1
|
Li R, Wang Z, Liu C, Qiao W, Tan J. Effects of Chemokine Ligand 2 on Budding of Bovine Foamy Virus. Viruses 2023; 15:1867. [PMID: 37766274 PMCID: PMC10536199 DOI: 10.3390/v15091867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) machinery is essential for the budding of retroviruses such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and bovine foamy virus (BFV), which rely on their late domain to recruit ESCRT complexes to facilitate budding. However, the impact of intracellular host proteins on BFV budding remains poorly understood. In this study, we aimed to investigate the impact of CCL2 on BFV budding and interactions with key host proteins. Our results indicate that CCL2 promotes BFV budding in an ALG-2-interacting protein X (Alix)-dependent manner by enhancing the interaction between Alix and BFV Gag (BGag). Notably, we found a link between Alix, BGag and CCL2, with Alix mediating the interaction between the latter two. Furthermore, we observed that natural host bovine CCL2 also has a facilitating role in the budding process of BFV, similar to human CCL2. Taken together, these results demonstrate that CCL2 promotes BFV budding by enhancing the Alix-BGag association.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Juan Tan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; (R.L.); (Z.W.); (C.L.); (W.Q.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Strategies of Macrophages to Maintain Bone Homeostasis and Promote Bone Repair: A Narrative Review. J Funct Biomater 2022; 14:jfb14010018. [PMID: 36662065 PMCID: PMC9864083 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone homeostasis (a healthy bone mass) is regulated by maintaining a delicate balance between bone resorption and bone formation. The regulation of physiological bone remodeling by a complex system that involves multiple cells in the skeleton is closely related to bone homeostasis. Loss of bone mass or repair of bone is always accompanied by changes in bone homeostasis. However, due to the complexity of bone homeostasis, we are currently unable to identify all the mechanisms that affect bone homeostasis. To date, bone macrophages have been considered a third cellular component in addition to osteogenic spectrum cells and osteoclasts. As confirmed by co-culture models or in vivo experiments, polarized or unpolarized macrophages interact with multiple components within the bone to ensure bone homeostasis. Different macrophage phenotypes are prone to resorption and formation of bone differently. This review comprehensively summarizes the mechanisms by which macrophages regulate bone homeostasis and concludes that macrophages can control bone homeostasis from osteoclasts, mesenchymal cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and the blood/vasculature system. The elaboration of these mechanisms in this narrative review facilitates the development of macrophage-based strategies for the treatment of bone metabolic diseases and bone defects.
Collapse
|
3
|
Qiu X, Campos Y, van de Vlekkert D, Gomero E, Tanwar A, Kalathur R, Weesner JA, Bongiovanni A, Demmers J, d'Azzo A. Distinct functions of dimeric and monomeric scaffold protein Alix in regulating F-actin assembly and loading of exosomal cargo. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102425. [PMID: 36030822 PMCID: PMC9531180 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alix is a ubiquitously expressed scaffold protein that participates in numerous cellular processes related to the remodeling/repair of membranes and the actin cytoskeleton. Alix exists in monomeric and dimeric/multimeric configurations, but how dimer formation occurs and what role the dimer has in Alix-mediated processes are still largely elusive. Here, we reveal a mechanism for Alix homodimerization mediated by disulfide bonds under physiological conditions, and demonstrate that the Alix dimer is enriched in exosomes and F-actin cytoskeleton subcellular fractions. Proteomic analysis of exosomes derived from Alix-/- primary cells underlined the indispensable role of Alix in loading syntenin into exosomes, thereby regulating the cellular levels of this protein. Using a set of deletion mutants, we define the function of Alix Bro1 domain, which is solely required for its exosomal localization, and that of the V domain, which is needed for recruiting syntenin into exosomes. We reveal an essential role for Cys814 within the disordered proline rich domain (PRD) for Alix dimerization. By mutating this residue, we show that Alix remains exclusively monomeric and, in this configuration, is effective in loading syntenin into exosomes. In contrast, loss of dimerization affects the ability of Alix to associate with F-actin, thereby compromising Alix-mediated cytoskeleton remodeling. We propose that dimeric and monomeric forms of Alix selectively execute two of the protein's main functions: exosomal cargo loading and cytoskeleton remodeling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Qiu
- Department of Genetics, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Yvan Campos
- Department of Genetics, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Diantha van de Vlekkert
- Department of Genetics, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Elida Gomero
- Department of Genetics, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Ajay Tanwar
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Ravi Kalathur
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Jason A Weesner
- Department of Genetics, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis Tennessee 38105, USA; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Graduate Health Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Antonella Bongiovanni
- Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), National Research Council (CNR) of Italy, Palermo, Italy
| | - Jeroen Demmers
- Proteomics Center, Erasmus Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alessandra d'Azzo
- Department of Genetics, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis Tennessee 38105, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Xiang B, Song J, Chen L, Liang J, Li X, Yu D, Lin Q, Liao M, Ren T, Xu C. Duck-origin H5N6 avian influenza viruses induce different pathogenic and inflammatory effects in mice. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 68:3509-3518. [PMID: 33316151 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Since 2013, H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses have caused considerable economic losses in the poultry industry and have caused 24 laboratory-confirmed human cases. In this study, we isolated nine (B1-B9) H5N6 viruses from healthy ducks in Guangdong Province, Southern China from December 2018 to April 2019. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that B1, B2, B3, B4, B5, B7, B8, and B9 clustered into the G1.1 genotype and shared high sequence similarity with human H5N6 isolates from Southern China in 2017 and 2018. Meanwhile, B6 clustered into the G1.1.9 genotype. The hemagglutinin (HA), neuraminidase (NA) and nonstructural protein (NS) gene segments of B6 were closely related to the human H5N6 isolates, while the other genomic segments were closely related to H5N6 viruses isolated from waterfowl in Southern China. Compared to B7, B6 had higher pathogenicity and induced stronger inflammatory responses in mice. B6 carried a full-length PB1-F2 protein (90 aa), while the rest carried an 11-amino acid C-terminal-truncated PB1-F2. The PB1-F2 protein may increase the virulence of B6 compared to that of B7. Our findings provide insight into the pathogenic mechanisms of H5N6 viruses in mammals and emphasize the need for continued surveillance of circulating H5N6 viruses in ducks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Xiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Libin Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianpeng Liang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Deshui Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiuyan Lin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming Liao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Ren
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chenggang Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Saccon E, Mikaeloff F, Figueras Ivern P, Végvári Á, Sönnerborg A, Neogi U, van Domselaar R. Cytotoxic Lymphocytes Target HIV-1 Gag Through Granzyme M-Mediated Cleavage. Front Immunol 2021; 12:669347. [PMID: 33953729 PMCID: PMC8089382 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.669347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Untreated HIV-1 infection leads to a slow decrease in CD4+ T cell lymphocytes over time resulting in increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, AIDS) and ultimately death of the infected individual. Initially, the host's immune response controls the infection, but cannot eliminate the HIV-1 from the host. Cytotoxic lymphocytes are the key effector cells in this response and can mediate crucial antiviral responses through the release of a set of proteases called granzymes towards HIV-1-infected cells. However, little is known about the immunological molecular mechanisms by which granzymes could control HIV-1. Since we noted that HIV-1 subtype C (HIV-1C) Gag with the tetrapeptide insertion PYKE contains a putative granzyme M (GrM) cleavage site (KEPL) that overlaps with the PYKE insertion, we analyzed the proteolytic activity of GrM towards Gag. Immunoblot analysis showed that GrM could cleave Gag proteins from HIV-1B and variants from HIV-1C of which the Gag-PYKE variant was cleaved with extremely high efficiency. The main cleavage site was directly after the insertion after leucine residue 483. GrM-mediated cleavage of Gag was also observed in co-cultures using cytotoxic lymphocytes as effector cells and this cleavage could be inhibited by a GrM inhibitor peptide. Altogether, our data indicate towards a noncytotoxic immunological mechanism by which GrM-positive cytotoxic lymphocytes target the HIV-1 Gag protein within infected cells to potentially control HIV-1 infection. This mechanism could be exploited in new therapeutic strategies to treat HIV-1-infected patients to improve immunological control of the infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Saccon
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, ANA Futura Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Flora Mikaeloff
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, ANA Futura Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pol Figueras Ivern
- Division of Infectious Diseases, ANA Futura Laboratory, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ákos Végvári
- Division of Chemistry I, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Sönnerborg
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, ANA Futura Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Division of Infectious Diseases, ANA Futura Laboratory, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Ujjwal Neogi
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, ANA Futura Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Robert van Domselaar
- Division of Infectious Diseases, ANA Futura Laboratory, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
The Interplay between ESCRT and Viral Factors in the Enveloped Virus Life Cycle. Viruses 2021; 13:v13020324. [PMID: 33672541 PMCID: PMC7923801 DOI: 10.3390/v13020324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses are obligate parasites that rely on host cellular factors to replicate and spread. The endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT) system, which is classically associated with sorting and downgrading surface proteins, is one of the host machineries hijacked by viruses across diverse families. Knowledge gained from research into ESCRT and viruses has, in turn, greatly advanced our understanding of many other cellular functions in which the ESCRT pathway is involved, e.g., cytokinesis. This review highlights the interplay between the ESCRT pathway and the viral factors of enveloped viruses with a special emphasis on retroviruses.
Collapse
|
7
|
Menon M, Budhwar R, Shukla RN, Bankar K, Vasudevan M, Ranga U. The Signature Amino Acid Residue Serine 31 of HIV-1C Tat Potentiates an Activated Phenotype in Endothelial Cells. Front Immunol 2020; 11:529614. [PMID: 33101270 PMCID: PMC7546421 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.529614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The natural cysteine to serine variation at position 31 of Tat in HIV-1C disrupts the dicysteine motif attenuating the chemokine function of Tat. We ask if there exists a trade-off in terms of a gain of function for HIV-1C Tat due to this natural variation. We constructed two Tat-expression vectors encoding Tat proteins discordant for the serine 31 residue (CS-Tat vs. CC-Tat), expressed the proteins in Jurkat cells under doxycycline control, and performed the whole transcriptome analysis to compare the early events of Tat-induced host gene expression. Our analysis delineated a significant enrichment of pathways and gene ontologies associated with the angiogenic signaling events in CS-Tat stable cells. Subsequently, we validated and compared angiogenic signaling events induced by CS- vs. CC-Tat using human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and the human cerebral microvascular endothelial cell line (hCMEC/D3). CS-Tat significantly enhanced the production of CCL2 from HUVEC and induced an activated phenotype in endothelial cells conferring on them enhanced migration, invasion, and in vitro morphogenesis potential. The ability of CS-Tat to induce the activated phenotype in endothelial cells could be of significance, especially in the context of HIV-associated cardiovascular and neuronal disorders. The findings from the present study are likely to help appreciate the functional significance of the SAR (signature amino acid residues) influencing the unique biological properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malini Menon
- Jawaharlal Nehru Center for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore, India
| | | | | | | | | | - Udaykumar Ranga
- Jawaharlal Nehru Center for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore, India
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Huante MB, Saito TB, Nusbaum RJ, Naqvi KF, Chauhan S, Hunter RL, Actor JK, Rudra JS, Endsley MA, Lisinicchia JG, Gelman BB, Endsley JJ. Small Animal Model of Post-chemotherapy Tuberculosis Relapse in the Setting of HIV Co-infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:150. [PMID: 32373548 PMCID: PMC7176873 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis relapse following drug treatment of active disease is an important global public health problem due to the poorer clinical outcomes and increased risk of drug resistance development. Concurrent infection with HIV, including in those receiving anti-retroviral therapy (ART), is an important risk factor for relapse and expansion of drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) isolates. A greater understanding of the HIV-associated factors driving TB relapse is important for development of interventions that support immune containment and complement drug therapy. We employed the humanized mouse to develop a new model of post-chemotherapy TB relapse in the setting of HIV infection. Paucibacillary TB infection was observed following treatment with Rifampin and Isoniazid and subsequent infection with HIV-1 was associated with increased Mtb burden in the post-drug phase. Organized granulomas were observed during development of acute TB and appeared to resolve following TB drug therapy. At relapse, granulomatous pathology in the lung was infrequent and mycobacteria were most often observed in the interstitium and at sites of diffuse inflammation. Compared to animals with HIV mono-infection, higher viral replication was observed in the lung and liver, but not in the periphery, of animals with post-drug TB relapse. The results demonstrate a potential role for the humanized mouse as an experimental model of TB relapse in the setting of HIV. Long term, the model could facilitate discovery of disease mechanisms and development of clinical interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B Huante
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Tais B Saito
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Rebecca J Nusbaum
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Kubra F Naqvi
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Sadhana Chauhan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Robert L Hunter
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jeffrey K Actor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jai S Rudra
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Mark A Endsley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Joshua G Lisinicchia
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Benjamin B Gelman
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Janice J Endsley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Williams ME, Zulu SS, Stein DJ, Joska JA, Naudé PJW. Signatures of HIV-1 subtype B and C Tat proteins and their effects in the neuropathogenesis of HIV-associated neurocognitive impairments. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 136:104701. [PMID: 31837421 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.104701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-associated neurocognitive impairments (HANI) are a spectrum of neurological disorders due to the effects of HIV-1 on the central nervous system (CNS). The HIV-1 subtypes; HIV-1 subtype B (HIV-1B) and HIV-1 subtype C (HIV-1C) are responsible for the highest prevalence of HANI and HIV infections respectively. The HIV transactivator of transcription (Tat) protein is a major contributor to the neuropathogenesis of HIV. The effects of the Tat protein on cells of the CNS is determined by the subtype-associated amino acid sequence variations. The extent to which the sequence variation between Tat-subtypes contribute to underlying mechanisms and neurological outcomes are not clear. In this review of the literature, we discuss how amino acid variations between HIV-1B Tat (TatB) and HIV-1C Tat (TatC) proteins contribute to the potential underlying neurobiological mechanisms of HANI. Tat-C is considered to be a more effective transactivator, whereas Tat-B may exert increased neurovirulence, including neuronal apoptosis, monocyte infiltration into the brain, (neuro)inflammation, oxidative stress and blood-brain barrier damage. These findings support the premise that Tat variants from different HIV-1 subtypes may direct neurovirulence and neurological outcomes in HANI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monray E Williams
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health and Neuroscience Institute, Brain Behaviour Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Simo S Zulu
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health and Neuroscience Institute, Brain Behaviour Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Dan J Stein
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health and Neuroscience Institute, Brain Behaviour Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; SAMRC Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders and Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - John A Joska
- Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Petrus J W Naudé
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health and Neuroscience Institute, Brain Behaviour Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|