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Maranha Gatto LA, Galdino Chaves JP. Women in neurosurgery and interventional neuroradiology in Brazil and other countries: can lightning strike the same place twice? Neuroradiol J 2024; 37:390-396. [PMID: 34284683 PMCID: PMC11138329 DOI: 10.1177/19714009211026895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurosurgery is historically a specialty with a wide male predominance. Interventional neuroradiology, considered in many countries to be a subspecialty of neurosurgery (but also radiology and neurology), has never been the setting for this discussion, but the even greater gender inequality of professionals working in this area is well known. AIMS The initial objective of this research was to describe the personal and professional profile of the few women in Brazil who practise neurosurgery and interventional neuroradiology, and the difficulties they encountered throughout their careers just because they are women. However, the shocking stories they experienced led the team to expand searches around the world, obtaining data from some other countries, mainly in South America. Machismo, harassment, misogyny, discrimination and wage inequality go beyond borders. DISCUSSION Current times do not allow these situations anymore, but which, according to the narrative descriptions of 28 interventional neuroradiology women interviewed, still occur very frequently. A more inclusive vision must be sought by interventional neuroradiology societies, and it is up to the leaders to take care of those who need more attention (which does not mean they are more fragile).
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana Antunes Maranha Gatto
- Department of Neurosurgery and Department of Interventional Neuroradiology, Cajuru University Hospital of the Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Brazil
| | - Jennyfer Paula Galdino Chaves
- Department of Neurosurgery and Department of Interventional Neuroradiology, Cajuru University Hospital of the Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Brazil
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de Laat K, Kaplan S, Lu L. Accelerating progress towards gender equity in health and science. Lancet 2024; 403:883-886. [PMID: 38458211 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(24)00404-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Kim de Laat
- Stratford School of Interaction Design and Business, University of Waterloo, Stratford, ON N5A 0C1, Canada.
| | - Sarah Kaplan
- Rotman School of Management, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lechin Lu
- Institute for Gender and the Economy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Gottlieb AS, Roy B, Herrin J, Holaday LW, Weiss J, Salazar MC, Okoli N, Nagarkatti N, Otridge J, Pomeroy C. Why Are There So Few Women Medical School Deans? Debunking the Myth That Shorter Tenures Drive Disparities. ACADEMIC MEDICINE : JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN MEDICAL COLLEGES 2024; 99:63-69. [PMID: 37418698 DOI: 10.1097/acm.0000000000005315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Gender disparities among the senior echelons of academic medicine are striking and persistent. The role of medical school dean has been particularly immune to gender diversity, and limited prior research identified women's shorter decanal tenures as a potential driver. The authors assessed gender differences in tenure length of deanships in the current era to elucidate this finding. METHOD From October 2020 to June 2021, the authors collected information about medical school deanships that were held from January 1, 2006, to June 30, 2020. All schools were members of the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC). The authors collected data from online public records and augmented their findings via direct outreach to medical schools. They used time-to-event analyses before and after adjustment for interim vs permanent status of the initial appointment, school ownership (public/private), and school size to assess for gender differences in length of deanship tenure during the study period. The unit of analysis was deanships, and the primary outcome was length of deanships measured in years. RESULTS Authors included data on 528 deanships. Women held 91 (17%) of these terms. Men held the majority of permanent deanships (n = 352 [85%]). A greater percentage of the deanships held by women were interim only (n = 27 [30%]) compared with men (n = 85 [20%]). In unadjusted and adjusted analyses, there were no significant gender differences in length of deanship tenures. CONCLUSIONS Analysis of appointments of AAMC-member medical school deans from 2006 to 2020 revealed that women have remained in their deanships as long as their male counterparts. The myth about women deans' shorter longevity should no longer be promulgated. Academic medicine should consider novel solutions to addressing women's persistent underrepresentation in the dean role, including employing the gender proportionality principle used in the business and legal communities.
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Neumann NR, Beauchamp GA. Women and Authorship in Medical Toxicology: Canaries in the Coal Mine. J Med Toxicol 2024; 20:7-9. [PMID: 38170432 PMCID: PMC10774243 DOI: 10.1007/s13181-023-00985-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie R Neumann
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Rocky Mountain Poison and Drug Safety, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Gillian A Beauchamp
- Department of Emergency and Hospital Medicine, Lehigh Valley Health Network/USF Morsani College of Medicine, 2545 Schoenersville Road, 5th Floor, South Building, Bethlehem, PA, 18017, USA.
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Miyawaki A. Full-time Work Rates of Physicians With Physician Spouses vs Nonphysician Spouses in Japan. JAMA Netw Open 2022; 5:e2242143. [PMID: 36374503 PMCID: PMC9664262 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.42143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This cross-sectional study investigates the association of physician vs nonphysician spousal occupation with full-time work rates among married physicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Miyawaki
- Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Siddiqui OM, Savla B, Chowdhary M, McAvoy S, Mishra M. From Beaming Cancer to Beaming Parent: Paternity Leave Experiences in Radiation Oncology. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2022; 113:928-933. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2022.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Parida S, Aamir A, Alom J, Rufai TA, Rufai SR. British doctors' work-life balance and home-life satisfaction: a cross-sectional study. Postgrad Med J 2021; 99:postgradmedj-2021-141338. [PMID: 34921064 DOI: 10.1136/postgradmedj-2021-141338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess British doctors' work-life balance, home-life satisfaction and associated barriers. STUDY DESIGN We designed an online survey using Google Forms and distributed this via a closed social media group with 7031 members, exclusively run for British doctors. No identifiable data were collected and all respondents provided consent for their responses to be used anonymously. The questions covered demographic data followed by exploration of work-life balance and home-life satisfaction across a broad range of domains, including barriers thereto. Thematic analysis was performed for free-text responses. RESULTS 417 doctors completed the survey (response rate: 6%, typical for online surveys). Only 26% reported a satisfactory work-life balance; 70% of all respondents reported their work negatively affected their relationships and 87% reported their work negatively affected their hobbies. A significant proportion of respondents reported delaying major life events due to their working patterns: 52% delaying buying a home, 40% delaying marriage and 64% delaying having children. Female doctors were most likely to enter less-than-full-time working or leave their specialty. Thematic analysis revealed seven key themes from free-text responses: unsocial working, rota issues, training issues, less-than-full-time working, location, leave and childcare. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the barriers to work-life balance and home-life satisfaction among British doctors, including strains on relationships and hobbies, leading to many doctors delaying certain milestones or opting to leave their training position altogether. It is imperative to address these issues to improve the well-being of British doctors and improve retention of the current workforce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Parida
- Department of Ophthalmology, Lincoln County Hospital, Lincoln, UK.,University of Leicester Ulverscroft Eye Unit, Leicester Royal Infirmaty, Leicester, UK
| | - Abdullah Aamir
- University of Leicester Ulverscroft Eye Unit, Leicester Royal Infirmaty, Leicester, UK
| | - Jahangir Alom
- Emergency Department, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Tania A Rufai
- Memorial Medical Centre, Medway NHS Foundation Trust, Gillingham, UK
| | - Sohaib R Rufai
- University of Leicester Ulverscroft Eye Unit, Leicester Royal Infirmaty, Leicester, UK .,Clinical and Academic Department of Ophthalmology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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Walia B, Shridhar A, Arasu P, Singh GK. US Physicians' Perspective on the Sudden Shift to Telehealth: Survey Study. JMIR Hum Factors 2021; 8:e26336. [PMID: 33938813 PMCID: PMC8362803 DOI: 10.2196/26336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Given the sudden shift to telemedicine during the early COVID-19 pandemic, we conducted a survey of practicing physicians’ experience with telehealth during the prepandemic and early pandemic periods. Our survey estimates that most patient visits in the United States during the early COVID-19 pandemic period were conducted via telehealth. Given this magnitude and the potential benefits and challenges of telehealth for the US health care system, in this paper, we obtain, summarize, and analyze telehealth views and experiences of US-based practicing-physicians. Objective The aim of this study was to examine the extent of shift toward telehealth training and care provision during the early pandemic from the US-based practicing physicians’ perspective. We also sought to determine the short- and long-term implications of this shift on the quality, access, and mode of US health care delivery. Methods We conducted a purposive, snowball-sampled survey of US practicing-physicians. A total of 148 physician completed the survey. Data were collected from July 17, 2020, through September 4, 2020. Results Sample training intensity scaled 21-fold during the early pandemic period, and patient-care visits conducted via telehealth increased, on average, from 13.1% directly before the pandemic to 59.7% during the early pandemic period. Surveyed physician respondents reported that telehealth patient visits and face-to-face patient visits are comparable in quality. The difference was not statistically significant based on a nonparametric sign test (P=.11). Moreover, physicians feel that telehealth care should continue to play a larger role (44.9% of total visits) in postpandemic health care in the United States. Our survey findings suggest a high market concentration in telehealth software, which is a market structural characteristic that may have implications on the cost and access of telehealth. The results varied markedly by physician employer type. Conclusions During the shift toward telehealth, there has been a considerable discovery among physicians regarding US telehealth physicians. Physicians are now better prepared to undertake telehealth care from a training perspective. They are favorable toward a permanently expanded telehealth role, with potential for enhanced health care access, and the realization of enhanced access may depend on market structural characteristics of telehealth software platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavneet Walia
- Department of Public Health, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, United States
| | - Anshu Shridhar
- Division of Cardiology, Syracuse Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Syracuse, NY, United States
| | - Pratap Arasu
- Division of Cardiology, Syracuse Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Syracuse, NY, United States
| | - Gursimar Kaur Singh
- Department of Public Health, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, United States
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Escarce JJ, Wozniak GD, Tsipas S, Pane JD, Brotherton SE, Yu H. Effects of the Affordable Care Act Medicaid Expansion on the Distribution of New General Internists Across States. Med Care 2021; 59:653-660. [PMID: 33956413 PMCID: PMC8191468 DOI: 10.1097/mlr.0000000000001523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some states expanded Medicaid under the Affordable Care Act, boosting their low-income residents' demand for health care, while other states opted not to expand. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to determine whether the Medicaid expansion influenced the states selected by physicians just completing graduate medical education for establishing their first practices. RESEARCH DESIGN Using 2009-2019 data from the American Medical Association Physician Masterfile and information on states' Medicaid expansion status, we estimated conditional logit models to compare where new physicians located during the 6 years following implementation of the expansion to where they located during the 5 years preceding implementation. SUBJECTS The sample consisted of 160,842 physicians in 8 specialty groups. RESULTS Thirty-three states and the District of Columbia expanded Medicaid by the end of the study period. Compared with preexpansion patterns, we found that physicians in one specialty group-general internal medicine-were increasingly likely to locate in expansion states with time after the expansion. The Medicaid expansion influenced the practice location choices of men and international medical graduates in general internal medicine; women and United States medical graduates did not alter their preexpansion location patterns. Simulations estimated that, between 2014 and 2019, nonexpansion states lost 310 general internists (95% confidence interval, 156-464) to expansion states. CONCLUSIONS The Medicaid expansion influenced the practice location choices of new general internists. States that opted not to expand Medicaid under the Affordable Care Act lost general internists to expansion states, potentially affecting access to care for all their residents irrespective of insurance coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- José J. Escarce
- Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine and Health Services Research, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA
| | | | | | | | | | - Hao Yu
- Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA
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Ferns SJ, Gautam S, Hudak ML. COVID-19 and Gender Disparities in Pediatric Cardiologists with Dependent Care Responsibilities. Am J Cardiol 2021; 147:137-142. [PMID: 33640368 PMCID: PMC9745814 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2021.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic disproportionately affects females in the home and workplace. This study aimed to acquire information regarding the gender-specific effects of the COVID-19 lockdown on aspects of professional and personal lives of a subset of pediatric cardiologists. We sent an online multiple-choice survey to a listserv of Pediatric Cardiologists. Data collected included demographics, dependent care details, work hours, leave from work, salary cut, childcare hours before and after the COVID-19 peak lockdown/stay at home mandate and partner involvement. Two hundred forty-two pediatric cardiologists with dependent care responsibilities responded (response rate of 20.2%). A significantly higher proportion of females reported a salary cut (29.1% of females vs 17.6% of males, p = 0.04) and scaled back or discontinued work (14% vs 5.3%; p = 0.03). Prior to the COVID-19 lockdown phase, females provided more hours of dependent care. Females also reported a significantly greater increase in childcare hours overall per week (45 hours post/30 hours pre vs 30 hours post/20 hours pre for men; p < 0.001). Male cardiologists were much more likely to have partners who reduced work hours (67% vs 28%; p < 0.001) and reported that their partners took a salary cut compared with partners of female cardiologists (51% vs 22%; p < 0.001). In conclusion, gender disparity in caregiver responsibilities existed among highly skilled pediatric cardiologists even before the COVID-19 pandemic. The pandemic has disproportionately affected female pediatric cardiologists with respect to dependent care responsibilities, time at work, and financial compensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunita J Ferns
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida School of Medicine, Jacksonville, FL,Corresponding author: Tel.: 1-904-633-4110; fax: 1-904-633-4111
| | - Shiva Gautam
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida School of Medicine, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Mark L. Hudak
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida School of Medicine, Jacksonville, FL
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Disparities in Salary and Work-Life Integration in Internal Medicine Program Directors Are Associated with Gender and Partner Employment Status. Am J Med 2021; 134:285-291.e1. [PMID: 33137322 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2020.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Narayana S, Roy B, Merriam S, Yecies E, Lee RS, Mitchell JL, Gottlieb AS. Minding the Gap: Organizational Strategies to Promote Gender Equity in Academic Medicine During the COVID-19 Pandemic. J Gen Intern Med 2020; 35:3681-3684. [PMID: 33021718 PMCID: PMC7537583 DOI: 10.1007/s11606-020-06269-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sirisha Narayana
- Division of Hospital Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Brita Roy
- Section of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sarah Merriam
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Medicine, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Emmanuelle Yecies
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Medicine, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Rita S Lee
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | - Amy S Gottlieb
- Office of Faculty Affairs, University of Massachusetts Medical School-Baystate, Springfield, MA, USA
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Marshall AL, Dyrbye LN, Shanafelt TD, Sinsky CA, Satele D, Trockel M, Tutty M, West CP. Disparities in Burnout and Satisfaction With Work-Life Integration in U.S. Physicians by Gender and Practice Setting. ACADEMIC MEDICINE : JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN MEDICAL COLLEGES 2020; 95:1435-1443. [PMID: 32459677 DOI: 10.1097/acm.0000000000003521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To explore the interaction between practice setting (academic practice [AP], private practice [PP]) and gender in relation to physician burnout and satisfaction with work-life integration (WLI). METHOD In 2017, the authors administered a cross-sectional survey of U.S. physicians and characterized rates of burnout and satisfaction with WLI using previously validated and/or standardized tools. They conducted multivariable logistic regression to determine the interaction between the included variables. RESULTS Of the 3,603 participants in the final analysis, female physicians reported a higher prevalence of burnout than male physicians in both AP (50.7% vs 38.2%, P < .0001) and PP (48.1% vs 40.7%, P = .001). However, the multivariable analysis found no statistically significant gender-based differences in burnout (odds ratio [OR] 0.94, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.76-1.17, P = .60). Women and men in AP were less likely to report burnout than men in PP (OR 0.70, 95% CI 0.52-0.94, P = .01 and OR 0.69, 95% CI 0.53-0.90, P < .01, respectively); women in PP did not report different burnout rates from men in PP (OR 0.89, 95% CI 0.68-1.16, P = .38). Women in both AP and PP were less likely to be satisfied with WLI than men in PP (OR 0.62, 95% CI 0.47-0.83, P < .01 and OR 0.75, 95% CI 0.58-0.97, P = .03, respectively); men in AP did not report different satisfaction with WLI than men in PP (OR 1.05, 95% CI 0.82-1.33, P = .71). CONCLUSIONS Gender differences in rates of burnout are related to practice setting and other differences in physicians' personal and professional lives. These results highlight the complex relationships among gender, practice setting, and other personal and professional factors in their influence on burnout and satisfaction with WLI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariela L Marshall
- A.L. Marshall is associate professor of medicine, Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7388-0422
| | - Liselotte N Dyrbye
- L.N. Dyrbye is professor of medicine and medical education, Division of Community Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Tait D Shanafelt
- T.D. Shanafelt is Jeanie and Stewart Ritchie Professor of Medicine and associate dean, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Christine A Sinsky
- C.A. Sinsky is vice president of professional satisfaction, American Medical Association, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Daniel Satele
- D. Satele is a statistician, Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Mickey Trockel
- M. Trockel is clinical associate professor, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Michael Tutty
- M. Tutty is group vice president of professional satisfaction and practice sustainability, American Medical Association, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Colin P West
- C.P. West is professor of medicine, medical education, and biostatistics, Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, and Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1628-5023
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Lukela JR, Ramakrishnan A, Hadeed N, Del Valle J. When perception is reality: Resident perception of faculty gender parity in a university-based internal medicine residency program. PERSPECTIVES ON MEDICAL EDUCATION 2019; 8:346-352. [PMID: 31728840 PMCID: PMC6904409 DOI: 10.1007/s40037-019-00532-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although women have entered medical school and internal medicine residency programs in significant numbers for decades, women faculty remain underrepresented in senior and departmental leadership roles. How residents perceive this gender disparity is unknown. We sought to assess resident perception of gender parity among departmental leadership and teaching faculty in our internal medicine department, and to determine the actual gender distribution of those faculty roles. METHODS An anonymous cross-sectional survey was distributed to evaluate resident perception of gender representation of various faculty roles. Using conference schedules, resident evaluations, and our department website, we determined the actual representation of women faculty in department leadership roles, and in clinical and educational activities. RESULTS 88 of 164 residents (54%) responded. Women residents were less likely than men to perceive that women faculty were equally represented in department leadership (45% men agreed vs. 13% women, p < 0.05), clinical teaching roles (55% men agreed vs. 28% women, p < 0.05), or facilitating educational conferences (45% men agreed vs. 28% women, p = 0.074). In 2017, the internal medicine department at our institution comprised 815 faculty members, 473 men (58%) and 342 women (42%). At that time, women faculty held 5% of senior departmental leadership positions and 21% of educational leadership positions. During the year preceding survey distribution, women faculty attended on internal medicine inpatient wards for 33% of the total number of weeks, staffed 20% of morning reports, and facilitated 28% of noon conferences. DISCUSSION Women residents in our internal medicine training program perceived a gender disparity among faculty in leadership and educational positions to a greater extent than male residents. The perception of women trainees was accurate. In addition to disproportionate underrepresentation in leadership positions, women faculty were underrepresented in prominent educational positions, including attending on inpatient services and serving as discussants at educational conferences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aditi Ramakrishnan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nicole Hadeed
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - John Del Valle
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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