Liposomal Microencapsulation of Rodent-repelling Agents onto Jute Burlaps: Assessment of Cytotoxicity and Rat Behavioral Test

Designing Nanoliposome-in-Natural Hydrogel Hybrid System for Controllable Release of Essential Oil in Gastrointestinal Tract: A Novel Vehicle

In this study, thyme essential oil (essential oil to total lipid: 14.23, 20, 25, and 33.33%)-burdened nanoliposomes with/without maltodextrin solution were infused with natural hydrogels fabricated using equal volumes (1:1, v/v) of pea protein (30%) and gum Arabic (1.5%) solutions. The production process of the solutions infused with gels was verified using FTIR spectroscopy. In comparison to the nanoliposome solution (NL₁) containing soybean lecithin and essential oil, the addition of maltodextrin (molar ratio of lecithin to maltodextrin: 0.80, 0.40, and 0.20 for NL₂, NL₃, and NL₄, respectively) to these solutions led to a remarkable shift in particle size (487.10-664.40 nm), negative zeta potential (23.50-38.30 mV), and encapsulation efficiency (56.25-67.62%) values. Distortions in the three-dimensional structure of the hydrogel (H2) constructed in the presence of free (uncoated) essential oil were obvious in the photographs when compared to the control (H1) consisting of a pea protein-gum Arabic matrix. Additionally, the incorporation of NL₁ caused visible deformations in the gel (HNL₁). Porous surfaces were dominant in H1 and the hydrogels (HNL₂, HNL₃, and HNL₄) containing NL₂, NL₃, and NL₄ in the SEM images. The most convenient values for functional behaviors were found in H1 and HNL₄, followed by HNL₃, HNL₂, HNL₁, and H2. This hierarchical order was also valid for mechanical properties. The prominent hydrogels in terms of essential oil delivery throughout the simulated gastrointestinal tract were HNL₂, HNL₃, and HNL₄. To sum up, findings showed the necessity of mediators such as maltodextrin in the establishment of such systems.

Core–shell titanium@silica nanoparticles impregnating in poly (itaconic acid)/poly (N-isopropylacrylamide) microgel for multifunctional cellulosic fabrics

A novel method for multi-finishing cellulosic fabrics is based on the consolidation of a thin layer of active material containing micro-gels, titanium nanoparticles and silica. The titanium@silica core–shell particles were synthesized and characterized for their morphological, structural, and compositional properties using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The nanoparticles are approximately 250 nm in size and have a spherical shape. A microgel/titanium@silica nanoparticles composite was prepared mixing with the gel produced from copolymerizing N-isopropyl acrylamide with itaconic acid and then it was characterized. The prepared gel is characterized to be pH and temperature-sensitive. Pad dry cure from the emulsion was used to applied the prepared gel with and without titanium nanoparticles to the cellulosic fabric. Fabric treated with a gel containing and without titanium nanoparticles was tested for antibacterial properties, ultraviolet protection, temperature, and pH sensitivity. According to the evaluation, treated fabric with titanium nanoparticles has better antibacterial, ultraviolet protection, and is more sensitive to pH and temperature than treated fabric without titanium nanoparticles, and both treated fabrics outperform the untreated one.

Antibacterial cotton fabric prepared by surface-initiated photochemically induced atom transfer radical polymerization of 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate with subsequent quaternization

Antibacterial highly grafted cotton fabric with good laundry resistance was prepared using photoATRP in the presence of air.

Multi-layer dressing made of laminated electrospun nanowebs and cellulose-based adhesive for comprehensive wound care

In this work, multi-layer wound dressing was made of laminated layers of electrospun fibers supported by adhesive sheet. Graft copolymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and 2-Ethyl-1-hexyl acrylate (EHA) onto carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) was conducted to obtain an adhesive sheet with 1.52 (N/cm²) loop tack, 1.7 (N/cm) peel strength and 25 s shear strength. Diclofenac sodium, anti-inflammatory drug, was loaded to the adhesive sheet with encapsulation efficiency 73%. The contact layer to wound was made of synthesized anti-bleeding agents, chitosan iodoacetamide (CI) loaded into electrospun polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fibers. It was fabricated from fiber diameter 300 nm by electrospinning of 5% wt/v of CI (D.S. 18.7%) mixed with 10% wt/v PVA, at 20 kV and 17 cm airgap. The second, pain-relief layer was fabricated by encapsulating up to 50% wt/wt of capsaicin into gelatin nanofibers (197 nm) crosslinked by glyoxal. The third, antimicrobial layer was fabricated from PVA electrospun fibers loaded with 2% wt/wt gentamicin. Biocompatibility test showed insignificant adverse effects of the fabricated layers on fibroblast cells. Animal test on rat showed accelerated wound healing from 21 to 7 days for the multi-layer dressing. Histopathological findings corroborated the intactness of the epidermis layer of the treated samples.

Development of multifunctional modified cotton fabric with tri-component nanoparticles of silver, copper and zinc oxide

A facile method, cost-effective and highly efficient with shortened-time operation was devised for unprecedented modification of cotton fabrics. This modification induced the formation of metallic and metal oxide nanoparticles within cotton fabrics in such a way that cotton samples loaded with AgNPs- or AgNPs/ZnONPs or AgNPs/ZnONPs/CuNPs respectively. Presence of the trimetallic nanoparticles concomitantly within microstructural features of cotton imparts durable antibacterial, UV protection and conductivity properties to yield ultimately cotton fabrics with multifunctional performance. The nanoparticles were formed and stabilized independently by Polymethylol compound (PMC) and functionalized polyethyleneimine (FPEI) as per one bath. The results obtained proved that the solution of these metal compounds are turned from colourless to yellow and black green colour up on addition of PMC or FPEI compound. It was found that UV-vis spectra display maximum surface plasmon peak of around 410-415 confirming the successful synthesis of AgNPs stabilized by PMC or FPEI chains. In addition, the results obtained indicated that the as formed nanoparticles are successfully deposited into the surface of cellulose fabrics and reveal changes in crystalline structure. Fabrics underwent structural changes during their treatments as per the designed practice exhibit multifunctional properties and manifold performance. The resultant treated cotton fabric gives good antibacterial properties event after 20 washing cycles additionally to the excellent ultra-violet properties and excellent electrical conductivity.

Polyaconitic acid/functional amine/azo dye composite as a novel hyper-branched polymer for cotton fabric functionalization

A new hyperbranched polymer based on aconitic acid and two different amine (triethnaol amine and diethylenetriamine) with different functional groups; hydroxyl and amine groups respectively was successfully synthesised by A2B3 polymerization technique and characterised using Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), rheological properties, antimicrobial and cytotoxicity activity. In addition, a new heterocyclic azo dye was synthesised and characterised using FT-IR, NMR, mass spectra and antimicrobial activity. Characterisation provides that both composites and azo dye have been well prepared. A mixture from both hyberbranched polymer and synthesised azo dye have been applied to cotton fabrics. Evaluation of treated fabrics shows that, the surface of treated fabrics has a thin film from applied composite which coated the whole fibre surface. Treated fabrics have good antimicrobial activity against gram positive, gram negative bacteria and fungi. Fastness properties, physical and mechanical properties for treated fabrics were also evaluated.

Pyrazole-based compounds in chitosan liposomal emulsion for antimicrobial cotton fabrics

The chemistry of pyrazoles has gained increasing attention due to its diverse pharmacological properties such as antiviral, antagonist, antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anti-prostate cancer, herbicidal, acaricidal and insecticidal activities. 1-Phenyl pyrazole-3, 5-diamine, 4-[2-(4-methylphenyl) diazenyl] and 1H- pyrazole-3 (1), 5-diamine, 4-[2-(4-methylphenyl) diazenyl] (2) were synthesized, characterized and encapsulated into liposomal chitosan emulsions for textile finishing. The chemical modifications of cotton fabrics were demonstrated by infrared analysis. Retention of the fabric mechanical properties was investigated by reporting the tensile strength values. Synthesized pyrazole-based compounds were screened for cytotoxicity against skin fibroblast cell line and showed very limited toxicity for both compounds. Antimicrobial potentials of the treated cotton fabrics were tested against bacterial strains E. coli ATCC 8379 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923.

Enhancement the thermo-regulating property of cellulosic fabric using encapsulated paraffins in modified pectin

Synthesis of smart hosting materials from solvent free modified pectin with fatty acid (have different molecular weight) have been occurred and characterised. Modified pectin with phase change material (PCM) have been prepared and applied to textile material. Smart composite matrix based on modified pectin was produce thermo-regulating characteristics which play the main role to control body temperature for various daily wear. The microcapsules (pectin/PCM) and treated fabric were characterized using SEM, DSC and FT-IR. The results confirmed the synthesis of modified pectin using solvent free method, and also confirmed its reaction with cotton surface. DSC result confirmed that, the treated fabrics have a thermo-regulating property.