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MacManus D, Short R, Lane R, Jones M, Hull L, Howard LM, Fear NT. Intimate partner violence and abuse experience and perpetration in UK military personnel compared to a general population cohort: A cross-sectional study. Lancet Reg Health Eur 2022; 20:100448. [PMID: 35813966 PMCID: PMC9256655 DOI: 10.1016/j.lanepe.2022.100448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Research exploring prevalence of, and factors associated with, increased risk of experiencing or perpetrating Intimate Partner Violence and Abuse (IPVA) in military communities is limited. This study aimed to describe IPVA prevalence in a military sample, explore the role of military-specific risk factors, and draw comparisons with a general population cohort. Methods We utilised data from a sample of military personnel participating in a cohort study of the health and wellbeing of UK military personnel who reported having an intimate relationship in the previous 12 months (n = 5557). To allow for comparison with civilian populations, participants from a general population cohort study in England (n = 6075) were matched on age and sex to the military cohort (n = 8093). Findings The 12-month prevalences of IPVA experience and perpetration in the military sample were 12.80% (95% CI 11.72–13.96%) and 9.40% (8.45–10.45%), respectively. Factors associated with both increased IPVA experience and perpetration included childhood adversity, relationship dissatisfaction, military trauma, and recent mental health and alcohol misuse problems. Compared to the civilian cohort, adjusted odds (95% CI) of IPVA experience and perpetration were higher in the military: 2.94 (2.15–4.01) and 3.41 (1.79–6.50), respectively. Interpretation This study found higher prevalences of IPVA experience and perpetration in the military compared to the general population cohort and highlighted both non-military and military factors associated with increased risk of both. Relationship dissatisfaction, military trauma and mental health difficulties mark key areas for IPVA prevention and management efforts to target. Funding Funded by the UK Ministry of Defence and National Institute of Health Research.
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Cowlishaw S, Freijah I, Kartal D, Sbisa A, Mulligan A, Notarianni M, Couineau AL, Forbes D, O’Donnell M, Phelps A, Iverson KM, Heber A, O’Dwyer C, Smith P, Hosseiny F. Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) in Military and Veteran Populations: A Systematic Review of Population-Based Surveys and Population Screening Studies. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19148853. [PMID: 35886702 PMCID: PMC9316917 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19148853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Intimate partner violence (IPV) may be a major concern in military and veteran populations, and the aims of this systematic review were to (1) provide best available estimates of overall prevalence based on studies that are most representative of relevant populations, and (2) contextualise these via examination of IPV types, impacts, and context. An electronic search of PsycINFO, CINHAL, PubMed, and the Cochrane Library databases identified studies utilising population-based designs or population screening strategies to estimate prevalence of IPV perpetration or victimisation reported by active duty (AD) military personnel or veterans. Random effects meta-analyses were used for quantitative analyses and were supplemented by narrative syntheses of heterogeneous data. Thirty-one studies involving 172,790 participants were included in meta-analyses. These indicated around 13% of all AD personnel and veterans reported any recent IPV perpetration, and around 21% reported any recent victimisation. There were higher rates of IPV perpetration in studies of veterans and health service settings, but no discernible differences were found according to gender, era of service, or country of origin. Psychological IPV was the most common form identified, while there were few studies of IPV impacts, or coercive and controlling behaviours. The findings demonstrate that IPV perpetration and victimisation occur commonly among AD personnel and veterans and highlight a strong need for responses across military and veteran-specific settings. However, there are gaps in understanding of impacts and context for IPV, including coercive and controlling behaviours, which are priority considerations for future research and policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Cowlishaw
- Phoenix Australia—Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Level 3, Alan Gilbert Building, 161 Barry Street, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia; (I.F.); (D.K.); (A.S.); (A.-L.C.); (D.F.); (M.O.); (A.P.); (C.O.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Isabella Freijah
- Phoenix Australia—Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Level 3, Alan Gilbert Building, 161 Barry Street, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia; (I.F.); (D.K.); (A.S.); (A.-L.C.); (D.F.); (M.O.); (A.P.); (C.O.)
| | - Dzenana Kartal
- Phoenix Australia—Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Level 3, Alan Gilbert Building, 161 Barry Street, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia; (I.F.); (D.K.); (A.S.); (A.-L.C.); (D.F.); (M.O.); (A.P.); (C.O.)
| | - Alyssa Sbisa
- Phoenix Australia—Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Level 3, Alan Gilbert Building, 161 Barry Street, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia; (I.F.); (D.K.); (A.S.); (A.-L.C.); (D.F.); (M.O.); (A.P.); (C.O.)
| | - Ashlee Mulligan
- Atlas Institute for Veterans and Families, Royal Ottawa Mental Health Centre, 1145 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON K1Z 7K4, Canada; (A.M.); (M.N.); (P.S.); (F.H.)
| | - MaryAnn Notarianni
- Atlas Institute for Veterans and Families, Royal Ottawa Mental Health Centre, 1145 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON K1Z 7K4, Canada; (A.M.); (M.N.); (P.S.); (F.H.)
| | - Anne-Laure Couineau
- Phoenix Australia—Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Level 3, Alan Gilbert Building, 161 Barry Street, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia; (I.F.); (D.K.); (A.S.); (A.-L.C.); (D.F.); (M.O.); (A.P.); (C.O.)
| | - David Forbes
- Phoenix Australia—Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Level 3, Alan Gilbert Building, 161 Barry Street, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia; (I.F.); (D.K.); (A.S.); (A.-L.C.); (D.F.); (M.O.); (A.P.); (C.O.)
| | - Meaghan O’Donnell
- Phoenix Australia—Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Level 3, Alan Gilbert Building, 161 Barry Street, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia; (I.F.); (D.K.); (A.S.); (A.-L.C.); (D.F.); (M.O.); (A.P.); (C.O.)
| | - Andrea Phelps
- Phoenix Australia—Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Level 3, Alan Gilbert Building, 161 Barry Street, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia; (I.F.); (D.K.); (A.S.); (A.-L.C.); (D.F.); (M.O.); (A.P.); (C.O.)
| | - Katherine M. Iverson
- Women’s Health Sciences Division, National Center for PTSD, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, 150 South Huntington Street, Boston, MA 02130, USA;
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 E Concord Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Alexandra Heber
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3K7, Canada;
- Veterans Affairs Canada, Charlottetown, PE C1A 8M9, Canada
| | - Carol O’Dwyer
- Phoenix Australia—Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Level 3, Alan Gilbert Building, 161 Barry Street, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia; (I.F.); (D.K.); (A.S.); (A.-L.C.); (D.F.); (M.O.); (A.P.); (C.O.)
| | - Patrick Smith
- Atlas Institute for Veterans and Families, Royal Ottawa Mental Health Centre, 1145 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON K1Z 7K4, Canada; (A.M.); (M.N.); (P.S.); (F.H.)
| | - Fardous Hosseiny
- Atlas Institute for Veterans and Families, Royal Ottawa Mental Health Centre, 1145 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON K1Z 7K4, Canada; (A.M.); (M.N.); (P.S.); (F.H.)
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Relationship conflict and partner violence by UK military personnel following return from deployment in Iraq and Afghanistan. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2022; 57:1795-1805. [PMID: 35661897 PMCID: PMC9167453 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-022-02317-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Risk of violence by UK military personnel, both towards non-family and family, has been found to be higher post-deployment. However, no UK research to date has attempted to examine relationship conflict and intimate partner violence (IPV) in this period. This study estimated the prevalence of and risk factors for post-deployment relationship conflict and partner violence in UK military personnel. METHODS We utilised data on military personnel who had deployed to Iraq and/or Afghanistan (n = 5437), drawn from a large cohort study into the health and well-being of UK military personnel. RESULTS 34.7% reported relationship conflict (arguing with partner) and 3.4% reported perpetrating physical IPV post-deployment. Males were more likely than females to report relationship conflict. There were similar rates of self-reported physical IPV perpetration among males and females. Among our male sample, factors associated with both relationship conflict and physical IPV perpetration post-deployment included being in the Army compared with the Royal Air Force, higher levels of childhood adversity, higher levels of military trauma exposure and recent mental health and alcohol misuse problems. Being over 40 at time of deployment (vs being under 25) and having deployed in a combat role were also associated with relationship conflict, but not physical IPV perpetration. CONCLUSIONS Deployment-related variables and mental health and alcohol misuse problems were found to be key factors associated with post-deployment relationship conflict and IPV. Services providing health or welfare support to military personnel must collaborate with mental health services and consider history of deployment, and particularly deployment-related trauma, in their assessments to improve identification and management of intimate partner violence and abuse in military communities.
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Katerndahl D, Burge SK, Ferrer RL, Becho J, Wood R. Complex Relationship Between Daily Partner Violence and Alcohol Use Among Violent Heterosexual Men. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2021; 36:10912-10937. [PMID: 31898923 DOI: 10.1177/0886260519897324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Although alcohol use and partner violence are consistently associated, the nature of the alcohol-violence relationship is still unclear. The purpose of this pilot study was to use longitudinal daily assessments of male partners' alcohol use and violent events to identify the nature of the alcohol-violence relationship, employing both linear and nonlinear analyses. The participants were 20 adult heterosexual couples of whom the woman reported experiencing partner violence in the prior 30 days. Each partner provided a separate daily telephone report for 8 weeks via an automated interactive voice response (IVR), concerning the previous day's violence, alcohol use, stressors, emotional reactions, and concerns for children. Individual IVR databases were merged to form a combined couple's IVR time series. Time series were analyzed using graphic, linear, and nonlinear methods. Graphic analysis using state space grids found no consistent pattern across couples. Similarly, linear analysis using same-day cross-correlation and prior-day beta statistics found no significant group-level alcohol-violence relationship. Using cross-approximate entropy statistics and differential structural equation modeling, no nonlinear relationships between alcohol use and violence were noted either. Whether applying linear or nonlinear analytic methods, there is no group-level relationship between alcohol use by male perpetrators and their violent acts. The implications are significant. First, the alcohol-violence relationship may differ among subgroups. Second, couples need to be assessed thoroughly to determine their unique relationship with alcohol use, so that couple-specific interventions can be designed. Third, if perpetrators believe that their violence is facilitated by their alcohol use, then alcohol reduction should be encouraged despite any evidence suggesting a different alcohol-violence relationship. Finally, the accepted alcohol-causes-violence belief held by many providers needs to be reconsidered. Because the nature of the alcohol-violence relationship varies considerably across couples, clinicians should seek to understand their unique relationship applying across-the-board management approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandra K Burge
- University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, USA
| | - Robert L Ferrer
- University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, USA
| | - Johanna Becho
- University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, USA
| | - Robert Wood
- University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, USA
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Rothman EF, Campbell JK, Quinn E, Smith S, Xuan Z. Evaluation of the One Love Escalation Workshop for Dating Abuse Prevention: a Randomized Controlled Trial Pilot Study with a Sample of US Navy Sailors. PREVENTION SCIENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR PREVENTION RESEARCH 2021; 22:1060-1070. [PMID: 33855672 DOI: 10.1007/s11121-021-01240-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the Escalation Workshop with a sample of US Navy sailors. Escalation is a one-session workshop designed to promote bystander behavior related to dating abuse. We conducted a two-arm RCT with follow-up at 4 and 8 months. Participants were 335 Navy sailors, recruited from two comparable ships based in the USA. The unit of randomization was the ship. The primary outcomes were as follows: (a) attitudes related to intervening as a bystander in dating abuse situations, (b) injunctive norms about dating abuse, (c) dating abuse-related prevention-oriented behaviors (e.g., such as posting dating violence prevention messages online), and (d) bystander behaviors including acting as a bystander to prevent peer self-harm, peer bullying, peer intoxication, or peer dating abuse, or being a proactive bystander and initiating conversations about dating abuse prevention with friends and others. Hierarchal linear models (HLMs) indicated that, compared to participants in the control group, participants in the intervention group demonstrated improvement in attitudes [β = .09, p < .001] and had more engagement than controls in prevention-oriented behavior at 8-month follow-up [β = 0.11, p < .01]. Those in the intervention group also reported larger increases than controls in bystander behavior related to peer self-harm, peer bullying, peer intoxication, and starting conversations about dating abuse. Results for dating abuse bystander behavior were mixed. At 4 months, workshop participation was marginally associated with increased bystander behavior with peers who had perpetrated dating abuse (β = 0.89, p = 0.06) and with peers experiencing physical or sexual dating abuse, or stalking or threats (β = 1.11, p = .07). However, workshop participation was not associated with increased bystander behavior with peers experiencing only physical abuse. The Escalation Workshop may be a promising strategy to promote change in dating abuse-related attitudinal change and prevention-oriented behavior, and bystander behavior with peers related to self-harm, bullying, intoxication, and some aspects of dating abuse prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily F Rothman
- School of Public Health, Boston University, 801 Massachusetts Ave, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
| | - Julia K Campbell
- School of Public Health, Boston University, 801 Massachusetts Ave, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Emily Quinn
- School of Public Health, Boston University, 801 Massachusetts Ave, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Sonia Smith
- Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, Washington, USA
| | - Ziming Xuan
- School of Public Health, Boston University, 801 Massachusetts Ave, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
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Kwan J, Sparrow K, Facer-Irwin E, Thandi G, Fear N, MacManus D. Prevalence of intimate partner violence perpetration among military populations: A systematic review and meta-analysis. AGGRESSION AND VIOLENT BEHAVIOR 2020; 53:101419. [PMID: 32714067 PMCID: PMC7375166 DOI: 10.1016/j.avb.2020.101419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a global health issue that impacts both civilian and military populations. Factors associated with military service may result in increased risk of IPV perpetration among Veterans and Active Duty military personnel. Six bibliographic databases were searched to identify studies that estimated the prevalence of IPV perpetration among military populations by sociodemographic and military characteristics. Where possible, random effect meta-analyses were conducted to determine pooled prevalence estimates. 42 studies were eligible for inclusion in this systematic review. 28 of these studies met the requirements for inclusion in subsequent meta-analyses. Among studies that measured past-year physical IPV perpetration, the pooled prevalence was higher among men compared to women (26% and 20% respectively). Among Veterans, there were consistently higher prevalences compared to Active Duty samples. Similarly, higher prevalences were found among studies in general military settings compared to clinical settings. Further research that considers the impact of the act(s) of IPV perpetration on the victims is needed. This, along with the use of a consistent measurement tools across studies will help to develop a stronger evidence base to inform prevention and management programs for all types of IPV perpetration among military personnel.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Kwan
- Psychological Medicine Department, King's College London, Weston Education Centre, 10 Cutcombe Road, SE5 9RJ London, UK
| | - K. Sparrow
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, SE5 8AF London, UK
| | - E. Facer-Irwin
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, SE5 8AF London, UK
| | - G. Thandi
- Psychological Medicine Department, King's College London, Weston Education Centre, 10 Cutcombe Road, SE5 9RJ London, UK
| | - N.T. Fear
- Psychological Medicine Department, King's College London, Weston Education Centre, 10 Cutcombe Road, SE5 9RJ London, UK
| | - D. MacManus
- Psychological Medicine Department, King's College London, Weston Education Centre, 10 Cutcombe Road, SE5 9RJ London, UK
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, SE5 8AF London, UK
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Kwan J, Jones M, Somaini G, Hull L, Wessely S, Fear NT, MacManus D. Post-deployment family violence among UK military personnel. Psychol Med 2018; 48:2202-2212. [PMID: 29254510 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291717003695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research into violence among military personnel has not differentiated between stranger- and family-directed violence. While military factors (combat exposure and post-deployment mental health problems) are risk factors for general violence, there has been limited research on their impact on violence within the family environment. This study aims to compare the prevalence of family-directed and stranger-directed violence among a deployed sample of UK military personnel and to explore risk factors associated with both family- and stranger-directed violence. METHOD This study utilised data from a large cohort study which collected information by questionnaire from a representative sample of randomly selected deployed UK military personnel (n = 6711). RESULTS The prevalence of family violence immediately following return from deployment was 3.6% and 7.8% for stranger violence. Family violence was significantly associated with having left service, while stranger violence was associated with younger age, male gender, being single, having a history of antisocial behaviour as well as having left service. Deployment in a combat role was significantly associated with both family and stranger violence after adjustment for confounders [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 1.92 (1.25-2.94), p = 0.003 and aOR = 1.77 (1.31-2.40), p < 0.001, respectively], as was the presence of symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder, common mental disorders and aggression. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to combat and post-deployment mental health problems are risk factors for violence both inside and outside the family environment and should be considered in violence reduction programmes for military personnel. Further research using a validated measurement tool for family violence would improve comparability with other research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Kwan
- Department of Psychological Medicine,Weston Education Centre,10 Cutcombe Road,Denmark Hill,London,SE5 9RJ,UK
| | - Margaret Jones
- King's Centre for Military Health Research,King's College London,London,UK
| | - Greta Somaini
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences,Institute of Psychiatry,Psychology and Neuroscience,King's College London,London,UK
| | - Lisa Hull
- King's Centre for Military Health Research,King's College London,London,UK
| | - Simon Wessely
- King's Centre for Military Health Research,King's College London,London,UK
| | - Nicola T Fear
- King's Centre for Military Health Research,King's College London,London,UK
| | - Deirdre MacManus
- King's Centre for Military Health Research,King's College London,London,UK
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Ursano RJ, Stein MB, Mash HBH, Naifeh JA, Fullerton CS, Zaslavsky AM, Ng THH, Aliaga PA, Wynn GH, Dinh HM, McCarroll JE, Sampson NA, Kao TC, Schoenbaum M, Heeringa SG, Kessler RC. Documented family violence and risk of suicide attempt among U.S. Army soldiers. Psychiatry Res 2018; 262:575-582. [PMID: 28965813 PMCID: PMC6444361 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.09.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Suicide attempt (SA) rates in the U.S. Army increased substantially during the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq. This study examined associations of family violence (FV) history with SA risk among soldiers. Using administrative data from the Army Study to Assess Risk and Resilience in Servicemembers (Army STARRS), we identified person-month records of active duty, Regular Army, enlisted soldiers with medically documented SAs from 2004 to 2009 (n = 9650) and a sample of control person-months (n = 153,528). Logistic regression analyses examined associations of FV with SA, adjusting for socio-demographics, service-related characteristics, and prior mental health diagnosis. Odds of SA were higher in soldiers with a FV history and increased as the number of FV events increased. Soldiers experiencing past-month FV were almost five times as likely to attempt suicide as those with no FV history. Odds of SA were elevated for both perpetrators and those who were exclusively victims. Male perpetrators had higher odds of SA than male victims, whereas female perpetrators and female victims did not differ in SA risk. A discrete-time hazard function indicated that SA risk was highest in the initial months following the first FV event. FV is an important consideration in understanding risk of SA among soldiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Ursano
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA,Corresponding Author: Robert J. Ursano M.D., , Address: Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, Phone: 301-295-9797
| | - Murray B. Stein
- Department of Psychiatry and Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California and VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Holly B. Herberman Mash
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - James A. Naifeh
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Carol S. Fullerton
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Alan M. Zaslavsky
- Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tsz Hin Hinz Ng
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Pablo A. Aliaga
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Gary H. Wynn
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Hieu M. Dinh
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - James E. McCarroll
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Nancy A. Sampson
- Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tzu-Cheg Kao
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Steven G. Heeringa
- University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Ronald C. Kessler
- Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Heavey SC, Homish DL, Goodell EA, Homish GG. U.S. reserve soldiers' combat exposure and intimate partner violence: Not more common but it is more violent. Stress Health 2017; 33:617-623. [PMID: 28198140 PMCID: PMC6419092 DOI: 10.1002/smi.2748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Combat exposure's influence on intimate partner violence (IPV) in reserve soldiers is not well understood. This work examines combat exposure's influence on IPV in U.S. Army Reserve/National Guard soldiers and partners. Data are from Operation: SAFETY, a longitudinal study of U.S. Army Reserve/National Guard soldiers and partners. Logistic regression models examined odds of sexual aggression, physical aggression, and physical injury with combat exposure, controlling for posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms, marital satisfaction, and age. Combat exposure was associated with greater physical injury, despite no association between combat exposure and physical aggression. This was significant for male soldier to female partner, as well as female partner to male soldier injury. In addition, female partners were more likely to be sexually aggressive against their male soldiers. Female soldiers' combat exposure was not associated with IPV or injury. Although men's combat exposure did not increase the likelihood of physical aggression, it increased the likelihood of IPV resulting in injury for both husband to wife and wife to husband aggression. Results indicate postdeployment programming should focus on conflict resolution and communication for both partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Cercone Heavey
- Department of Community Health and Health Behavior, School of Public Health and Health Professions, State University of New York at Buffalo
| | - D. Lynn Homish
- Department of Community Health and Health Behavior, School of Public Health and Health Professions, State University of New York at Buffalo
| | - Erin Anderson Goodell
- Department of Mental Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University
| | - Gregory G. Homish
- Department of Community Health and Health Behavior, School of Public Health and Health Professions, State University of New York at Buffalo
- Departments of Pediatrics and Family Medicine, Jacobs School of Medicine & Biomedical Science, State University of New York at Buffalo
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Goldenberg T, Stephenson R, Freeland R, Finneran C, Hadley C. 'Struggling to be the alpha': sources of tension and intimate partner violence in same-sex relationships between men. CULTURE, HEALTH & SEXUALITY 2016; 18:875-89. [PMID: 26966994 PMCID: PMC4914407 DOI: 10.1080/13691058.2016.1144791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In countries such as the USA, gay and bisexual men experience high rates of intimate partner violence. However, little is known about the factors that contribute to this form of violence. In this study, we examine gay and bisexual men's perceptions of sources of tension in same-sex male relationships and how these may contribute to intimate partner violence. We conducted seven focus-group discussions with 64 gay and bisexual men in Atlanta, GA. Focus groups examined men's reactions to the short-form revised Conflicts Tactics Scale to determine if each item was considered to be intimate partner violence if it were to occur among gay and bisexual men. Analysts completed a thematic analysis, using elements of grounded theory. The sources of tension that men identified included: gender role conflict, dyadic inequalities (e.g. differences in income, age, education), differences in 'outness' about sexual identity, substance use, jealousy and external homophobic violence. Results suggest that intimate partner violence interventions for gay and bisexual men should address behavioural factors, while also focusing on structural interventions. Interventions that aim to reduce homophobic stigma and redefine male gender roles may help to address some of the tension that contributes to intimate partner violence in same-sex male relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamar Goldenberg
- Department of Health, Behavior and Biological Sciences, School of Nursing, University of Michignm, Michigan, USA
| | - Rob Stephenson
- Department of Health, Behavior and Biological Sciences, School of Nursing, University of Michignm, Michigan, USA
| | - Ryan Freeland
- Center for Sexuality and Health Disparities, University of Michigan, Michigan, USA
| | - Catherine Finneran
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Craig Hadley
- Department of Anthropology, Emory College of Arts and Sciences, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Rodrigues AE, Funderburk JS, Keating NL, Maisto SA. A Methodological Review of Intimate Partner Violence in the Military: Where Do We Go From Here? TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2015; 16:231-240. [PMID: 24648490 DOI: 10.1177/1524838014526066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A significant number of military personnel report engaging in or experiencing intimate partner violence (IPV). To advance current research and understanding of this behavior, we conducted a methodological review of the literature on IPV in military personnel and veterans. Research from 1980 to the present, which consisted of 63 empirical studies, was objectively coded by two independent raters on a number of variables important to the methodological quality of research on IPV in the military. In addition, areas of importance to the future of IPV research are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E Rodrigues
- VA Center for Integrated Healthcare, Syracuse, NY, USA Department of Clinical & Social Psychology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Jennifer S Funderburk
- VA Center for Integrated Healthcare, Syracuse, NY, USA Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA Department of Psychology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Niki L Keating
- VA Center for Integrated Healthcare, Syracuse, NY, USA Department of Psychology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Stephen A Maisto
- VA Center for Integrated Healthcare, Syracuse, NY, USA Department of Psychology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA Department of Psychiatry, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
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12
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Zamorski MA, Wiens-Kinkaid ME. Cross-sectional prevalence survey of intimate partner violence perpetration and victimization in Canadian military personnel. BMC Public Health 2013; 13:1019. [PMID: 24165440 PMCID: PMC3840728 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-13-1019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intimate partner violence (IPV) is prevalent and is associated with a broad range of adverse consequences. In military organizations, IPV may have special implications, such as the potential of service-related mental disorders to trigger IPV. However, the Canadian Armed Forces (CAF) have limited data to guide their prevention and control efforts. METHODS Self-reported IPV perpetration, victimization, and their correlates were assessed on a cross-sectional survey of a stratified random sample of currently-serving Canadian Regular Forces personnel (N = 2157). The four primary outcomes were perpetration or victimization of any physical and/or sexual or emotional and/or financial IPV over the lifespan of the current relationship. RESULTS Among the 81% of the population in a current relationship, perpetration of any physical and/or sexual IPV was reported in 9%; victimization was reported in 15%. Any emotional and/or financial abuse was reported by 19% (perpetration) and 22% (victimization). Less physically injurious forms of abuse predominated. Logistic regression modelling showed that relationship dissatisfaction was independently associated with all four outcomes (OR range = 2.3 to 3.7). Probable depression was associated with all outcomes except physical and/or sexual IPV victimization (OR range = 2.5 - 2.7). PTSD symptoms were only associated with physical and/or sexual IPV perpetration (OR = 3.2, CI = 1.4 to 7.9). High-risk drinking was associated with emotional and/or financial abuse. Risk of IPV was lowest in those who had recent deployment experience; remote deployment experience (vs. never having deployed) was an independent risk factor for all IPV outcomes (OR range = 2.0 - 3.4). CONCLUSIONS IPV affects an important minority of military families; less severe cases predominate. Mental disorders, high-risk drinking, relationship dissatisfaction, and remote deployment were independently associated with abuse outcomes. The primary limitations of this analysis are its use of self-report data from military personnel (not their intimate partners) and the cross-sectional nature of the survey. Prevention efforts in the CAF need to target the full spectrum of IPV. Mental disorders, high-risk drinking, and relationship dissatisfaction are potential targets for risk reduction. Additional research is needed to understand the association of remote deployment with IPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Zamorski
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
- Directorate of Mental Health, Canadian Forces Health Services Group Headquarters, 1745 Alta Vista Dr, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Miriam E Wiens-Kinkaid
- Directorate of Force Health Protection, Canadian Forces Health Services Group Headquarters, 1745 Alta Vista Dr, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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13
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Cobb RA, DeWall CN, Lambert NM, Fincham FD. Implicit Theories of Relationships and Close Relationship Violence. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2013; 39:279-90. [DOI: 10.1177/0146167212473159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
People differ in what they think makes for a successful relationship, but it is unclear how these beliefs relate to the perpetration of violence. Four studies ( N = 2,591) examined the relationship between growth beliefs and the perpetration of violence in close relationships. Specifically, the current work tested the hypothesis that growth beliefs mitigate against close relationship violence, possibly due to increased satisfaction with sacrificing one’s own self-interest for the betterment of the relationship. Studies 1 and 2 provided cross-sectional and longitudinal evidence that growth beliefs predicted less perpetration of close relationship violence. Studies 3 and 4 showed that the relationship between growth beliefs and lower perpetration of violence was mediated by satisfaction with sacrifice within one’s relationship. All effects of growth beliefs remained significant after controlling for destiny beliefs. Discussion centers on the importance of implicit theories of relationships for understanding the perpetration of violence in close relationships.
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14
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Johnson MD, Anderson JR, Liu W, Zheng F, Ratcliffe GC, Jordan R, Rutter R. Prevalence and Correlates of Psychological Aggression in Male and Female College Students From Mainland China: An Exploratory Study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1891/1946-6560.4.3.314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Using data from 209 college students from 2 universities in Mainland China, the prevalence and correlates of psychological aggression perpetration for men and women were examined. Results indicated that 82.8% of men and 90.4% of women had committed at least one act of psychological aggression against his or her current romantic partner over the course of their relationship. Being a victim of physical assault from his partner and higher levels of stress were associated with men’s perpetration of psychological aggression. For women, physical assault victimization, greater alcohol use, and higher levels of shame were all related to psychological aggression perpetration. The results suggest the need for additional research to understand the development of psychological aggression within this population and to further adapt and refine intervention programs to reduce such violence.
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15
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Fraser C. Family Issues Associated with Military Deployment, Family Violence, and Military Sexual Trauma. Nurs Clin North Am 2011; 46:445-55, vi. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cnur.2011.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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16
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Stander VA, Thomsen CJ, Merrill LL, Rabenhorst MM, Crouch JL, Milner JS. Gender and Military Contextual Risk Factors for Intimate Partner Aggression. MILITARY PSYCHOLOGY 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/08995605.2011.616808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lex L. Merrill
- a Naval Health Research Center , San Diego , California , USA
| | - Mandy M. Rabenhorst
- b Center for the Study of Family Violence and Sexual Assault , Northern Illinois University , DeKalb , Illinois , USA
| | - Julie L. Crouch
- b Center for the Study of Family Violence and Sexual Assault , Northern Illinois University , DeKalb , Illinois , USA
| | - Joel S. Milner
- b Center for the Study of Family Violence and Sexual Assault , Northern Illinois University , DeKalb , Illinois , USA
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17
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Schmaling KB, Blume AW, Russell ML. Intimate Partner Violence and Relationship Dissolution Among Reserve Soldiers. MILITARY PSYCHOLOGY 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/08995605.2011.616821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karen B. Schmaling
- a Department of Psychology , Washington State University Vancouver , Vancouver , Washington , USA
| | - Arthur W. Blume
- a Department of Psychology , Washington State University Vancouver , Vancouver , Washington , USA
| | - Michael L. Russell
- b Neurocognitive Assessment Branch, Rehabilitation and Reintegration Division , Office of the Surgeon General , Alexandria , Virginia , USA
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18
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de Burgh HT, White CJ, Fear NT, Iversen AC. The impact of deployment to Iraq or Afghanistan on partners and wives of military personnel. Int Rev Psychiatry 2011; 23:192-200. [PMID: 21521089 DOI: 10.3109/09540261.2011.560144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Deployment has well documented psychological consequences for military personnel. To fully understand the human cost of war, the psychosocial impact of separation and homecoming of military personnel on their families must also be considered. Recent arduous conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan make understanding the impact of war on spouses topical and pertinent. Widespread psychological morbidity and social dysfunction have been reported in spouses of military personnel who have been deployed to combat zones such as Vietnam, with difficulties most acute for spouses of military personnel with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). A review of the literature published between 2001 and 2010 assessing the impact of deployments to Iraq and Afghanistan on spouses of military personnel was conducted. A total of 14 US-based studies were identified which examined psychological morbidity, help seeking, marital dysfunction and stress in spouses. Longer deployments, deployment extensions and PTSD in military personnel were found to be associated with psychological problems for the spouse. Methodological differences in the studies limit direct comparisons. Recommendations for future research are outlined. The needs of spouses of military personnel remain an important issue with implications for service provision and occupational capability of both partners.
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19
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Martin SL, Gibbs DA, Johnson RE, Sullivan K, Clinton-Sherrod M, Walters JLH, Rentz ED. Substance use by soldiers who abuse their spouses. Violence Against Women 2011; 16:1295-310. [PMID: 21097964 DOI: 10.1177/1077801210387038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Data on 7,424 soldier spouse abuse offenders were analyzed to determine the prevalence of substance use during abusive incidents, and to examine differences between substance-using and non-substance-using offenders. Results showed that 25% of all offenders used substances during abusive incidents, with males and non-Hispanic Whites being more likely to hav e used substances. Substance-using offenders were more likely to perpetrate physical spouse abuse and more severe spouse abuse. These findings underscore the importance of educating military personnel (including commanders) about links between substance use and domestic violence, and of coordinating preventive and therapeutic substance abuse and violence-related interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra L Martin
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, CB #7445, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7445, USA.
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20
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Elbogen EB, Fuller S, Johnson SC, Brooks S, Kinneer P, Calhoun PS, Beckham JC. Improving risk assessment of violence among military veterans: an evidence-based approach for clinical decision-making. Clin Psychol Rev 2010; 30:595-607. [PMID: 20627387 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2010.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2009] [Revised: 03/23/2010] [Accepted: 03/25/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Increased media attention to post-deployment violence highlights the need to develop effective models to guide risk assessment among military Veterans. Ideally, a method would help identify which Veterans are most at risk for violence so that it can be determined what could be done to prevent violent behavior. This article suggests how empirical approaches to risk assessment used successfully in civilian populations can be applied to Veterans. A review was conducted of the scientific literature on Veteran populations regarding factors related to interpersonal violence generally and to domestic violence specifically. A checklist was then generated of empirically-supported risk factors for clinicians to consider in practice. To conceptualize how these known risk factors relate to a Veteran's violence potential, risk assessment scholarship was utilized to develop an evidence-based method to guide mental health professionals. The goals of this approach are to integrate science into practice, overcome logistical barriers, and permit more effective assessment, monitoring, and management of violence risk for clinicians working with Veterans, both in Department of Veteran Affairs settings and in the broader community. Research is needed to test the predictive validity of risk assessment models. Ultimately, the use of a systematic, empirical framework could lead to improved clinical decision-making in the area of risk assessment and potentially help prevent violence among Veterans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric B Elbogen
- Department of Psychiatry, Forensic Psychiatry Program and Clinic, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill School of Medicine, CB #7160, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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21
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Schneider R, Timko C. Does a History of Violence Influence Treatment, Self-Help, and 1-Year Outcomes in Substance Use Disorder Patients? J Addict Dis 2009; 28:171-9. [DOI: 10.1080/10550880902772902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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22
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Cunningham RM, Murray R, Walton MA, Chermack ST, Wojnar M, Wozniak P, Booth BM, Blow FC. Prevalence of past year assault among inner-city emergency department patients. Ann Emerg Med 2009; 53:814-23.e15. [PMID: 19282061 DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2009.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2008] [Revised: 12/17/2008] [Accepted: 01/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE We determine the rates of past year nonpartner violent assault, both victimization and aggression, and assess variables associated with nonpartner violent assault, particularly with regard to substance use. METHODS A cross-sectional computerized standardized survey study was conducted to assess nonpartner violent assault, physical and mental health, and substance use among patients presenting to an inner-city ED during 2 years. Patients (aged 19 to 60 years) with normal vital signs in an urban emergency department (ED) from 9 am to 11 pm were eligible; pregnant patients and those with a chief complaint of psychiatric evaluation were excluded. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to predict any nonpartner violent assault. RESULTS Ten thousand seven hundred forty-four patients were enrolled (80% response rate); 14% of the sample reported any past year nonpartner violent assault (9% perpetration; 11% victimization). Findings from regression analyses found that participants with any past year nonpartner violent assault (victimization or aggression) were more likely than their counterparts to be men (2.2), to be single (1.5), to be unemployed (1.1), to present to the ED for injury (1.9), and to report poor physical health (1.3) or poor mental health (1.9). They were less likely to be black (0.8), or older (0.95). Alcohol use (1.7), marijuana use (2.4), cocaine use (3.1), prescription drug use (1.4), and past treatment (1.7) were associated with experiencing past year nonpartner violent assault. CONCLUSION Fourteen percent of patients seeking care in this inner-city ED experience violence with a nonpartner. Substance use-specifically cocaine-was the strongest predictor of any nonpartner violent assault.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M Cunningham
- Department of Emergency Medicine Injury Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA.
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23
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Murray RL, Chermack ST, Walton MA, Winters J, Booth BM, Blow FC. Psychological aggression, physical aggression, and injury in nonpartner relationships among men and women in treatment for substance-use disorders. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2009; 69:896-905. [PMID: 18925348 DOI: 10.15288/jsad.2008.69.896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study focused on the prevalence and predictors of psychological aggression, physical aggression, and injury rates in nonintimate partner relationships in a substance-use disorder treatment sample. METHOD The sample included 489 (76% men, 24% women) participants who completed screening measures for inclusion in a randomized control trial for an aggression-prevention treatment. Primary outcome measures included rates of past-year psychological aggression, physical aggression, and injury (both from the participant to nonpartners and from nonpartners to the participant). Potential predictors included individual factors (e.g., age, gender), developmental factors (e.g., family history of drug use, childhood physical abuse), and recent factors (e.g., depression, cocaine use). RESULTS Rates of participant-to nonpartner psychological aggression (83%), physical aggression (61%), and injury (47%) were high, as were rates of nonpartner-to-participant aggression. Bivariate analyses revealed significant relationships between the aggression outcomes and most of the individual, developmental, and recent factors. However, multivariate analyses (zero-inflated Poisson regression) revealed that age, treatment status, current symptoms of depression, heavy periods of drinking, and cocaine use were related most frequently to the occurrence of aggression to and from nonpartners. CONCLUSIONS Nonpartner aggression may be as common within a substance-use disorder sample as partner aggression, and it is associated with heavy drinking episodes, cocaine use, and depressive symptoms. The findings highlight the need for the development of effective violence interventions addressing violence in nonpartner relationship types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regan L Murray
- Addiction Research Center, 2901B, Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, 4250 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-5470, USA.
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Partner aggression among men and women in substance use disorder treatment: correlates of psychological and physical aggression and injury. Drug Alcohol Depend 2008; 98:35-44. [PMID: 18554825 PMCID: PMC3771635 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2008.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2007] [Revised: 04/08/2008] [Accepted: 04/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This study examined intimate partner aggression in a sample of 489 participants enrolled in substance use disorder treatment, and expands on prior research by including measures of various forms of aggression, a mixed gender sample (76% men, 24% women), and measurement of several potential risk domains. Aggression measures included both participant-partner and partner-to-participant psychological aggression, physical aggression and injury. Analyses focused on the role of distal and proximal risk factors, including demographics, history of childhood physical and sexual abuse, and family history of problems with alcohol, drugs and depression, as well as recent substance use and symptoms of depression. Overall rates of participant-partner psychological aggression (77%), physical aggression (54%) and injuring partners (33%) were high, as were rates of partner-to-participant psychological aggression (73%), physical aggression (51%), and injury (33%). Several distal (family history variables, physical abuse) and proximal factors (binge drinking, several different drugs, depressive symptoms) were bivariately related to most of the aggression measures. However, according to multivariate analyses predicting aggression and injury measures, binge drinking and cocaine use were the drugs significantly associated with most measures, depression symptoms also were related to most aggression and injury measures, and a history of reported childhood physical abuse was related to all frequency of aggression and injury measures among those reporting such behaviors. Overall, the high rates of aggression among both men and women observed in this study further illustrate the need for interventions targeting substance use and aggression, and for further research regarding the inter-relationships among substance, aggression and depressive symptoms.
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Fear NT, Iversen A, Meltzer H, Workman L, Hull L, Greenberg N, Barker C, Browne T, Earnshaw M, Horn O, Jones M, Murphy D, Rona RJ, Hotopf M, Wessely S. Patterns of drinking in the UK Armed Forces. Addiction 2007; 102:1749-59. [PMID: 17935583 DOI: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2007.01978.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To examine patterns of drinking in the UK Armed Forces, how they vary according to gender and other demographics, and to make comparisons with the general population. DESIGN Large cross-sectional postal questionnaire study (response rate 60%). SETTING United Kingdom. PARTICIPANTS A random representative sample of the regular UK Armed Forces who were in service in March 2003 (n = 8686; 7937 men, 749 women). Comparisons were made with the general population of Great Britain. MEASUREMENTS Alcohol consumption was assessed using the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT). FINDINGS Sixty-seven per cent of men and 49% of women in the UK Armed Forces had an AUDIT score of 8+ (defined as hazardous drinking), compared to 38% of men and 16% of women in the general population. In both sexes, for all ages, the military have a higher prevalence of hazardous drinking. Binge drinking was associated with being younger, being in the Army, being single, being a smoker and being white. Among military men, heavy drinking (AUDIT score 16+) was associated with holding a lower rank, being younger, being single, being in the Naval Service or Army, being deployed to Iraq, not having children, being a smoker, having a combat role and having a parent with a drink or drug problem. CONCLUSIONS Excessive alcohol consumption is more common in the UK Armed Forces than in the general population. There are certain socio-demographic characteristics associated with heavy drinking within the military; for example, young age, being single and being a smoker, which may allow the targeting of preventive interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola T Fear
- Academic Centre for Defence Mental Health, King's College London, London, UK.
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