to a lesser extent, in cells with impaired recombination-based repair. Loss of nucleotide excision repair leads to significant increase in double-strand breaks, underscoring the critical role of this pathway in mediating repair of PBD-induced DNA lesions. Together, our study provides comprehensive insights into how mono-alkylating DNA-targeting therapeutic compounds like PBD monomers challenge cell growth, and identifies the specific mechanisms employed by the cell to counter the same.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asha Mary Joseph
- National Centre for Biological Sciences (Tata Institute of Fundamental Research) Bangalore India
| | - Kazi Nahar
- School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street London SE1 9NH UK
| | - Saheli Daw
- National Centre for Biological Sciences (Tata Institute of Fundamental Research) Bangalore India
| | - Md Mahbub Hasan
- School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street London SE1 9NH UK
| | - Rebecca Lo
- John Innes Centre, Department of Molecular Microbiology Colney Lane Norwich NR4 7UH UK
| | - Tung B K Le
- John Innes Centre, Department of Molecular Microbiology Colney Lane Norwich NR4 7UH UK
| | - Khondaker Miraz Rahman
- School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street London SE1 9NH UK
| | - Anjana Badrinarayanan
- National Centre for Biological Sciences (Tata Institute of Fundamental Research) Bangalore India
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2
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Aubert C, Lavisse M, Roy S. Biosynthesis of [ 14 C]-11-De-O-Methyltomaymycin, a Precursor of Radiolabelled Antibody Drug Conjugates. Chembiochem 2021; 22:2424-2429. [PMID: 33973323 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) are one of the most promising technologies to treat cancer as they combine the specificity of an antibody with the high potency of a cytotoxic molecule such as tomaymycin derivatives, which are DNA-interactive antitumor antibiotics previously isolated from bacterial broth. The multistep chemical synthesis of some tomaymycin derivatives is complicated because their structures contain a reactive imine bond. Therefore, we turned to biosynthesis to obtain 14 C radiolabelled tomaymycin derivative to support ADME studies. Following Hurley's work (J. Antibiotics 1977, 30, 349-370; Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1979, 15, 42-45; Acc. Chem. Res. 1980, 13, 263-269), the 14 C radiolabel was incorporated efficiently in one step from radiolabelled tyrosine using the strain Streptomyces sp. FH6421. This process has been further optimized by using anthranilic acid as radiolabelled precursor, leading to one of the highest incorporation levels of radiochemical precursors published to date. This biosynthetic strategy is the fastest way to access such radiolabelled precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Aubert
- Integrated Drug Discovery, Isotope Chemistry, Sanofi R&D, 13 Quai Jules Guesde, 94403, Vitry sur Seine, France
| | - Mélanie Lavisse
- Integrated Drug Discovery, Isotope Chemistry, Sanofi R&D, 13 Quai Jules Guesde, 94403, Vitry sur Seine, France
| | - Sebastien Roy
- Integrated Drug Discovery, Isotope Chemistry, Sanofi R&D, 13 Quai Jules Guesde, 94403, Vitry sur Seine, France
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3
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Fedorov AE, Rodinovskaya LA, Shestopalov AM, Sigeev AS. Synthesis of (5aS)-2-benzylthio-3-cyano-4,5a,6,7,8,10-hexahydro-5H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]thieno[3,2-e][1,4]diazepine-5,10-diones. Russ Chem Bull 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-021-3099-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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4
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Nunewar SN, Sangu KG, Kotla NK, Tangellamudi ND. Oxidative Dearomatization as a Strategy for a Facile, Metal‐Free Synthesis of Vanillyl Benzodiazepines. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202002523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saiprasad N. Nunewar
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad 500 037 India
| | - Komal G. Sangu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad 500 037 India
| | - Naveen K. Kotla
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad 500 037 India
| | - Neelima D. Tangellamudi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad 500 037 India
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5
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Actinomycetes from the Red Sea Sponge Coscinoderma mathewsi: Isolation, Diversity, and Potential for Bioactive Compounds Discovery. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8050783. [PMID: 32456212 PMCID: PMC7285244 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8050783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The diversity of actinomycetes associated with the marine sponge Coscinoderma mathewsi collected from Hurghada (Egypt) was studied. Twenty-three actinomycetes were separated and identified based on the 16S rDNA gene sequence analysis. Out of them, three isolates were classified as novel species of the genera Micromonospora, Nocardia, and Gordonia. Genome sequencing of actinomycete strains has revealed many silent biosynthetic gene clusters and has shown their exceptional capacity for the production of secondary metabolites, not observed under classical cultivation conditions. Therefore, the effect of mycolic-acid-containing bacteria or mycolic acid on the biosynthesis of cryptic natural products was investigated. Sponge-derived actinomycete Micromonospora sp. UA17 was co-cultured using liquid fermentation with two mycolic acid-containing actinomycetes (Gordonia sp. UA19 and Nocardia sp. UA 23), or supplemented with pure mycolic acid. LC-HRESIMS data were analyzed to compare natural production across all crude extracts. Micromonospora sp. UA17 was rich with isotetracenone, indolocarbazole, and anthracycline analogs. Some co-culture extracts showed metabolites such as a chlorocardicin, neocopiamycin A, and chicamycin B that were not found in the respective monocultures, suggesting a mycolic acid effect on the induction of cryptic natural product biosynthetic pathways. The antibacterial, antifungal, and antiparasitic activities for the different cultures extracts were also tested.
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6
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Shankaraiah N, Sakla AP, Laxmikeshav K, Tokala R. Reliability of Click Chemistry on Drug Discovery: A Personal Account. CHEM REC 2020; 20:253-272. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201900027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nagula Shankaraiah
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryNational Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad 500037 India
| | - Akash P. Sakla
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryNational Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad 500037 India
| | - Kritika Laxmikeshav
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryNational Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad 500037 India
| | - Ramya Tokala
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryNational Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad 500037 India
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7
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Recyclable Itaconic Acid with Water as Green Catalytic System: Synthesis of Substituted 1,5‐Benzodiazepine Derivatives at Room Temperature. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201904408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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8
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Gregson SJ, Tiberghien AC, Masterson LA, Howard PW. Pyrrolobenzodiazepine Dimers as Antibody–Drug Conjugate (ADC) Payloads. CYTOTOXIC PAYLOADS FOR ANTIBODY – DRUG CONJUGATES 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/9781788012898-00296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD) ring system was first discovered in the 1960s and is found in several naturally occurring potent anti-tumour antibiotics. The mode of action of PBDs involves sequence-selective [purine–guanine–purine (PuGPu)] alkylation in the minor groove of DNA through covalent binding from guanine N2 to the PBD C11-position. Dimerization of the PBD ring system gives molecules that can cross-link DNA, which leads to a substantial increase in potency and DNA binding affinity and an extension of sequence-selectivity compared with monomers. PBD dimers feature as the cytotoxic component of numerous ADCs being evaluated in clinical trials. PBD-ADC clinical candidates loncastuximab tesirine, camidanlumab tesirine and rovalpituzumab tesirine employ a PBD N10 linkage while vadastuximab talirine uses a C2-linkage. The PBD dimer scaffold is versatile and offers many opportunities to diversify the ADC platform, with extensive research being performed worldwide to develop the next generation of PBD payload–linker molecules. The search for new PBD payload–linker molecules has mainly focused on changes in payload structure (e.g. PBD C2 modification and macrocyclisation), alternative conjugation strategies (e.g. haloacetamides, ‘click’ approaches and pyridyl disulphides), non-peptide triggers in the linker (e.g. disulphides) and non-cleavable derivatives (i.e. payload release through antibody degradation).
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9
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White JB, Fleming R, Masterson L, Ruddle BT, Zhong H, Fazenbaker C, Strout P, Rosenthal K, Reed M, Muniz-Medina V, Howard P, Dixit R, Wu H, Hinrichs MJ, Gao C, Dimasi N. Design and characterization of homogenous antibody-drug conjugates with a drug-to-antibody ratio of one prepared using an engineered antibody and a dual-maleimide pyrrolobenzodiazepine dimer. MAbs 2019; 11:500-515. [PMID: 30835621 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2019.1578611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Most strategies used to prepare homogeneous site-specific antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) result in ADCs with a drug-to-antibody ratio (DAR) of two. Here, we report a disulfide re-bridging strategy to prepare homogeneous ADCs with DAR of one using a dual-maleimide pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD) dimer (SG3710) and an engineered antibody (Flexmab), which has only one intrachain disulfide bridge at the hinge. We demonstrate that SG3710 efficiently re-bridge a Flexmab targeting human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), and the resulting ADC was highly resistant to payload loss in serum and exhibited potent anti-tumor activity in a HER2-positive gastric carcinoma xenograft model. Moreover, this ADC was tolerated in rats at twice the dose compared to a site-specific ADC with DAR of two prepared using a single-maleimide PBD dimer (SG3249). Flexmab technologies, in combination with SG3710, provide a platform for generating site-specific homogenous PBD-based ADCs with DAR of one, which have improved biophysical properties and tolerability compared to conventional site-specific PBD-based ADCs with DAR of two.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason B White
- a Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering , MedImmune , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | - Ryan Fleming
- a Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering , MedImmune , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | | | - Ben T Ruddle
- a Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering , MedImmune , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | - Haihong Zhong
- c Oncology Research , MedImmune , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | | | - Patrick Strout
- c Oncology Research , MedImmune , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | - Kim Rosenthal
- a Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering , MedImmune , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | - Molly Reed
- d Biologics Safety Assessment , MedImmune , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | | | - Philip Howard
- b Spirogen Ltd , QMB Innovation Center , London , UK
| | - Rakesh Dixit
- d Biologics Safety Assessment , MedImmune , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | - Herren Wu
- a Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering , MedImmune , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | | | - Changshou Gao
- a Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering , MedImmune , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | - Nazzareno Dimasi
- a Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering , MedImmune , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
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10
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Mullowney MW, McClure RA, Robey MT, Kelleher NL, Thomson RJ. Natural products from thioester reductase containing biosynthetic pathways. Nat Prod Rep 2018; 35:847-878. [PMID: 29916519 PMCID: PMC6146020 DOI: 10.1039/c8np00013a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Covering: up to 2018 Thioester reductase domains catalyze two- and four-electron reductions to release natural products following assembly on nonribosomal peptide synthetases, polyketide synthases, and their hybrid biosynthetic complexes. This reductive off-loading of a natural product yields an aldehyde or alcohol, can initiate the formation of a macrocyclic imine, and contributes to important intermediates in a variety of biosyntheses, including those for polyketide alkaloids and pyrrolobenzodiazepines. Compounds that arise from reductase-terminated biosynthetic gene clusters are often reactive and exhibit biological activity. Biomedically important examples include the cancer therapeutic Yondelis (ecteinascidin 743), peptide aldehydes that inspired the first therapeutic proteasome inhibitor bortezomib, and numerous synthetic derivatives and antibody drug conjugates of the pyrrolobenzodiazepines. Recent advances in microbial genomics, metabolomics, bioinformatics, and reactivity-based labeling have facilitated the detection of these compounds for targeted isolation. Herein, we summarize known natural products arising from this important category, highlighting their occurrence in Nature, biosyntheses, biological activities, and the technologies used for their detection and identification. Additionally, we review publicly available genomic data to highlight the remaining potential for novel reductively tailored compounds and drug leads from microorganisms. This thorough retrospective highlights various molecular families with especially privileged bioactivity while illuminating challenges and prospects toward accelerating the discovery of new, high value natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Mullowney
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
| | - Ryan A McClure
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
| | - Matthew T Robey
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, 2205 Tech Drive, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Neil L Kelleher
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA. and Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, 2205 Tech Drive, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Regan J Thomson
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
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11
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Schlegel M, Schneider C. Rapid Construction of Complex 2-Pyrrolines through Lewis Acid-Catalyzed, Sequential Three-Component Reactions via in Situ-Generated 1-Azaallyl Cations. Org Lett 2018; 20:3119-3123. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b01205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Schlegel
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Johannisallee 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christoph Schneider
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Johannisallee 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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12
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Wolff H, Bode HB. The benzodiazepine-like natural product tilivalline is produced by the entomopathogenic bacterium Xenorhabdus eapokensis. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194297. [PMID: 29596433 PMCID: PMC5875774 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The pyrrolobenzodiazepine tilivalline (1) was originally identified in the human gut pathobiont Klebsiella oxytoca, the causative agent of antibiotic-associated hemorrhagic colitis. Here we show the identification of tilivalline and analogs thereof in the entomopathogenic bacterium Xenorhabdus eapokensis as well as the identification of its biosynthesis gene cluster encoding a bimodular non-ribosomal peptide synthetase. Heterologous expression of both genes in E. coli resulted in the production of 1 and from mutasynthesis and precursor directed biosynthesis 11 new tilivalline analogs were identified in X. eapokensis. These results allowed the prediction of the tilivalline biosynthesis being similar to that in K. oxytoca.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Wolff
- Fachbereich Biowissenschaften, Merck Stiftungsprofessur für Molekulare Biotechnologie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Helge B. Bode
- Fachbereich Biowissenschaften, Merck Stiftungsprofessur für Molekulare Biotechnologie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- * E-mail:
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13
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Basher MA, Rahman KM, Jackson PJM, Thurston DE, Fox KR. Sequence-selective binding of C8-conjugated pyrrolobenzodiazepines (PBDs) to DNA. Biophys Chem 2017; 230:53-61. [PMID: 28941814 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
DNA footprinting and melting experiments have been used to examine the sequence-specific binding of C8-conjugates of pyrrolobenzodiazepines (PBDs) and benzofused rings including benzothiophene and benzofuran, which are attached using pyrrole- or imidazole-containing linkers. The conjugates modulate the covalent attachment points of the PBDs, so that they bind best to guanines flanked by A/T-rich sequences on either the 5'- or 3'-side. The linker affects the binding, and pyrrole produces larger changes than imidazole. Melting studies with 14-mer oligonucleotide duplexes confirm covalent attachment of the conjugates, which show a different selectivity to anthramycin and reveal that more than one ligand molecule can bind to each duplex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A Basher
- Biological Sciences, Life Sciences Building 85, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Khondaker Miraz Rahman
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Paul J M Jackson
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - David E Thurston
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Keith R Fox
- Biological Sciences, Life Sciences Building 85, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.
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14
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Kemp GC, Tiberghien AC, Patel NV, D'Hooge F, Nilapwar SM, Adams LR, Corbett S, Williams DG, Hartley JA, Howard PW. Synthesis and in vitro evaluation of SG3227, a pyrrolobenzodiazepine dimer antibody-drug conjugate payload based on sibiromycin. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:1154-1158. [PMID: 28188066 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.01.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A novel pyrrolobenzodiazepine dimer payload, SG3227, was rationally designed based on the naturally occurring antitumour compound sibiromycin. SG3227 was synthesized from a dimeric core in an efficient fashion. An unexpected room temperature Diels-Alder reaction occurred during the final step of the synthesis and was circumvented by use of an iodoacetamide conjugation moiety in place of a maleimide. The payload was successfully conjugated to trastuzumab and the resulting ADC exhibited potent activity against a HER2-expressing human cancer cell line in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary C Kemp
- Spirogen, QMB Innovation Centre, 42 New Road, London E1 2AX, UK
| | | | - Neki V Patel
- Spirogen, QMB Innovation Centre, 42 New Road, London E1 2AX, UK
| | | | | | - Lauren R Adams
- Spirogen, QMB Innovation Centre, 42 New Road, London E1 2AX, UK
| | - Simon Corbett
- Spirogen, QMB Innovation Centre, 42 New Road, London E1 2AX, UK
| | | | - John A Hartley
- Spirogen, QMB Innovation Centre, 42 New Road, London E1 2AX, UK
| | - Philip W Howard
- Spirogen, QMB Innovation Centre, 42 New Road, London E1 2AX, UK.
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15
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Kumar A, White J, James Christie R, Dimasi N, Gao C. Antibody-Drug Conjugates. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.armc.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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16
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Tearing down to build up: Metalloenzymes in the biosynthesis lincomycin, hormaomycin and the pyrrolo [1,4]benzodiazepines. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2016; 1864:724-737. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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17
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Mohana Roopan S, Sompalle R. Synthetic chemistry of pyrimidines and fused pyrimidines: A review. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2016.1165254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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18
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Li Y, Xu H, Xing M, Huang F, Jia J, Gao J. Iodine-Promoted Construction of Polysubstituted 2,3-Dihydropyrroles from Chalcones and β-Enamine Ketones (Esters). Org Lett 2015; 17:3690-3. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b01652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yujin Li
- College
of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Hui Xu
- College
of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Mengming Xing
- College
of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Fang Huang
- Department
of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, P. R. China
| | - Jianhong Jia
- College
of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Jianrong Gao
- College
of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
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19
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Structure and mechanism of an antibiotics-synthesizing 3-hydroxykynurenine C-methyltransferase. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10100. [PMID: 25960001 PMCID: PMC4426599 DOI: 10.1038/srep10100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptosporangium sibiricum SibL catalyzes the methyl transfer from S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) to 3-hydroxykynurenine (3-HK) to produce S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) and 3-hydroxy-4-methyl-kynurenine for sibiromycin biosynthesis. Here, we present the crystal structures of apo-form Ss-SibL, Ss-SibL/SAH binary complex and Ss-SibL/SAH/3-HK ternary complex. Ss-SibL is a homodimer. Each subunit comprises a helical N-terminal domain and a Rossmann-fold C-terminal domain. SAM (or SAH) binding alone results in domain movements, suggesting a two-step catalytic cycle. Analyses of the enzyme-ligand interactions and further mutant studies support a mechanism in which Tyr134 serves as the principal base in the transferase reaction of methyl group from SAM to 3-HK.
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20
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Enterotoxicity of a nonribosomal peptide causes antibiotic-associated colitis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:13181-6. [PMID: 25157164 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1403274111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic therapy disrupts the human intestinal microbiota. In some patients rapid overgrowth of the enteric bacterium Klebsiella oxytoca results in antibiotic-associated hemorrhagic colitis (AAHC). We isolated and identified a toxin produced by K. oxytoca as the pyrrolobenzodiazepine tilivalline and demonstrated its causative action in the pathogenesis of colitis in an animal model. Tilivalline induced apoptosis in cultured human cells in vitro and disrupted epithelial barrier function, consistent with the mucosal damage associated with colitis observed in human AAHC and the corresponding animal model. Our findings reveal the presence of pyrrolobenzodiazepines in the intestinal microbiota and provide a mechanism for colitis caused by a resident pathobiont. The data link pyrrolobenzodiazepines to human disease and identify tilivalline as a target for diagnosis and neutralizing strategies in prevention and treatment of colitis.
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Vargiu AV, Magistrato A. Atomistic-Level Portrayal of Drug-DNA Interplay: A History of Courtships and Meetings Revealed by Molecular Simulations. ChemMedChem 2014; 9:1966-81. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201402203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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22
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Rational approaches, design strategies, structure activity relationship and mechanistic insights for anticancer hybrids. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 77:422-87. [PMID: 24685980 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2013] [Revised: 03/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A Hybrid drug which comprises the incorporation of two drug pharmacophores in one single molecule are basically designed to interact with multiple targets or to amplify its effect through action on another bio target as one single molecule or to counterbalance the known side effects associated with the other hybrid part(.) The present review article offers a detailed account of the design strategies employed for the synthesis of anticancer agents via molecular hybridization techniques. Over the years, the researchers have employed this technique to discover some promising chemical architectures displaying significant anticancer profiles. Molecular hybridization as a tool has been particularly utilized for targeting tubulin protein as exemplified through the number of research papers. The microtubule inhibitors such as taxol, colchicine, chalcones, combretasatin, phenstatins and vinca alkaloids have been utilized as one of the functionality of the hybrids and promising results have been obtained in most of the cases with some of the tubulin based hybrids exhibiting anticancer activity at nanomolar level. Linkage with steroids as biological carrier vector for anticancer drugs and the inclusion of pyrrolo [2,1-c] [1,4]benzodiazepines (PBDs), a family of DNA interactive antitumor antibiotics derived from Streptomyces species in hybrid structure based drug design has also emerged as a potential strategy. Various heteroaryl based hybrids in particular isatin and coumarins have also been designed and reported to posses' remarkable inhibitory potential. Apart from presenting the design strategies, the article also highlights the structure activity relationship along with mechanistic insights revealed during the biological evaluation of the hybrids.
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Yoshida M, Kinoshita K, Namba K. Synthesis of functionalized 2-vinyl-2,3-dihydropyrroles and 3-methylene-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyridines by palladium-catalyzed cyclization of β-enaminocarbonyl compounds with allylic bisacetates. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:2394-403. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ob42510j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Palladium-catalyzed reactions of β-enaminocarbonyl compounds with 1,4-diacetoxybut-2-ene and 2-methylene-1,3-propanediol diacetate are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Yoshida
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- The University of Tokushima
- Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Kouki Kinoshita
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- The University of Tokushima
- Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Kosuke Namba
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- The University of Tokushima
- Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
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Hurley LH, Thurston DE. Pyrrolo(l ,4)benzodiazepine Antitumor Antibiotics: Chemistry, Interaction with DNA, and Biological Implications. Pharm Res 2013; 1:52-9. [PMID: 24277212 DOI: 10.1023/a:1016395113085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The pyrrolo(l,4)benzodiazepine (P(1,4)B) antitumor antibiotics, anthramycin, tomaymycin, sibiromycin and the neothramycins A and B, are potent anticancer agents that form covalent adducts through the exocyclic amino group of guanine in DNA. This review describes the chemistry important for both the DNA reactivity and synthesis of the carbinolamine containing drugs and the strategy for elucidation of the three-dimensional form of the adduct with DNA. The high DNA sequence specificity as well as some of the observed biological consequences of DNA damage caused by these agents in human and yeast cells are rationalized through the proposed structure of the drug-DNA adducts. Parallel toxicological studies have led to a proposal for the underlying mechanism for the cardiotoxicity of certain members of this group of agents. A rationale for designing drugs which should retain their potent antitumor activity without the associated cardiotoxicity is also proposed. Lastly, the application of the P(l,4)B's as probes for monitoring drug binding to DNA and drug-induced conformational changes is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- L H Hurley
- Drug Dynamics Institute, College of Pharmacy, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, 78712
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Kamal A, Prabhakar S, Shankaraiah N, Markandeya N, Venkat Reddy P, Srinivasulu V, Sathish M. AlCl3–NaI assisted cleavage of polymer-bound esters with concomitant amine coupling and azido-reductive cyclization: synthesis of pyrrolobenzodiazepine derivatives. Tetrahedron Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2013.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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27
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Polindara-García LA, Miranda LD. Two-Step Synthesis of 2,3-Dihydropyrroles via a Formal 5-endo Cycloisomerization of Ugi 4-CR/Propargyl Adducts. Org Lett 2012; 14:5408-11. [DOI: 10.1021/ol3024727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luis A. Polindara-García
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, México D.F. 04510, Mexico
| | - Luis D. Miranda
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, México D.F. 04510, Mexico
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Gao K, Wu B, Yu CB, Chen QA, Ye ZS, Zhou YG. Iridium catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation of cyclic imines of benzodiazepinones and benzodiazepines. Org Lett 2012; 14:3890-3. [PMID: 22799531 DOI: 10.1021/ol301620z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Highly enantioselective Ir-catalyzed hydrogenation of seven-membered cyclic imines of benzodiazepinones and benzodiazepines was achieved with up to 96% ee. This method provides a direct access to synthesize a range of chiral cyclic amines existing in numerous important natural products and clinical drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
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Abstract
Pyrrolobenzodiazepines (PBDs) are sequence selective DNA alkylating agents with remarkable antineoplastic activity. They are either naturally produced by actinomycetes or synthetically produced. The remarkable broad spectrum of activities of the naturally produced PBDs encouraged the synthesis of several PBDs, including dimeric and hybrid PBDs yielding to an improvement in the DNA-binding sequence specificity and in the potency of this class of compounds. However, limitation in the chemical synthesis prevented the testing of one of the most potent PBDs, sibiromycin, a naturally produced glycosylated PBDs. Only recently, the biosynthetic gene clusters for PBDs have been identified opening the doors to the production of glycosylated PBDs by mutasynthesis and biosynthetic engineering. This review describes the recent studies on the biosynthesis of naturally produced pyrrolobenzodiazepines. In addition, it provides an overview on the isolation and characterization of naturally produced PBDs, chemical synthesis of PBDs, mechanism of DNA alkylation, and DNA-binding affinity and cytotoxic properties of both naturally produced and synthetic pyrrolobenzodiazepines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Gerratana
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.
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Kamal A, Srikanth YVV, Ramaiah MJ, Khan MNA, Kashi Reddy M, Ashraf M, Lavanya A, Pushpavalli SNCVL, Pal-Bhadra M. Synthesis, anticancer activity and apoptosis inducing ability of bisindole linked pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]benzodiazepine conjugates. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 22:571-8. [PMID: 22104151 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.10.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2011] [Revised: 10/05/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A series of bisindole-pyrrolobenzodiazepine conjugates (5a-f) linked through different alkane spacers was prepared and evaluated for their anticancer activity. All compounds exhibited significant anticancer potency and the most potent compounds 5b and 5e were taken up for detailed studies on MCF-7 cell line. Cell cycle effects were examined apart from investigating the inhibition of tubulin polymerization for compounds 2a, 2b, 5b and 5e at 2μM. FACS analysis showed that at higher concentrations (4 and 8μM) there was an increase of sub-G1 phase cells and decrease of G2/M phase cells, thus indicating that compounds 5b and 5e are effective in causing apoptosis in MCF-7 cells. It was also observed that compounds 5b and 5e showed the down regulation of histone deacetylase protein levels such as HDAC1, 2, 3, 8 and increase in the levels of p21, followed by apoptotic cell death. The apoptotic nature of these compounds was further evidenced by increased expression of cleaved-PARP and active caspase-7 in MCF-7 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Kamal
- Division of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500607, India.
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31
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Hsieh MC, Hu WP, Yu HS, Wu WC, Chang LS, Kao YH, Wang JJ. A DC-81-indole conjugate agent suppresses melanoma A375 cell migration partially via interrupting VEGF production and stromal cell-derived factor-1α-mediated signaling. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2011; 255:150-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2011.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Revised: 05/31/2011] [Accepted: 06/10/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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32
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Determination of sibiromycin and its natural derivatives using new analytical and structural approaches. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:83-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.10.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2010] [Revised: 10/25/2010] [Accepted: 10/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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33
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Kamal A, Shetti RVCRNC, Ramaiah MJ, Swapna P, Reddy KS, Mallareddy A, Rao MPN, Chourasia M, Sastry GN, Juvekar A, Zingde S, Sarma P, Pushpavalli SNCVL, Pal-Bhadra M. Carbazole–pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]benzodiazepine conjugates: design, synthesis, and biological evaluation. MEDCHEMCOMM 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1md00072a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Markandeya N, Shankaraiah N, Reddy CS, Santos LS, Kamal A. Asymmetric syntheses of piperidino-benzodiazepines through ‘cation-pool’ host/guest supramolecular approach and their DNA-binding studies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2010.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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35
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Synthesis and biological evaluation of anilino substituted pyrimidine linked pyrrolobenzodiazepines as potential anticancer agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:5232-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.06.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2010] [Revised: 06/09/2010] [Accepted: 06/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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36
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Kamal A, Shankaraiah N, Reddy CR, Prabhakar S, Markandeya N, Srivastava HK, Sastry GN. Synthesis of bis-1,2,3-triazolo-bridged unsymmetrical pyrrolobenzodiazepine trimers via ‘click’ chemistry and their DNA-binding studies. Tetrahedron 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2010.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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37
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Kamal A, Markandeya N, Shankaraiah N, Reddy C, Prabhakar S, Reddy C, Eberlin M, Silva Santos L. Chemoselective Aromatic Azido Reduction with Concomitant Aliphatic Azide Employing Al/Gd Triflates/NaI and ESI-MS Mechanistic Studies. Chemistry 2009; 15:7215-24. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200900853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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38
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Li W, Khullar A, Chou S, Sacramo A, Gerratana B. Biosynthesis of sibiromycin, a potent antitumor antibiotic. Appl Environ Microbiol 2009; 75:2869-78. [PMID: 19270142 PMCID: PMC2681668 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02326-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2008] [Accepted: 02/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrrolobenzodiazepines, a class of natural products produced by actinomycetes, are sequence selective DNA alkylating compounds with significant antitumor properties. Among the pyrrolo[1,4]benzodiazepines (PBDs) sibiromycin, one of two identified glycosylated PBDs, displays the highest affinity for DNA and the most potent antitumor properties. Despite the promising antitumor properties clinical trials of sibiromycin were precluded by the cardiotoxicity effect in animals attributed to the presence of the C-9 hydroxyl group. As a first step toward the development of sibiromycin analogs, we have cloned and localized the sibiromycin gene cluster to a 32.7-kb contiguous DNA region. Cluster boundaries tentatively assigned by comparative genomics were verified by gene replacement experiments. The sibiromycin gene cluster consisting of 26 open reading frames reveals a "modular" strategy in which the synthesis of the anthranilic and dihydropyrrole moieties is completed before assembly by the nonribosomal peptide synthetase enzymes. In addition, the gene cluster identified includes open reading frames encoding enzymes involved in sibirosamine biosynthesis, as well as regulatory and resistance proteins. Gene replacement and chemical complementation studies are reported to support the proposed biosynthetic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Bldg. 091, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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39
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Fotso S, Zabriskie TM, Proteau PJ, Flatt PM, Santosa DA, Mahmud T. Limazepines A-F, pyrrolo[1,4]benzodiazepine Antibiotics from an Indonesian Micrococcus sp. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2009; 72:690-695. [PMID: 19388705 DOI: 10.1021/np800827w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In our screening of Indonesian microorganisms for novel bioactive natural products we have isolated seven new compounds, designated as limazepines A, B1 and B2 (isolated as an isomeric mixture), C, D, E, and F, from the culture broth of Micrococcus sp. strain ICBB 8177. In addition, the known natural products prothracarcin and 7-O-succinylmacrolactin A, as well as two previously reported synthetic compounds, 2-amino-3-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzoic acid methyl ester and 4-ethylpyrrole-2-carboxaldehyde, were obtained from the extract. Chemical structures were determined by spectroscopic methods and by comparison with the NMR data of structurally related compounds. The limazepines belong to the growing group of the pyrrolo[1,4]benzodiazepine antitumor antibiotics isolated from various soil bacteria. Limazepines B1/B2 mixture, C, and E were active against the Gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus and the Gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli. Limazepine D was also active against S. aureus, but was not active against E. coli. Interestingly, only the limazepines B1/B2 mixture and D were active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge Fotso
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-3507, USA
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40
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Cloning and characterization of the biosynthetic gene cluster for tomaymycin, an SJG-136 monomeric analog. Appl Environ Microbiol 2009; 75:2958-63. [PMID: 19270147 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02325-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tomaymycin produced by Streptomyces achromogenes is a naturally produced pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD). The biosynthetic gene cluster for tomaymycin was identified and sequenced. The gene cluster analysis reveals a novel biosynthetic pathway for the anthranilate moiety of PBDs. Gene replacement and chemical complementation studies were used to confirm the proposed biosynthetic pathway.
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Vargiu AV, Ruggerone P, Magistrato A, Carloni P. Dissociation of minor groove binders from DNA: insights from metadynamics simulations. Nucleic Acids Res 2008; 36:5910-21. [PMID: 18801848 PMCID: PMC2566863 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkn561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2008] [Revised: 08/19/2008] [Accepted: 08/19/2008] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
We have used metadynamics to investigate the mechanism of noncovalent dissociation from DNA by two representatives of alkylating and noncovalent minor groove (MG) binders. The compounds are anthramycin in its anhydrous form (IMI) and distamycin A (DST), which differ in mode of binding, size, flexibility and net charge. This choice enables to evaluate the influence of such factors on the mechanism of dissociation. Dissociation of IMI requires an activation free energy of approximately 12 kcal/mol and occurs via local widening of the MG and loss of contacts between the drug and one DNA strand, along with the insertion of waters in between. The detachment of DST occurs at a larger free energy cost, approximately 16.5 or approximately 18 kcal/mol depending on the binding mode. These values compare well with that of 16.6 kcal/mol extracted from stopped-flow experiments. In contrast to IMI, an intermediate is found in which the ligand is anchored to the DNA through its amidinium tail. From this conformation, binding and unbinding occur almost at the same rate. Comparison between DST and with kinetic models for the dissociation of Hoechst 33258 from DNA uncovers common characteristics across different classes of noncovalent MG ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attilio Vittorio Vargiu
- CNR-INFM-SLACS and Department of Physics, University of Cagliari, I-09042 Cagliari and SISSA/ISAS and CNR-INFM-DEMOCRITOS, I-34014, Trieste, Italy
| | - Paolo Ruggerone
- CNR-INFM-SLACS and Department of Physics, University of Cagliari, I-09042 Cagliari and SISSA/ISAS and CNR-INFM-DEMOCRITOS, I-34014, Trieste, Italy
| | - Alessandra Magistrato
- CNR-INFM-SLACS and Department of Physics, University of Cagliari, I-09042 Cagliari and SISSA/ISAS and CNR-INFM-DEMOCRITOS, I-34014, Trieste, Italy
| | - Paolo Carloni
- CNR-INFM-SLACS and Department of Physics, University of Cagliari, I-09042 Cagliari and SISSA/ISAS and CNR-INFM-DEMOCRITOS, I-34014, Trieste, Italy
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Kamal A, Khan MNA, Srikanth Y, Srinivasa Reddy K, Juvekar A, Sen S, Kurian N, Zingde S. Synthesis, DNA-binding ability and evaluation of antitumour activity of triazolo[1,2,4]benzothiadiazine linked pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]benzodiazepine conjugates. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:7804-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.06.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2008] [Revised: 06/27/2008] [Accepted: 06/28/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Hu WP, Tsai FY, Yu HS, Sung PJ, Chang LS, Wang JJ. Induction of apoptosis by DC-81-indole conjugate agent through NF-kappaB and JNK/AP-1 pathway. Chem Res Toxicol 2008; 21:1330-6. [PMID: 18512966 DOI: 10.1021/tx700394h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
DC-81, an antitumor antibiotic produced by Streptomyces species, belongs to the pyrrolo[2,1- c][1,4]benzodiazepine (PBD) family, which are potent inhibitors of nucleic acid synthesis. We previously reported an efficient synthesis of PBD hybrids linked with indole carboxylates. Recently, we have also shown that a PBD hybrid (IN6CPBD) agent can activate the apoptotic pathway mediated by mitochondria. In this study, we will examine the transcription factors nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) and activator protein-1 (AP-1) that functionally regulate cell proliferation, transformation, and apoptosis. To investigate the IN6CPBD-induced alterations in NF-kappaB and AP-1 activity that involve cell cycle regulation, we exposed human melanoma A375 cells to different concentrations of IN6CPBD. Our data revealed that treatment of A375 cells with IN6CPBD resulted in a marked loss of cells from the G2/M phase of the cell cycle and an increase in Ca (2+) and cAMP and promoted phosphorylation of Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) expression. By using the luciferase reporter assay, the NF-kappaB activities were decreased; however, AP-1 activity was further enhanced after A375 cells were treated with graded concentrations of IN6CPBD. Blockade of NF-kappaB or JNK activity further enhanced caspase-3 substrate PARP cleavage and subsequent apoptotic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Ping Hu
- Faculty of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Department of Dermatology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Kamal A, Khan MNA, Reddy KS, Ahmed SK, Kumar MS, Juvekar A, Sen S, Zingde S. 1,2,4-Benzothiadiazine linked pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]benzodiazepine conjugates: Synthesis, DNA-binding affinity and cytotoxicity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:5345-8. [PMID: 17723301 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2007] [Revised: 08/08/2007] [Accepted: 08/08/2007] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Benzothiadiazine-pyrrolobenzodiazepine conjugates linked through different alkane spacers have been prepared. These new classes of hybrid molecules exhibit cytotoxicity against many cancer cell lines. Their DNA thermal denaturation studies have been carried out and one of the compounds (4b) elevates the DNA helix melting temperature of the CT-DNA by 6.7 degrees C after incubation for 36 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Kamal
- Biotransformation Laboratory, Division of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500 007, India.
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Tapia RA, Centella CR, Valderrama JA. Synthesis of a Pyrrolo[1,4]Benzodiazepinequinone. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/00397919908086212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo A. Tapia
- a Facultad de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Casilla 306, Santiago , 22 , Chile
| | - Cesar R. Centella
- a Facultad de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Casilla 306, Santiago , 22 , Chile
| | - Jaime A. Valderrama
- a Facultad de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Casilla 306, Santiago , 22 , Chile
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47
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Hu WP, Yu HS, Sung PJ, Tsai FY, Shen YK, Chang LS, Wang JJ. DC-81-Indole conjugate agent induces mitochondria mediated apoptosis in human melanoma A375 cells. Chem Res Toxicol 2007; 20:905-12. [PMID: 17530784 DOI: 10.1021/tx6003387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
DC-81, an antitumor antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces species, belongs to pyrrolo[2,1-c] [1,4]benzodiazepine (PBD), which are potent inhibitors of nucleic acid synthesis. We previously reported an efficient synthesis of PBD hybrids linked with indole carboxylates. This is the first demonstration on the mechanism of the anticancer effect of PBD hybrid (IN6CPBD) agent on human melanoma A375 cells. IN6CPBD-treated cells exhibited higher cytotoxicity than DC-81 and displayed several features of apoptosis, including an increase in the sub-G1 population, a significantly increased annexin V binding, a degradation of caspase-3, and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage. Because degradative changes associated with apoptosis are often preceded by the disruption of mitochondrial function, the assessment of mitochondrial function in IN6CPBD-treated cells is worthy of investigation. Our data revealed that treatment of A375 cells with IN6CPBD resulted in the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (DeltaPsimt), a decrease in intracellular pH (pHi), a reduction of ATP synthesis, increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and cytochrome c release. Collectively, our studies indicate that IN6CPBD induces apoptosis in A375 cells through a mitochondrial dysfunction pathway, leading to caspase-3 substrate PARP cleavage and subsequent apoptotic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Ping Hu
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Kamal A, Rajasekhar Reddy D, Murali Mohan Reddy PS. Synthesis and DNA-binding ability of C2R-fluoro substituted DC-81 and its dimers. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:803-6. [PMID: 17113291 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.10.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2006] [Revised: 10/05/2006] [Accepted: 10/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
C2R-Fluoro substituted DC-81 and its dimers have been synthesized that exhibit significant DNA-binding ability, particularly the five carbon alkane spacer compound (6c) showed the helix melting temperature (DeltaTm) of 18.8 degrees C after incubation of 36 h at 37 degrees C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Kamal
- Biotransformation Laboratory, Division of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India.
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Vargiu AV, Ruggerone P, Magistrato A, Carloni P. Anthramycin-DNA binding explored by molecular simulations. J Phys Chem B 2007; 110:24687-95. [PMID: 17134232 DOI: 10.1021/jp063155n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The anticancer drug anthramycin inhibits replication and transcription processes by covalently binding to DNA. Here, we use molecular simulations to investigate the interaction between this ligand and the dodecanucleotide d[GCCAACGTTGGC](2). We start from the X-ray structure of the adduct anthramycin-d[CCAACGTTG*G](2), in which the drug binds covalently to guanine.1 We focus on the noncovalent complexes between the oligonucleotide and the anhydro and hydroxy forms of the drug. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations show that only the hydroxy form lies in front of the reactive center for the whole simulation ( approximately 20 ns), while the anhydro form moves inside the minor groove to the nearest base pair after approximately 10 ns. This sliding process is associated to both energetic and structural relaxations of the complex. The accuracy of our computational setup is established by performing MD simulations of the covalent adduct and of a 14-mer complexed with anhydro-anthramycin. The MD simulations are complemented by hybrid Car-Parrinello quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) simulations. These show that in the noncovalent complexes the electric field due to DNA polarizes the hydroxy and, even more, the anhydro form of the drug as to favor a nucleophilic attack by the alkylating guanine. This suggests that the binding process may be characterized by a multistep pathway, catalyzed by the electric field of DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attilio V Vargiu
- SISSA/ISAS and CNR-INFM-Democritos Modeling Center, Via Beirut 4, I-34014 Trieste, Italy
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