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He W, Wang W, Ma J, Zheng G, Zimin AA, Jiang W, Tian J, Lu Y. Crossregulation of rapamycin and elaiophylin biosynthesis by RapH in Streptomyces rapamycinicus. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:2147-2159. [PMID: 35218390 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-11847-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Rapamycin is an important macrocyclic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces rapamycinicus. In the rapamycin biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC), there are up to five regulatory genes, which have been shown to play important roles in the regulation of rapamycin biosynthesis. Here, we demonstrated that the rapamycin BGC-situated LAL family regulator RapH co-ordinately regulated the biosynthesis of both rapamycin and elaiophylin. We showed that rapH overexpression not only resulted in enhanced rapamycin production but also led to increased synthesis of another type I polyketide antibiotic, elaiophylin. Consistent with this, rapH deletion resulted in decreased production of both antibiotics. Through real-time RT-PCR combined with β-glucuronidase reporter assays, four target genes controlled by RapH, including rapL (encoding a lysine cyclodeaminase)/rapH in the rapamycin BGC and ela3 (encoding a LuxR family regulator)/ela9 (encoding a hypothetical protein) in the elaiophylin BGC, were identified. A relatively conserved signature sequence recognized by RapH, which comprises two 4-nt inverted repeats separated by 8-nt, 5'-GTT/AC-N8-GTAC-3', was defined. Taken together, our findings demonstrated that RapH was involved in co-ordinated regulation of two disparate BGCs specifying two unrelated antibiotics, rapamycin and elaiophylin. These results further expand our knowledge of the regulation of antibiotic biosynthesis in S. rapamycinicus. KEY POINTS: • The cluster-situated regulator RapH controlled the synthesis of two antibiotics. • Four promoter regions recognized by RapH were identified. • A 16-nt signature DNA sequence essential for RapH regulation was defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyan He
- College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Wenfang Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Jiaxiang Ma
- College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Guosong Zheng
- College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Andrei A Zimin
- G.K. Scriabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms RAS, Pushchino, 142290, Russia
| | - Weihong Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jinzhong Tian
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Yinhua Lu
- College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China.
- Development Center of Plant Germplasm Resources, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China.
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Kim V, Lim YR, Lee I, Lee JH, Han S, Pham TV, Kim H, Lee R, Kang LW, Kim D. Structural insights into CYP107G1 from rapamycin-producing Streptomyces rapamycinicus. Arch Biochem Biophys 2020; 692:108544. [PMID: 32822639 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2020.108544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Rapamycin is a clinically important macrolide agent with immunosuppressant and antiproliferative properties, produced by the actinobacterium, Streptomyces rapamycinicus. Two cytochrome P450 enzymes are involved in the biosynthesis of rapamycin. CYP107G1 and CYP122A2 catalyze the oxidation reactions of C27 and C9 of pre-rapamycin, respectively. To understand the structural and biochemical features of P450 enzymes in rapamycin biosynthesis, the CYP107G1 and CYP122A2 genes were cloned, their recombinant proteins were expressed in Escherichia coli, and the purified enzymes were characterized. Both enzymes displayed low spin states in the absolute spectra of ferric forms, and the titrations with rapamycin induced type I spectral changes with Kd values of 4.4 ± 0.4 and 3.0 ± 0.3 μM for CYP107G1 and CYP122A2, respectively. The X-ray crystal structures of CYP107G1 and its co-crystal complex with everolimus, a clinical rapamycin derivative, were determined at resolutions of 2.9 and 3.0 Å, respectively. The overall structure of CYP107G1 adopts the canonical scaffold of cytochrome P450 and possesses large substrate pocket. The distal face of the heme group is exposed to solvents to accommodate macrolide access. When the structure of the everolimus-bound CYP107G1 complex (CYP107G1-Eve) was compared to that of the ligand-free CYP107G1 form, no significant conformational change was observed. Hence, CYP107G1 has a relatively rigid structure with versatile loops to accommodate a bulky substrate. The everolimus molecule is bound to the substrate-binding pocket in the shape of a squeezed donut, and its elongated structure is bound perpendicular to a planar heme plane and I-helix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitchan Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05025, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ran Lim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05025, Republic of Korea
| | - Inho Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05025, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Ha Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05025, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangjun Han
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05025, Republic of Korea
| | - Tan-Viet Pham
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05025, Republic of Korea
| | - Harim Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05025, Republic of Korea
| | - Rowoon Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05025, Republic of Korea
| | - Lin-Woo Kang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05025, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghak Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05025, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Cho MA, Han S, Lim YR, Kim V, Kim H, Kim D. Streptomyces Cytochrome P450 Enzymes and Their Roles in the Biosynthesis of Macrolide Therapeutic Agents. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2019; 27:127-133. [PMID: 30562877 PMCID: PMC6430224 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2018.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of the genus Streptomyces is of particular interest because it produces a wide array of clinically important bioactive molecules. The genomic sequencing of many Streptomyces species has revealed unusually large numbers of cytochrome P450 genes, which are involved in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. Many macrolide biosynthetic pathways are catalyzed by a series of enzymes in gene clusters including polyketide and non-ribosomal peptide synthesis. In general, Streptomyces P450 enzymes accelerate the final, post-polyketide synthesis steps to enhance the structural architecture of macrolide chemistry. In this review, we discuss the major Streptomyces P450 enzymes research focused on the biosynthetic processing of macrolide therapeutic agents, with an emphasis on their biochemical mechanisms and structural insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung-A Cho
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05025, Republic of Korea
| | - Songhee Han
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05025, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ran Lim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05025, Republic of Korea
| | - Vitchan Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05025, Republic of Korea
| | - Harim Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05025, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghak Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05025, Republic of Korea
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Rudolf JD, Chang CY, Ma M, Shen B. Cytochromes P450 for natural product biosynthesis in Streptomyces: sequence, structure, and function. Nat Prod Rep 2017; 34:1141-1172. [PMID: 28758170 PMCID: PMC5585785 DOI: 10.1039/c7np00034k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Covering: up to January 2017Cytochrome P450 enzymes (P450s) are some of the most exquisite and versatile biocatalysts found in nature. In addition to their well-known roles in steroid biosynthesis and drug metabolism in humans, P450s are key players in natural product biosynthetic pathways. Natural products, the most chemically and structurally diverse small molecules known, require an extensive collection of P450s to accept and functionalize their unique scaffolds. In this review, we survey the current catalytic landscape of P450s within the Streptomyces genus, one of the most prolific producers of natural products, and comprehensively summarize the functionally characterized P450s from Streptomyces. A sequence similarity network of >8500 P450s revealed insights into the sequence-function relationships of these oxygen-dependent metalloenzymes. Although only ∼2.4% and <0.4% of streptomycete P450s have been functionally and structurally characterized, respectively, the study of streptomycete P450s involved in the biosynthesis of natural products has revealed their diverse roles in nature, expanded their catalytic repertoire, created structural and mechanistic paradigms, and exposed their potential for biomedical and biotechnological applications. Continued study of these remarkable enzymes will undoubtedly expose their true complement of chemical and biological capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D Rudolf
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
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An Efficient Method To Generate Gene Deletion Mutants of the Rapamycin-Producing Bacterium Streptomyces iranensis HM 35. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016; 82:3481-3492. [PMID: 27037115 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00371-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Streptomyces iranensis HM 35 is an alternative rapamycin producer to Streptomyces rapamycinicus Targeted genetic modification of rapamycin-producing actinomycetes is a powerful tool for the directed production of rapamycin derivatives, and it has also revealed some key features of the molecular biology of rapamycin formation in S. rapamycinicus. The approach depends upon efficient conjugational plasmid transfer from Escherichia coli to Streptomyces, and the failure of this step has frustrated its application to Streptomyces iranensis HM 35. Here, by systematically optimizing the process of conjugational plasmid transfer, including screening of various media, and by defining optimal temperatures and concentrations of antibiotics and Ca(2+) ions in the conjugation media, we have achieved exconjugant formation for each of a series of gene deletions in S. iranensis HM 35. Among them were rapK, which generates the starter unit for rapamycin biosynthesis, and hutF, encoding a histidine catabolizing enzyme. The protocol that we have developed may allow efficient generation of targeted gene knockout mutants of Streptomyces species that are genetically difficult to manipulate. IMPORTANCE The developed protocol of conjugational plasmid transfer from Escherichia coli to Streptomyces iranensis may allow efficient generation of targeted gene knockout mutants of other genetically difficult to manipulate, but valuable, Streptomyces species.
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Zech SG, Carr M, Mohemmad QK, Narasimhan NI, Murray C, Rozamus LW, Dalgarno DC. Identification of novel rapamycin derivatives as low-level impurities in active pharmaceutical ingredients. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2011; 64:649-54. [PMID: 21792211 DOI: 10.1038/ja.2011.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We describe the identification of novel rapamycin derivatives present as low-level impurities in active pharmaceutical ingredients using an integrated, multidisciplinary approach. Rapamycin, a fermentation-derived natural product is itself used clinically and provides the starting material for several rapamycin analog drugs, typically used in oncology. LC-MS proved a sensitive means to analyze impurity profiles in batches of rapamycin. MS fragmentation was used to gain structural insight into these impurities, usually fermentation by-products, structurally very similar to rapamycin. In cases where MS fragmentation was unable to provide unambiguous structural identification, the impurities were isolated and purified using orthogonal HPLC methods. Using the higher mass sensitivity of small-volume NMR microprobes, submilligram amounts of isolated impurities were sufficient for further characterization by multidimensional NMR spectroscopy. Full assignment of the (1)H and (13)C NMR signals revealed the structure of these impurities at an atomic level. This systematic workflow enabled the identification of several novel rapamycin congeners from active pharmaceutical ingredient without the need for large-scale isolation of impurities. For illustration, two novel rapamycin derivatives are described in this study: 12-ethyl-rapamycin and 33-ethyl-rapamycin, which exemplify previously unreported modifications on the carbon skeleton of the rapamycin macrocycle. The methodologies described here can be of wide use for identification of closely related structures found; for example as fermentation by-products, metabolites or degradants of natural product-based drugs.
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Gulder TAM, Freeman MF, Piel J. The Catalytic Diversity of Multimodular Polyketide Synthases: Natural Product Biosynthesis Beyond Textbook Assembly Rules. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2011. [PMID: 21360321 DOI: 10.1007/128_2010_113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial multimodular polyketide synthases (PKSs) are responsible for the biosynthesis of a wide range of pharmacologically active natural products. These megaenzymes contain numerous catalytic and structural domains and act as biochemical templates to generate complex polyketides in an assembly line-like fashion. While the prototypical PKS is composed of only a few different domain types that are fused together in a combinatorial fashion, an increasing number of enzymes is being found that contain additional components. These domains can introduce remarkably diverse modifications into polyketides. This review discusses our current understanding of such noncanonical domains and their role in expanding the biosynthetic versatility of bacterial PKSs.
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Prior JE, Shokati T, Christians U, Gill RT. Identification and characterization of a bacterial cytochrome P450 for the metabolism of diclofenac. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2009; 85:625-33. [PMID: 19636551 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-009-2135-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2009] [Revised: 07/06/2009] [Accepted: 07/07/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The bacterium Actinoplanes sp. ATCC 53771 is known to perform drug metabolism of several xenobiotics similarly to humans. We identified a cytochrome P450 enzyme from this strain, CYP107E4, and expressed it in Escherichia coli using the pET101 vector. The purified enzyme showed the characteristic reduced-CO difference spectra with a peak at 450 nm, indicating the protein is produced in the active form with proper heme incorporation. The CYP107E4 enzyme was found to bind the drug diclofenac. Using redox enzymes from spinach, the reconstituted system is able to produce hydroxylated metabolites of diclofenac. Production of the human 4'-hydroxydiclofenac metabolite by CYP107E4 was confirmed, and a second hydroxylated metabolite was also produced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie E Prior
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
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Weber T, Laiple KJ, Pross EK, Textor A, Grond S, Welzel K, Pelzer S, Vente A, Wohlleben W. Molecular Analysis of the Kirromycin Biosynthetic Gene Cluster Revealed β-Alanine as Precursor of the Pyridone Moiety. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 15:175-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2007.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2007] [Revised: 11/27/2007] [Accepted: 12/06/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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10
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Lee SK, Hong JSJ, Choi CY, Ahn JS, Yoon YJ. Enhanced production of hydroxylated macrolides from the pikromycin pathway of Streptomyces venezuelae. Enzyme Microb Technol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2005.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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11
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He M, Haltli B, Summers M, Feng X, Hucul J. Isolation and characterization of meridamycin biosynthetic gene cluster from Streptomyces sp. NRRL 30748. Gene 2006; 377:109-18. [PMID: 16806745 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2006.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2006] [Revised: 03/15/2006] [Accepted: 03/22/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Meridamycin is a non-immunosuppressive, FKBP12-binding natural macrolide with potential therapeutic applications in a variety of medical conditions. To set the stage for structural modification of meridamycin by genetic engineering, we have cloned and completely sequenced approximately 117 kb of DNA encompassing the meridamycin biosynthetic gene cluster from the producing strain, Streptomyces sp. NRRL 30748. Clustered in the center of the cloned DNA stretch are six genes responsible for the construction of the core structure of meridamycin, including merP encoding a non-ribosomal peptide synthase for pipecolate-incorporation, four PKS genes (merA-D) together encoding 1 loading module and 14 extension modules, and merE encoding a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase. A number of genes with potential pathway-specific regulatory or resistance functions have also been identified. The absence of the gene encoding lysine cyclodeaminase in the sequenced gene cluster and the rest of the genome of NRRL 30748 indicated the synthesis of pipecolate in this strain is not through the common lysine cyclodeamination route previously described for rapamycin and FK506/FK520 biosynthesis. An efficient conjugation method has been developed for Streptomyces sp. NRRL 30748 to facilitate the genetic manipulation of meridamycin biosynthetic gene cluster. Disruption of merP resulted in the complete abolition of meridamycin production, proving the identity of the gene cluster. A novel meridamycin analogue, C36-keto-meridamycin, has been successfully generated through deletion of a DNA fragment encoding KR1 domain of MerA from the chromosomal DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min He
- Chemical and Screening Science/Natural Products Discovery, Wyeth Research, Pearl River, NY 10965, USA.
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Hill AM. The biosynthesis, molecular genetics and enzymology of the polyketide-derived metabolites. Nat Prod Rep 2005; 23:256-320. [PMID: 16572230 DOI: 10.1039/b301028g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
This review covers the biosynthesis of aliphatic and aromatic polyketides as well as mixed polyketide/NRPS metabolites, and discusses the molecular genetics and enzymology of the proteins responsible for their formation.
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Ritacco FV, Graziani EI, Summers MY, Zabriskie TM, Yu K, Bernan VS, Carter GT, Greenstein M. Production of novel rapamycin analogs by precursor-directed biosynthesis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2005; 71:1971-6. [PMID: 15812028 PMCID: PMC1082568 DOI: 10.1128/aem.71.4.1971-1976.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The natural product rapamycin, produced during fermentation by Streptomyces hygroscopicus, is known for its potent antifungal, immunosuppressive, and anticancer activities. During rapamycin biosynthesis, the amino acid l-pipecolate is incorporated into the rapamycin molecule. We investigated the use of precursor-directed biosynthesis to create new rapamycin analogs by substitution of unusual l-pipecolate analogs in place of the normal amino acid. Our results suggest that the l-pipecolate analog (+/-)-nipecotic acid inhibits the biosynthesis of l-pipecolate, thereby limiting the availability of this molecule for rapamycin biosynthesis. We used (+/-)-nipecotic acid in our precursor-directed biosynthesis studies to reduce l-pipecolate availability and thereby enhance the incorporation of other pipecolate analogs into the rapamycin molecule. We describe here the use of this method for production of two new sulfur-containing rapamycin analogs, 20-thiarapamycin and 15-deoxo-19-sulfoxylrapamycin, and report measurement of their binding to FKBP12.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank V Ritacco
- Natural Products, Wyeth Research, 401 North Middletown Road, Building 205, Room 465, Pearl River, NY 10965, USA.
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Pelzer S, Wohlert SE, Vente A. Tool-box: tailoring enzymes for bio-combinatorial lead development and as markers for genome-based natural product lead discovery. ERNST SCHERING RESEARCH FOUNDATION WORKSHOP 2005:233-59. [PMID: 15645724 DOI: 10.1007/3-540-27055-8_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S Pelzer
- Microbiology/Biotechnology, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Germany.
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Lowden PAS, Böhm GA, Metcalfe S, Staunton J, Leadlay PF. New Rapamycin Derivatives by Precursor-Directed Biosynthesis. Chembiochem 2004; 5:535-8. [PMID: 15185378 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200300758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philip A S Lowden
- School of Chemistry, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK.
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Podust LM, Kim Y, Arase M, Neely BA, Beck BJ, Bach H, Sherman DH, Lamb DC, Kelly SL, Waterman MR. The 1.92-A structure of Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) CYP154C1. A new monooxygenase that functionalizes macrolide ring systems. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:12214-21. [PMID: 12519772 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m212210200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolutionary links between cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, a superfamily of extraordinarily divergent heme-thiolate proteins catalyzing a wide array of NADPH/NADH- and O(2)-dependent reactions, are becoming better understood because of availability of an increasing number of fully sequenced genomes. Among other reactions, P450s catalyze the site-specific oxidation of the precursors to macrolide antibiotics in the genus Streptomyces introducing regiochemical diversity into the macrolide ring system, thereby significantly increasing antibiotic activity. Developing effective uses for Streptomyces enzymes in biosynthetic processes and bioremediation requires identification and engineering of additional monooxygenases with activities toward a diverse array of small molecules. To elucidate the molecular basis for substrate specificity of oxidative enzymes toward macrolide antibiotics, the x-ray structure of CYP154C1 from Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) was determined (Protein Data Bank code ). Relocation of certain common P450 secondary structure elements, along with a novel structural feature involving an additional beta-strand transforming the five-stranded beta-sheet into a six-stranded variant, creates an open cleft-shaped substrate-binding site between the two P450 domains. High sequence similarity to macrolide monooxygenases from other microbial species translates into catalytic activity of CYP154C1 toward both 12- and 14-membered ring macrolactones in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa M Podust
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146, USA.
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Jeevarajah D, Patterson JH, McConville MJ, Billman-Jacobe H. Modification of glycopeptidolipids by an O-methyltransferase of Mycobacterium smegmatis. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2002; 148:3079-3087. [PMID: 12368441 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-148-10-3079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Glycopeptidolipids (GPLs) are a major component of the outer layers of the cell walls of several non-tuberculous mycobacteria. The Mycobacterium smegmatis GPLs consist of a diglycosylated lipopeptide core which is variably modified by acetylation and methylation. Analysis of a region of the M. smegmatis chromosome, upstream of the peptide synthetase gene, mps, revealed a GPL biosynthetic locus containing genes potentially involved in glycosylation, methylation, acetylation and transport of GPLs. Methyltransferases are required to modify rhamnose and the fatty acid of GPLs. Of the four methyltransferases encoded within the locus, one methyltransferase, Mtf2, was unlike sugar methyltransferases from other species. An mtf2 mutant was created and was shown to be unable to methylate the GPL fatty acids. Direct evidence is presented that Mtf2 is a methyltransferase that modifies the GPL fatty acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharshini Jeevarajah
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology1, and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology2, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - John H Patterson
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology1, and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology2, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Malcolm J McConville
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology1, and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology2, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Helen Billman-Jacobe
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology1, and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology2, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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