T-786C, G894T, and intron 4 VNTR (4a/b) polymorphisms of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene in bladder cancer cases

Contribution of Endothelial Dysfunction to Cancer Susceptibility and Progression: A Comprehensive Narrative Review on the Genetic Risk Component

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a challenging clinical obstacle in oncological settings, marked by elevated incidence rates and resulting morbidity and mortality. In the context of cancer-associated thrombosis (CAT), endothelial dysfunction (ED) plays a crucial role in promoting a pro-thrombotic environment as endothelial cells lose their ability to regulate blood flow and coagulation. Moreover, emerging research suggests that this disorder may not only contribute to CAT but also impact tumorigenesis itself. Indeed, a dysfunctional endothelium may promote resistance to therapy and favour tumour progression and dissemination. While extensive research has elucidated the multifaceted mechanisms of ED pathogenesis, the genetic component remains a focal point of investigation. This comprehensive narrative review thus delves into the genetic landscape of ED and its potential ramifications on cancer progression. A thorough examination of genetic variants, specifically polymorphisms, within key genes involved in ED pathogenesis, namely eNOS, EDN1, ACE, AGT, F2, SELP, SELE, VWF, ICAM1, and VCAM1, was conducted. Overall, these polymorphisms seem to play a context-dependent role, exerting both oncogenic and tumour suppressor effects depending on the tumour and other environmental factors. In-depth studies are needed to uncover the mechanisms connecting these DNA variations to the pathogenesis of malignant diseases.

Determination of the Roles of Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase 4VNTR (4a/b), G894T, T786C Gene Variations in the Bladder Cancer Development

The aim of this study is to determine the roles of eNOS gene variations in BCA development. Our study included 91 patients diagnosed with BCA and 91 healthy controls. eNOS 4VNTR (4a/b), T786C and G894T gene variations genotype distributions were determined by PCR and RFLP methods. The significant difference was determined between these groups in terms of eNOS T786C and eNOS G894T gene variations genotype distributions (p < 0.05). TT genotype for G894T gene variation and CC genotype for T786C gene variation were detected higher in patients. The CC genotype of T786C gene variation was detected significantly higher in male patients than in male controls (p < 0.05). In addition, aa-TT, ab-TT, bb-TT haplotypes of 4VNTR (4a/b)-G894T gene variations, aa-CC, ab-CC, bb-CC haplotypes of 4VNTR (4a/b)-T786C gene variations and TT-TT, TT-CC, TT-CT, GG-CC, GT-CC haplotypes of G894T-T786C gene variations were observed in patient group more than control group. The significant difference was detected between these groups in terms of eNOS (G894T-T786C) haplotypes (p < 0.05). In our study, eNOS T786C and eNOS G894T gene variations were determined important genetic risk factor in the Thrace population of Turkey.

Gasotransmitters in the tumor microenvironment: Impacts on cancer chemotherapy (Review)

Nitric oxide, carbon monoxide and hydrogen sulfide are three endogenous gasotransmitters that serve a role in regulating normal and pathological cellular activities. They can stimulate or inhibit cancer cell proliferation and invasion, as well as interfere with cancer cell responses to drug treatments. Understanding the molecular pathways governing the interactions between these gases and the tumor microenvironment can be utilized for the identification of a novel technique to disrupt cancer cell interactions and may contribute to the conception of effective and safe cancer therapy strategies. The present review discusses the effects of these gases in modulating the action of chemotherapies, as well as prospective pharmacological and therapeutic interfering approaches. A deeper knowledge of the mechanisms that underpin the cellular and pharmacological effects, as well as interactions, of each of the three gases could pave the way for therapeutic treatments and translational research.

Patients with Invasive Tumors and eNOS Gene Polymorphisms with Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Tend to Have Poorer Prognosis

Context  Endothelial nitric oxide synthase ( eNOS) gene polymorphisms are found to predict predisposition to aneurysmal rupture and development of vasospasm in a patient of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). eNOS gene polymorphisms are also found to predict invasiveness of malignant cells. Studies are not available in literature to describe the effect of eNOS gene polymorphisms and correlation between aneurysm and carcinoma. This study aims to investigate whether positive cancer history influences clinical outcome following SAH and eNOS gene polymorphisms.

Materials and Methods  The eNOS gene polymorphisms were analyzed in seven consecutive patients (mean age, 52.28 ± 20 years) with a diagnosis of invasive systemic tumors from 2011 to 2017. The eNOS 4a/4b eNOS -786T> eNOS 894G > T polymorphisms of the eNOS gene were determined by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism.

Results  Seven patients of aneurysmal SAH in association with malignancies were studied for eNOS polymorphisms expression and outcome. Three patients had carcinoma cervix: one patient of carcinoma breast and one each of transitional cell carcinoma of urinary bladder, spindle cell carcinoma of left kidney, and untreated patient of atypical pituitary (adenoma). A genotype study of eNOS gene polymorphisms in these patients shows common polymorphisms are involved in the determination of disease progression in malignancies and aneurysmal SAH.

Conclusion  Patients who expressed 4ab, eNOS -786T > TT/CC/TC, eNOS 894G > T GG/GT polymorphisms did better than patients who expressed only 4bb, though both were associated with poor prognosis.

The impact of genetic variants in the CYP2C8 gene on bladder cancer susceptibility

BACKGROUND

Bladder cancer is the most common leading cause of mortality around the world. Previous studies have indicated that genetic factors are significantly associated with bladder cancer progression-for instance, the CYP2C8 gene is involved in bladder cancer progression. However, little is known about the impact of CYP2C8 genetic polymorphisms on bladder cancer risk. We aimed to detect the association between CYP2C8 variations and bladder cancer susceptibility.

METHODS

This study included 550 healthy subjects and 217 bladder cancer patients. The odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to determine the correlation of CYP2C8 polymorphisms with bladder cancer risk. Multifactor dimensionality reduction (MDR) was carried out to investigate the influence of single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-SNP interactions on bladder cancer.

RESULTS

Our study showed that two SNPs were significantly associated with an increased risk of bladder cancer (rs1934951: OR 1.96, 95% CI 1.37-2.82, p = 2.67E-04; rs17110453: OR 1.89, 95% CI 1.35-2.67, p = 2.53E-04). On the contrary, two SNPs identified in the study had protective effects on bladder cancer (rs1934953: OR 0.26, 95% CI 0.14-0.47, p = 1.20E-05; rs2275620: OR 0.40, 95% CI 0.21-0.76, p = 0.005). The MDR analysis suggested that the combination of rs1934953, rs1934951, rs2275620, and rs17110453 was the best model to predict bladder cancer (CVC 10/10, testing accuracy 0.6720, p < 0.0001).

CONCLUSION

There was a significant association between CYP2C8 polymorphisms (rs1934953, rs1934951, rs2275620, and rs17110453) and susceptibility to bladder cancer.

Effects of eNOS gene polymorphisms on individual susceptibility to cancer: A meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Whether endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) polymorphisms are implicated in cancer development remains controversial. Therefore, we performed this study to obtain a more conclusive result on associations between eNOS polymorphisms and cancer.

METHODS

Literature retrieve was conducted in PubMed, Medline and Embase. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated.

RESULTS

Forty-one studies were enrolled for analyses. Pooled overall analyses showed that rs1799983 (dominant model: p = 0.01; recessive model: p = 0.007; allele model: p = 0.005), rs2070744 (recessive model: p = 0.004) and rs869109213 (recessive model: p < 0.0001; allele model: p = 0.02) polymorphisms were all significantly associated with individual susceptibility to cancer. Further subgroup analyses revealed that rs2070744 and rs869109213 polymorphisms were only significantly associated with individual susceptibility to cancer in Caucasians, whereas the rs1799983 polymorphism was significantly associated with individual susceptibility to cancer in both Caucasians and Asians.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings indicated that rs1799983, rs2070744 and rs869109213 polymorphisms may serve as genetic biomarkers of cancer in certain ethnicities.

Impact of endothelial nitric oxide synthase polymorphisms on urothelial cell carcinoma development

OBJECTIVES

Urothelial cell carcinoma (UCC), a major malignancy of the genitourinary tract, is induced through carcinogenic etiological factors. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) is one of the major isoforms of nitric oxide synthase and is involved in various pathophysiologic and physiologic processes. In this study, eNOS single-nucleotide polymorphisms were investigated to evaluate UCC susceptibility and clinicopathological characteristics.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Two single-nucleotide polymorphisms of eNOS in 431 patients with UCC and 862 controls without cancer were analyzed using real-time polymerase chain reaction.

RESULTS

The results showed that 272 men with UCC having eNOS 894 G > T rs1799983 "GT + TT" variants had a high risk of developing a large tumor (T1-T4, P = 0.038). Furthermore, a correlation was observed between the expressions of eNOS and invasive tumor, metastasis and poor survival in urothelial carcinoma in The Cancer Genome Atlas data set.

CONCLUSION

Our results indicated that male patients with UCC carrying eNOS 894 G > T rs1799983 "GT + TT" genetic variants have a high risk of developing a large tumor, and eNOS polymorphisms may serve as a marker or therapeutic target in UCC treatment.

Association of Autophagy Gene ATG16L1 Polymorphism with Human Prostate Cancer and Bladder Cancer in Turkish Population

Background: Urological cancers (prostate cancer and bladder cancers) are the most common cancers in Western population and its rate is increasing in the Eastern World. Autophagy has appeared as a fundamental repair mechanism for degrading damaged organelles and proteins. It was clear that autophagy gene polymorphisms are correlated with development of inflammatory bowel disease and it can also be related with prostate cancer (PCa) or bladder cancer (BCa). In this study, we aimed to determine if ATG16L1 (Thr300Ala) polymorphism is associated with an increased risk of developing PCa and BCa and to establish correlations between ATG16L1 genotypes and morphological parameters. Methods: This study included 269 healthy controls and 131 patients (62 PCa and 69 BCa) with PCa and BCa. The ATG16L1 (rs2241880) gene regions were amplified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), detected by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). Results: At the end of our research, we found out that the genotype AG was prevalent on patients and controls (34% vs 42%), followed by genotypes AA (35% vs 27%) and GG (31% vs 31%) in PCa. The prevalence of genotypes of AA (wild-type), AG (heterozygous mutant) and GG (homozygous mutant) profiles for the ATG16L1 Thr300Ala polymorphism were 35%, 40% and 25% respectively in BCa patients, and 32%, 40% and 28% respectively in healthy control groups. The G allele frequency was 0.53 for in BCa patients and the control groups. Conclusion: No association was found between ATG16L1 (Thr300Ala) polymorphism and patients with PCa and BCa in Turkish population we studied.

Association Between 12 Polymorphisms of VEGF/Hypoxia/Angiogenesis Pathway Genes and Risk of Urogenital Carcinomas: A Meta-Analysis Based on Case-Control Studies

Objective: Previous studies indicated potential associations between polymorphisms in genes of VEGF/hypoxia/angiogenesis pathway and risk of urogenital carcinomas However, the results were controversial and inconclusive. Here, we conducted an in-depth meta-analysis to investigate the precise associations between polymorphisms in VEGF/hypoxia/angiogenesis related genes and risk of urogenital carcinomas.

Methods: We searched PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library to identify all eligible publications. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) corresponding with the 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to evaluate their associations. Subgroup analysis was conducted to further ascertain such relationship and investigate sources of heterogeneity.

Results: In the end, a total of 96 case-control studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria were enrolled for 12 polymorphisms in 4 VEGF/hypoxia/angiogenesis related genes. The pooled results showed eNOS-rs2070744 polymorphism conferred a significantly increased overall risk of urogenital carcinomas in allele, homozygote, and recessive models, respectively. In addition, eNOS-Intron 4a/b VNTR polymorphism was identified related to an increased risk of urogenital carcinomas in recessive model. And VEGF-rs699947 polymorphism was also identified an increased risk of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) in allelic, heterozygote, dominant, homozygote, and recessive models.

Conclusion: To conclude, eNOS-rs2070744 and eNOS-Intron 4a/b VNTR polymorphisms are risk factors for urogenital carcinomas. VEGF-rs699947 polymorphism was also identified as an increased risk factor for renal carcinoma.

Association of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) polymorphisms with EGFR-mutated lung adenocarcinoma in Taiwan

EGFR mutation of Non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) was predominantly seen in Asian population and it was considered as a predictor of responsiveness. Eendothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) plays a vital role in chronic inflammation and carcinogenesis. In this study, we aimed to explore the association between the genetic polymorphisms of eNOS (-786T/C and 894 G/T) and EGFR mutation in patients with lung adenocarcinoma. A total of 277 patients with diagnosed lung adenocarcinoma were recruited between years 2012 and 2015. All study subjects underwent the analysis of eNOS genetic variants (-786 T/C and 894 G/T) using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) genotyping. Our results showed that, among the 277 patients, variant types (GT + TT) of eNOS 894 G/T polymorphism were significantly positively correlated with EGFR mutation type, specifically exon 19 in-frame deletion. With the subgroup of EGFR L858R mutation, variant genotypes (GT + TT) of eNOS 894 G/T were significantly associated with lymph node invasion. Moreover, in silico analysis indicated that eNOS 894 G/T altered the eNOS expression. In conclusion, our study showed that eNOS 894 G/T variants were significantly associated with EGFR mutation types of lung adenocarcinoma, specifically exon 19 in-frame deletion. This may be utilized as a prediction of tumor invasiveness and therapy responsiveness.