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Cienkowski K, Cienkowska A, Kupczynska K, Bielecka-Dabrowa A. The Role of Gut Microbiota and Its Metabolites in Patients with Heart Failure. Biomedicines 2024; 12:894. [PMID: 38672248 PMCID: PMC11048107 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12040894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is a significant health concern; early detection and prevention are crucial. Recent studies suggest that the gut microbiota and its metabolites may influence HF development and risk factors. We explored this relationship by examining changes in gut microbiota composition and metabolite levels in HF patients. HF patients often exhibit decreased alpha and beta diversity compared to controls, suggesting lower bacterial richness and community variation. Changes in specific bacterial phyla were observed, with decreases in Firmicutes (e.g., Ruminococcus) and Bacteroidetes (e.g., Prevotella) and increases in Proteobacteria (e.g., Escherichia, Shigella, and Klebsiella) and Actinobacteria. Gut-microbiota-related metabolites have been identified, potentially affecting various body systems, including the cardiovascular system. Among these are short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), betaine, trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), phenylalanine, tryptophan-kynurenine, and phenylacetylgutamine (PAGIn). Although SCFAs positively affect our organisms, patients with HF have been observed to experience a decline in bacteria responsible for producing these chemical compounds. There have been indications of possible links between betaine, TMAO, phenylalanine, tryptophan-kynurenine, PAGIn, and heart failure. TMAO and phenylalanine, in particular, show promise as potential prognostic factors. However, their clinical significance has not yet been thoroughly evaluated and requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Cienkowski
- Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz (MUL), al. Tadeusza Kosciuszki 4, 90419 Lodz, Poland
| | - Alicja Cienkowska
- Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, ul. Gabriela Narutowicza 68, 90136 Lodz, Poland
| | - Karolina Kupczynska
- Department of Cardiology and Adult Congenital Heart Diseases, Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital Research Institute (PMMHRI), Rzgowska 281/289, 93338 Lodz, Poland; (K.K.)
| | - Agata Bielecka-Dabrowa
- Department of Cardiology and Adult Congenital Heart Diseases, Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital Research Institute (PMMHRI), Rzgowska 281/289, 93338 Lodz, Poland; (K.K.)
- Department of Preventive Cardiology and Lipidology, Medical University of Lodz (MUL), Rzgowska 281/289, 93338 Lodz, Poland
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Labandeira-Garcia JL, Labandeira CM, Guerra MJ, Rodriguez-Perez AI. The role of the brain renin-angiotensin system in Parkinson´s disease. Transl Neurodegener 2024; 13:22. [PMID: 38622720 PMCID: PMC11017622 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-024-00410-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) was classically considered a circulating hormonal system that regulates blood pressure. However, different tissues and organs, including the brain, have a local paracrine RAS. Mutual regulation between the dopaminergic system and RAS has been observed in several tissues. Dysregulation of these interactions leads to renal and cardiovascular diseases, as well as progression of dopaminergic neuron degeneration in a major brain center of dopamine/angiotensin interaction such as the nigrostriatal system. A decrease in the dopaminergic function induces upregulation of the angiotensin type-1 (AT1) receptor activity, leading to recovery of dopamine levels. However, AT1 receptor overactivity in dopaminergic neurons and microglial cells upregulates the cellular NADPH-oxidase-superoxide axis and Ca2+ release, which mediate several key events in oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and α-synuclein aggregation, involved in Parkinson's disease (PD) pathogenesis. An intraneuronal antioxidative/anti-inflammatory RAS counteracts the effects of the pro-oxidative AT1 receptor overactivity. Consistent with this, an imbalance in RAS activity towards the pro-oxidative/pro-inflammatory AT1 receptor axis has been observed in the substantia nigra and striatum of several animal models of high vulnerability to dopaminergic degeneration. Interestingly, autoantibodies against angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and AT1 receptors are increased in PD models and PD patients and contribute to blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysregulation and nigrostriatal pro-inflammatory RAS upregulation. Therapeutic strategies addressed to the modulation of brain RAS, by AT1 receptor blockers (ARBs) and/or activation of the antioxidative axis (AT2, Mas receptors), may be neuroprotective for individuals with a high risk of developing PD or in prodromal stages of PD to reduce progression of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Luis Labandeira-Garcia
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology of Parkinson´S Disease, Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), IDIS, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain.
- Networking Research Center On Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.
| | | | - Maria J Guerra
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology of Parkinson´S Disease, Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), IDIS, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain
- Networking Research Center On Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana I Rodriguez-Perez
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology of Parkinson´S Disease, Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), IDIS, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain.
- Networking Research Center On Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.
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Gawryś-Kopczyńska M, Szudzik M, Samborowska E, Konop M, Chabowski D, Onyszkiewicz M, Ufnal M. Spontaneously hypertensive rats exhibit increased liver flavin monooxygenase expression and elevated plasma TMAO levels compared to normotensive and Ang II-dependent hypertensive rats. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1340166. [PMID: 38681141 PMCID: PMC11046708 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1340166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Flavin monooxygenases (FMOs) are enzymes responsible for the oxidation of a broad spectrum of exogenous and endogenous amines. There is increasing evidence that trimethylamine (TMA), a compound produced by gut bacteria and also recognized as an industrial pollutant, contributes to cardiovascular diseases. FMOs convert TMA into trimethylamine oxide (TMAO), which is an emerging marker of cardiovascular risk. This study hypothesized that blood pressure phenotypes in rats might be associated with variations in the expression of FMOs. Methods: The expression of FMO1, FMO3, and FMO5 was evaluated in the kidneys, liver, lungs, small intestine, and large intestine of normotensive male Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY) and two distinct hypertensive rat models: spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) and WKY rats with angiotensin II-induced hypertension (WKY-ANG). Plasma concentrations of TMA and TMAO were measured at baseline and after intravenous administration of TMA using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Results: We found that the expression of FMOs in WKY, SHR, and WKY-ANG rats was in the descending order of FMO3 > FMO1 >> FMO5. The highest expression of FMOs was observed in the liver. Notably, SHRs exhibited a significantly elevated expression of FMO3 in the liver compared to WKY and WKY-ANG rats. Additionally, the plasma TMAO/TMA ratio was significantly higher in SHRs than in WKY rats. Conclusion: SHRs demonstrate enhanced expression of FMO3 and a higher plasma TMAO/TMA ratio. The variability in the expression of FMOs and the metabolism of amines might contribute to the hypertensive phenotype observed in SHRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Gawryś-Kopczyńska
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mateusz Szudzik
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Emilia Samborowska
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marek Konop
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dawid Chabowski
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maksymilian Onyszkiewicz
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Ufnal
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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Hou C, Chen Y, Hazeena SH, Tain Y, Hsieh C, Chen D, Liu R, Shih M. Cardiovascular risk of dietary trimethylamine oxide precursors and the therapeutic potential of resveratrol and its derivatives. FEBS Open Bio 2024; 14:358-379. [PMID: 38151750 PMCID: PMC10909991 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Overall diet, lifestyle choices, genetic predisposition, and other underlying health conditions may contribute to higher trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) levels and increased cardiovascular risk. This review explores the potential therapeutic ability of RSV to protect against cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and affect TMAO levels. This review considers recent studies on the association of TMAO with CVD. It also examines the sources, mechanisms, and metabolism of TMAO along with TMAO-induced cardiovascular events. Plant polyphenolic compounds, including resveratrol (RSV), and their cardioprotective mechanism of regulating TMAO levels and modifying gut microbiota are also discussed here. RSV's salient features and bioactive properties in reducing CVD have been evaluated. The close relationship between TMAO and CVD is clearly understood from currently available data, making it a potent biomarker for CVD. Precise investigation, including clinical trials, must be performed to understand RSV's mechanism, dose, effects, and derivatives as a cardioprotectant agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih‐Yao Hou
- Department of Seafood Science, College of HydrosphereNational Kaohsiung University of Science and TechnologyTaiwan
| | - Yu‐Wei Chen
- Department of Food Science and BiotechnologyNational Chung Hsing UniversityTaichungTaiwan
- Department of PediatricsKaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial HospitalTaiwan
| | - Sulfath Hakkim Hazeena
- Department of Seafood Science, College of HydrosphereNational Kaohsiung University of Science and TechnologyTaiwan
| | - You‐Lin Tain
- Department of PediatricsKaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial HospitalTaiwan
- Institute for Translational Research in BiomedicineKaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial HospitalTaiwan
- College of MedicineChang Gung UniversityTaoyuanTaiwan
| | - Chang‐Wei Hsieh
- Department of Food Science and BiotechnologyNational Chung Hsing UniversityTaichungTaiwan
- Department of Medical ResearchChina Medical University HospitalTaichungTaiwan
| | - De‐Quan Chen
- Department of Seafood Science, College of HydrosphereNational Kaohsiung University of Science and TechnologyTaiwan
| | - Rou‐Yun Liu
- Department of Seafood Science, College of HydrosphereNational Kaohsiung University of Science and TechnologyTaiwan
| | - Ming‐Kuei Shih
- Graduate Institute of Food Culture and InnovationNational Kaohsiung University of Hospitality and TourismTaiwan
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Paraskevaidis I, Briasoulis A, Tsougos E. Oral Cardiac Drug-Gut Microbiota Interaction in Chronic Heart Failure Patients: An Emerging Association. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1716. [PMID: 38338995 PMCID: PMC10855150 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Regardless of the currently proposed best medical treatment for heart failure patients, the morbidity and mortality rates remain high. This is due to several reasons, including the interaction between oral cardiac drug administration and gut microbiota. The relation between drugs (especially antibiotics) and gut microbiota is well established, but it is also known that more than 24% of non-antibiotic drugs affect gut microbiota, altering the microbe's environment and its metabolic products. Heart failure treatment lies mainly in the blockage of neuro-humoral hyper-activation. There is debate as to whether the administration of heart-failure-specific drugs can totally block this hyper-activation, or whether the so-called intestinal dysbiosis that is commonly observed in this group of patients can affect their action. Although there are several reports indicating a strong relation between drug-gut microbiota interplay, little is known about this relation to oral cardiac drugs in chronic heart failure. In this review, we review the contemporary data on a topic that is in its infancy. We aim to produce scientific thoughts and questions and provide reasoning for further clinical investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Paraskevaidis
- Division of Cardiology, Hygeia Hospital, Erithrou Stavrou 4, 15123 Athens, Greece;
- Heart Failure Subdivision, Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Alexandra Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Vassilisis Sofias 80, 11528 Athens, Greece;
| | - Alexandros Briasoulis
- Heart Failure Subdivision, Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Alexandra Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Vassilisis Sofias 80, 11528 Athens, Greece;
| | - Elias Tsougos
- Division of Cardiology, Hygeia Hospital, Erithrou Stavrou 4, 15123 Athens, Greece;
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Maksymiuk KM, Szudzik M, Samborowska E, Chabowski D, Konop M, Ufnal M. Mice, rats, and guinea pigs differ in FMOs expression and tissue concentration of TMAO, a gut bacteria-derived biomarker of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297474. [PMID: 38266015 PMCID: PMC10807837 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Increased plasma trimethylamine oxide (TMAO) is observed in cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, originating from the gut microbiota product, trimethylamine (TMA), via flavin-containing monooxygenases (FMOs)-dependent oxidation. Numerous studies have investigated the association between plasma TMAO and various pathologies, yet limited knowledge exists regarding tissue concentrations of TMAO, TMAO precursors, and interspecies variability. METHODS Chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry was employed to evaluate tissue concentrations of TMAO and its precursors in adult male mice, rats, and guinea pigs. FMO mRNA and protein levels were assessed through PCR and Western blot, respectively. RESULTS Plasma TMAO levels were similar among the studied species. However, significant differences in tissue concentrations of TMAO were observed between mice, rats, and guinea pigs. The rat renal medulla exhibited the highest TMAO concentration, while the lowest was found in the mouse liver. Mice demonstrated significantly higher plasma TMA concentrations compared to rats and guinea pigs, with the highest TMA concentration found in the mouse renal medulla and the lowest in the rat lungs. FMO5 exhibited the highest expression in mouse liver, while FMO3 was highly expressed in rats. Guinea pigs displayed low expression of FMOs in this tissue. CONCLUSION Despite similar plasma TMAO levels, mice, rats, and guinea pigs exhibited significant differences in tissue concentrations of TMA, TMAO, and FMO expression. These interspecies variations should be considered in the design and interpretation of experimental studies. Furthermore, these findings may suggest a diverse importance of the TMAO pathway in the physiology of the evaluated species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia M. Maksymiuk
- Laboratory of the Centre for Preclinical Research, Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mateusz Szudzik
- Laboratory of the Centre for Preclinical Research, Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Emilia Samborowska
- Mass spectrometry Laboratory, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dawid Chabowski
- Laboratory of the Centre for Preclinical Research, Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marek Konop
- Laboratory of the Centre for Preclinical Research, Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Ufnal
- Laboratory of the Centre for Preclinical Research, Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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Mogilnicka I, Jaworska K, Koper M, Maksymiuk K, Szudzik M, Radkiewicz M, Chabowski D, Ufnal M. Hypertensive rats show increased renal excretion and decreased tissue concentrations of glycine betaine, a protective osmolyte with diuretic properties. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0294926. [PMID: 38166023 PMCID: PMC10760924 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0294926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Hypertension leads to water-electrolyte disturbances and end-organ damage. Betaine is an osmolyte protecting cells against electrolyte imbalance and osmotic stress, particularly in the kidneys. This study aimed to evaluate tissue levels and hemodynamic and renal effects of betaine in normotensive and hypertensive rats. Betaine levels were assessed using high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) in normotensive rats (Wistar-Kyoto, WKYs) and Spontaneously Hypertensive rats (SHRs), a model of genetic hypertension. Acute effects of IV betaine on blood pressure, heart rate, and minute diuresis were evaluated. Gene and protein expression of chosen kidney betaine transporters (SLC6a12 and SLC6a20) were assessed using real-time PCR and Western blot. Compared to normotensive rats, SHRs showed significantly lower concentration of betaine in blood serum, the lungs, liver, and renal medulla. These changes were associated with higher urinary excretion of betaine in SHRs (0.20 ± 0.04 vs. 0.09 ± 0.02 mg/ 24h/ 100g b.w., p = 0.036). In acute experiments, betaine increased diuresis without significantly affecting arterial blood pressure. The diuretic response was greater in SHRs than in WKYs. There were no significant differences in renal expression of betaine transporters between WKYs and SHRs. Increased renal excretion of betaine contributes to decreased concentration of the protective osmolyte in tissues of hypertensive rats. These findings pave the way for studies evaluating a causal relation between depleted betaine and hypertensive organ damage, including kidney injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabella Mogilnicka
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Laboratory of the Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kinga Jaworska
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Laboratory of the Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mateusz Koper
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Laboratory of the Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Klaudia Maksymiuk
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Laboratory of the Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mateusz Szudzik
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Laboratory of the Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mariusz Radkiewicz
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dawid Chabowski
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Laboratory of the Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Ufnal
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Laboratory of the Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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Mutengo KH, Masenga SK, Mweemba A, Mutale W, Kirabo A. Gut microbiota dependant trimethylamine N-oxide and hypertension. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1075641. [PMID: 37089429 PMCID: PMC10118022 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1075641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The human gut microbiota environment is constantly changing and some specific changes influence the host's metabolic, immune, and neuroendocrine functions. Emerging evidence of the gut microbiota's role in the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD) including hypertension is remarkable. There is evidence showing that alterations in the gut microbiota and especially the gut-dependant metabolite trimethylamine N-oxide is associated with hypertension. However, there is a scarcity of literature addressing the role of trimethylamine N-oxide in hypertension pathogenesis. In this review, we discuss the impact of the gut microbiota and gut microbiota dependant trimethylamine N-oxide in the pathogenesis of hypertension. We present evidence from both human and animal studies and further discuss new insights relating to potential therapies for managing hypertension by altering the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katongo H. Mutengo
- HAND Research Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mulungushi University, Livingstone, Zambia
- Schools of Public Health and Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Sepiso K. Masenga
- HAND Research Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mulungushi University, Livingstone, Zambia
- Schools of Public Health and Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Aggrey Mweemba
- Department of Medicine, Levy Mwanawasa Medical University, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Wilbroad Mutale
- School of Public Health, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Annet Kirabo
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
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Guimarães VHD, Marinho BM, Motta-Santos D, Mendes GDRL, Santos SHS. Nutritional implications in the mechanistic link between the intestinal microbiome, renin-angiotensin system, and the development of obesity and metabolic syndrome. J Nutr Biochem 2023; 113:109252. [PMID: 36509338 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2022.109252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and metabolic disorders represent a significant global health problem and the gut microbiota plays an important role in modulating systemic homeostasis. Recent evidence shows that microbiota and its signaling pathways may affect the whole metabolism and the Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS), which in turn seems to modify microbiota. The present review aimed to investigate nutritional implications in the mechanistic link between the intestinal microbiome, renin-angiotensin system, and the development of obesity and metabolic syndrome components. A description of metabolic changes was obtained based on relevant scientific literature. The molecular and physiological mechanisms that impact the human microbiome were addressed, including the gut microbiota associated with obesity, diabetes, and hepatic steatosis. The RAS interaction signaling and modulation were analyzed. Strategies including the use of prebiotics, symbiotics, probiotics, and biotechnology may affect the gut microbiota and its impact on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Hugo Dantas Guimarães
- Laboratory of Health Science, Postgraduate Program in Health Science, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros (Unimontes), Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Barbhara Mota Marinho
- Laboratory of Health Science, Postgraduate Program in Health Science, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros (Unimontes), Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Daisy Motta-Santos
- School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy, and Occupational Therapy - EEFFTO, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Gabriela da Rocha Lemos Mendes
- Food Engineering, Institute of Agricultural Sciences (ICA), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Henrique Sousa Santos
- Laboratory of Health Science, Postgraduate Program in Health Science, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros (Unimontes), Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Food Engineering, Institute of Agricultural Sciences (ICA), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Bhuiya J, Notsu Y, Kobayashi H, Shibly AZ, Sheikh AM, Okazaki R, Yamaguchi K, Nagai A, Nabika T, Abe T, Yamasaki M, Isomura M, Yano S. Neither Trimethylamine-N-Oxide nor Trimethyllysine Is Associated with Atherosclerosis: A Cross-Sectional Study in Older Japanese Adults. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15030759. [PMID: 36771464 PMCID: PMC9921512 DOI: 10.3390/nu15030759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), a metabolite of L-carnitine and choline, is linked to atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases. As TMAO content is very high in fish, we raised the following question: why do Japanese people, who consume lots of fish, show a low risk of atherosclerosis? To address this question, we investigated the effects of TMAO and other L-carnitine-related metabolites on carotid intima-media thickness (IMT). Participants were recruited from a small island and a mountainous region. Plasma L-carnitine, γ-butyrobetaine (γBB), TMAO, trimethyllysine (TML), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels were measured using liquid or gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Plasma L-carnitine concentration was higher in men than in women. TMAO and TML were significantly higher in the residents of the island than in the mountainous people. In multiple linear regression analyses in all participants, TML showed a significant inverse association with max-IMT and plaque score (PS), whereas TMAO did not show any associations. In women, L-carnitine was positively associated with max-IMT and PS. TMAO was correlated with both EPA and DHA levels, implying that fish is a major dietary source of TMAO in Japanese people. Our study found that plasma TMAO was not an apparent risk factor for atherosclerosis in elderly Japanese people, whereas a low level of TML might be a potential risk. L-carnitine may be a marker for atherosclerosis in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jubo Bhuiya
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo City 693-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshitomo Notsu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo City 693-8501, Japan
- Metabolizumo Project, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo City 693-8501, Japan
| | - Hironori Kobayashi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo City 693-8501, Japan
- Metabolizumo Project, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo City 693-8501, Japan
| | - Abu Zaffar Shibly
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo City 693-8501, Japan
| | - Abdullah Md. Sheikh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo City 693-8501, Japan
| | - Ryota Okazaki
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo City 693-8501, Japan
| | - Kazuto Yamaguchi
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo City 693-8501, Japan
| | - Atsushi Nagai
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo City 693-8501, Japan
| | - Toru Nabika
- Metabolizumo Project, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo City 693-8501, Japan
- Center for Community-Based Healthcare Research and Education (CoHRE), Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo City 693-8501, Japan
| | - Takafumi Abe
- Center for Community-Based Healthcare Research and Education (CoHRE), Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo City 693-8501, Japan
| | - Masayuki Yamasaki
- Center for Community-Based Healthcare Research and Education (CoHRE), Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo City 693-8501, Japan
| | - Minoru Isomura
- Center for Community-Based Healthcare Research and Education (CoHRE), Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo City 693-8501, Japan
| | - Shozo Yano
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo City 693-8501, Japan
- Center for Community-Based Healthcare Research and Education (CoHRE), Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo City 693-8501, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-0853-20-2312; Fax: +81-0853-20-2409
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11
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Huguenard CJC, Cseresznye A, Darcey T, Nkiliza A, Evans JE, Hazen SL, Mullan M, Crawford F, Abdullah L. Age and APOE affect L-carnitine system metabolites in the brain in the APOE-TR model. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 14:1059017. [PMID: 36688151 PMCID: PMC9853982 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.1059017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
With age the apolipoprotein E (APOE) E4 allele (involved in lipid homeostasis) is associated with perturbation of bioenergetics pathways in Alzheimer's disease (AD). We therefore hypothesized that in aging mice APOE genotype would affect the L-carnitine system (central to lipid bioenergetics), in the brain and in the periphery. Using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, levels of L-carnitine and associated metabolites: γ-butyrobetaine (GBB), crotonobetaine, as well as acylcarnitines, were evaluated at 10-, 25-, and 50-weeks, in the brain and the periphery, in a targeted replacement mouse model of human APOE (APOE-TR). Aged APOE-TR mice were also orally administered 125 mg/kg of L-carnitine daily for 7 days followed by evaluation of brain, liver, and plasma L-carnitine system metabolites. Compared to E4-TR, an age-dependent increase among E2- and E3-TR mice was detected for medium- and long-chain acylcarnitines (MCA and LCA, respectively) within the cerebrovasculature and brain parenchyma. While following L-carnitine oral challenge, E4-TR mice had higher increases in the L-carnitine metabolites, GBB and crotonobetaine in the brain and a reduction of plasma to brain total acylcarnitine ratios compared to other genotypes. These studies suggest that with aging, the presence of the E4 allele may contribute to alterations in the L-carnitine bioenergetic system and to the generation of L-carnitine metabolites that could have detrimental effects on the vascular system. Collectively the E4 allele and aging may therefore contribute to AD pathogenesis through aging-related lipid bioenergetics as well as cerebrovascular dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire J. C. Huguenard
- Department of Metabolomics, Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, FL, United States
- School of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, Open University, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom
| | - Adam Cseresznye
- Department of Metabolomics, Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, FL, United States
| | - Teresa Darcey
- Department of Metabolomics, Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, FL, United States
| | - Aurore Nkiliza
- Department of Metabolomics, Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, FL, United States
- James A. Haley VA Hospital, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - James E. Evans
- Department of Metabolomics, Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, FL, United States
| | - Stanley L. Hazen
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Michael Mullan
- Department of Metabolomics, Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, FL, United States
- School of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, Open University, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona Crawford
- Department of Metabolomics, Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, FL, United States
- School of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, Open University, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom
- James A. Haley VA Hospital, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Laila Abdullah
- Department of Metabolomics, Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, FL, United States
- School of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, Open University, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom
- James A. Haley VA Hospital, Tampa, FL, United States
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12
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He GD, Liu XC, Hou XH, Feng YQ. The effect of trimethylamine N-oxide on the metabolism of visceral white adipose tissue in spontaneously hypertensive rat. Adipocyte 2022; 11:420-433. [PMID: 35975941 PMCID: PMC9387326 DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2022.2104783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Strong links have been reported among trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), visceral white adipose tissue (vWAT), and cardiometabolic diseases. However, the effects of TMAO on vWAT in hypertension remained incompletely explored. The impact of a chronic 22-week-long treatment with 1 g/L TMAO on vWAT, and its transcriptional and metabolic changes in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) were evaluated by serum cytokine measurements, histological analysis, fatty acid determinations, and co-expression network analyses. TMAO increased the serum interleukin-6 levels and insulin secretion in SHRs. The adipocyte size was diminished in the SHR 1 g/L TMAO group. In addition, one kind of monounsaturated fatty acids (cis-15-tetracosenoate) and four kinds of polyunsaturated fatty acids (cis-11,14,17-eicosatrienoic acid, docosatetraenoate, docosapentaenoate n-3, and docosapentaenoate n-6) were elevated by TMAO treatment. Three co-expression modules significantly related to TMAO treatment were identified and pathway enrichment analyses indicated that phagosome, lysosome, fatty acid metabolism, valine, leucine, and isoleucine degradation and metabolic pathways were the most significantly altered biological pathways. This study shed new light on the metabolic roles of TMAO on the vWAT of SHRs. TMAO regulated the metabolic status of vWAT, including reduced lipogenesis and an improved specific fatty acid composition. The mechanisms underlying these effects likely involve phagosome and lysosome pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Dong He
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.,Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Xiao-Cong Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Xing-Hua Hou
- Research Department of Medical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Ying-Qing Feng
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.,Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510080, China
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13
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Maksymiuk KM, Szudzik M, Gawryś-Kopczyńska M, Onyszkiewicz M, Samborowska E, Mogilnicka I, Ufnal M. Trimethylamine, a gut bacteria metabolite and air pollutant, increases blood pressure and markers of kidney damage including proteinuria and KIM-1 in rats. J Transl Med 2022; 20:470. [PMID: 36243862 PMCID: PMC9571686 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-022-03687-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Trimethylamine oxide (TMAO) is a biomarker in cardiovascular and renal diseases. TMAO originates from the oxidation of trimethylamine (TMA), a product of gut microbiota and manufacturing industries-derived pollutant, by flavin monooxygenases (FMOs). The effect of chronic exposure to TMA on cardiovascular and renal systems is undetermined. Methods Metabolic, hemodynamic, echocardiographic, biochemical and histopathological evaluations were performed in 12-week-old male SPRD rats receiving water (controls) or TMA (200 or 500 µM/day) in water for 18 weeks. TMA and TMAO levels, the expression of FMOs and renin-angiotensin system (RAS) genes were evaluated in various tissues. Results In comparison to controls, rats receiving high dose of TMA had significantly increased arterial systolic blood pressure (126.3 ± 11.4 vs 151.2 ± 19.9 mmHg; P = 0.01), urine protein to creatinine ratio (1.6 (1.5; 2.8) vs 3.4 (3.3; 4.2); P = 0.01), urine KIM-1 levels (2338.3 ± 732.0 vs. 3519.0 ± 953.0 pg/mL; P = 0.01), and hypertrophy of the tunica media of arteries and arterioles (36.61 ± 0.15 vs 45.05 ± 2.90 µm, P = 0.001 and 18.44 ± 0.62 vs 23.79 ± 2.60 µm, P = 0.006; respectively). Mild degeneration of renal bodies with glomerulosclerosis was also observed. There was no significant difference between the three groups in body weight, water-electrolyte balance, echocardiographic parameters and RAS expression. TMA groups had marginally increased 24 h TMA urine excretion, whereas serum levels and 24 h TMAO urine excretion were increased up to 24-fold, and significantly increased TMAO levels in the liver, kidneys and heart. TMA groups had lower FMOs expression in the kidneys. Conclusions Chronic exposure to TMA increases blood pressure and increases markers of kidney damage, including proteinuria and KIM-1. TMA is rapidly oxidized to TMAO in rats, which may limit the toxic effects of TMA on other organs. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12967-022-03687-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia M Maksymiuk
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Laboratory of the Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mateusz Szudzik
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Laboratory of the Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Gawryś-Kopczyńska
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Laboratory of the Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maksymilian Onyszkiewicz
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Laboratory of the Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Emilia Samborowska
- Spectrometry Laboratory, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Izabella Mogilnicka
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Laboratory of the Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Ufnal
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Laboratory of the Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091, Warsaw, Poland.
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14
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Tang Y, Zou Y, Cui J, Ma X, Zhang L, Yu S, Qiu L. Analysis of two intestinal bacterial metabolites (trimethylamine N-oxide and phenylacetylglutamine) in human serum samples of patients with T2DM and AMI using a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method. Clin Chim Acta 2022; 536:162-168. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2022.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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15
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Association of Choline Intake with Blood Pressure and Effects of Its Microbiota-Dependent Metabolite Trimethylamine-N-Oxide on Hypertension. Cardiovasc Ther 2022; 2022:9512401. [PMID: 36082192 PMCID: PMC9436605 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9512401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The association of total choline (TC) intake and its metabolite trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) with hypertension and blood pressure (BP) has not been elucidated. Methods For the population study, the association of TC intake with hypertension, as well as blood pressure, was determined through logistic along with multiple linear regression analysis from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007 to 2018, respectively. For the animal experimental study, spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) were assigned to the water group or water containing 333 mg/L or 1 g/L TMAO group. After 22 weeks treatment of TMAO, blood pressure measurement, echocardiography, and histopathology of the heart and arteries were evaluated. Results No significant association of TC with hypertension was observed but the trend for ORs of hypertension was decreased with the increased level of TC. Negative association between TC and BP was significant in quintile 4 and quintile 5 range of TC, and the negative trend was significant. The SHR-TMAO groups showed significant higher urine output levels in contrast with the SHR-water group. No difference of diastolic BP was observed, but there was a trend towards lower systolic BP with the increase doses of TMAO in the SHR group. The SHR 1 g/L TMAO rats had a remarkably lower systolic blood pressure than the SHR-water group. Echocardiography showed a diastolic dysfunction alleviating effect in the 1 g/L TMAO group. Conclusion High TC intake was not linked to elevated risk of hypertension. An inverse relationship of choline intake with systolic BP was observed. The mechanism for the beneficial effect of TC might be associated with the diuretic effect of its metabolite TMAO.
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16
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Lu X, Liu J, Zhou B, Wang S, Liu Z, Mei F, Luo J, Cui Y. Microbial metabolites and heart failure: Friends or enemies? Front Microbiol 2022; 13:956516. [PMID: 36046023 PMCID: PMC9420987 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.956516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart failure (HF), a global health issue characterized by structural or functional cardiac dysfunction, which was found to be associated with the gut microbiome recently. Although multiple studies suggested that the gut microbiome may have an impact on the development of cardiovascular diseases, the underlying mechanism of the gut microbiome in HF remains unclear. The study of metabolites from gut microbiota influenced by dietary nutrition uptake suggested that gut microbiota may affect the process of HF. However, on the basis of the microbiota’s complicated roles and their interactions with metabolites, studies of microbial metabolites in HF had rarely been described so far. In this review, we focused on dietary nutrition-related factors that were involved in the development and progression of HF, such as trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and bile acids (BAs), to summarize their advances and several potential targets in HF. From a therapeutic standpoint, we discussed microbial metabolites as a potential strategy and their applications in HF as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Lu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart Center, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital (Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart Center, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital (Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, China
- Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Bing Zhou
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart Center, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital (Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuwei Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart Center, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital (Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhifang Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart Center, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital (Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, China
| | - Fuyang Mei
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart Center, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital (Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, China
| | - Junxiang Luo
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Lishui Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lishui, China
- Junxiang Luom,
| | - Yong Cui
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart Center, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital (Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yong Cui,
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17
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Jaworska K, Kopacz W, Koper M, Szudzik M, Gawryś-Kopczyńska M, Konop M, Hutsch T, Chabowski D, Ufnal M. Enalapril Diminishes the Diabetes-Induced Changes in Intestinal Morphology, Intestinal RAS and Blood SCFA Concentration in Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23116060. [PMID: 35682739 PMCID: PMC9181110 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests that microbiota-derived metabolites, including short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and trimethylamine-oxide (TMAO), affect the course of diabetic multiorgan pathology. We hypothesized that diabetes activates the intestinal renin–angiotensin system (RAS), contributing to gut pathology. Twelve-week-old male rats were divided into three groups: controls, diabetic (streptozotocin-induced) and diabetic treated with enalapril. Histological examination and RT-qPCR were performed to evaluate morphology and RAS expression in the jejunum and the colon. SCFA and TMAO concentrations in stools, portal and systemic blood were evaluated. In comparison to the controls, the diabetic rats showed hyperplastic changes in jejunal and colonic mucosa, increased plasma SCFA, and slightly increased plasma TMAO. The size of the changes was smaller in enalapril-treated rats. Diabetic rats had a lower expression of Mas receptor (MasR) and angiotensinogen in the jejunum whereas, in the colon, the expression of MasR and renin was greater in diabetic rats. Enalapril-treated rats had a lower expression of MasR in the colon. The expression of AT1a, AT1b, and AT2 receptors was similar between groups. In conclusion, diabetes produces morphological changes in the intestines, increases plasma SCFA, and alters the expression of renin and MasR. These alterations were reduced in enalapril-treated rats. Future studies need to evaluate the clinical significance of intestinal pathology in diabetes.
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18
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Hu D, Wu M, Chen G, Deng B, Yu H, Huang J, Luo Y, Li M, Zhao D, Liu J. Multiple techniques collectively reveal the attenuation of kidney injury by trimethylamine
N
‐oxide (TMAO) production manipulation. Br J Pharmacol 2022; 179:4344-4359. [PMID: 35428974 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Da‐Yong Hu
- Division of Nephrology and Rheumatology Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital
- Center for Nephrology & Metabolomics Tongji University School of Medicine
| | - Ming‐Yu Wu
- Division of Nephrology and Rheumatology Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital
- Center for Nephrology & Metabolomics Tongji University School of Medicine
| | - Guang‐Qi Chen
- Division of Nephrology and Rheumatology Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital
- Center for Nephrology & Metabolomics Tongji University School of Medicine
| | - Bing‐Qing Deng
- Division of Nephrology and Rheumatology Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital
- Center for Nephrology & Metabolomics Tongji University School of Medicine
| | - Hai‐Bo Yu
- Division of Nephrology and Rheumatology Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital
- Center for Nephrology & Metabolomics Tongji University School of Medicine
| | - Jian Huang
- Division of Nephrology and Rheumatology Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital
- Center for Nephrology & Metabolomics Tongji University School of Medicine
| | - Ying Luo
- Division of Nephrology and Rheumatology Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital
- Center for Nephrology & Metabolomics Tongji University School of Medicine
| | - Meng‐Yuan Li
- Division of Nephrology and Rheumatology Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital
- Center for Nephrology & Metabolomics Tongji University School of Medicine
| | - Da‐Ke Zhao
- Division of Nephrology and Rheumatology Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital
- Center for Nephrology & Metabolomics Tongji University School of Medicine
| | - Jun‐Yan Liu
- Division of Nephrology and Rheumatology Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital
- Center for Nephrology & Metabolomics Tongji University School of Medicine
- Center for Novel Target and Therapeutic Intervention, Institute of Life Sciences Chongqing Medical University
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19
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Loo RL, Chan Q, Nicholson JK, Holmes E. Balancing the Equation: A Natural History of Trimethylamine and Trimethylamine- N-oxide. J Proteome Res 2022; 21:560-589. [PMID: 35142516 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.1c00851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Trimethylamine (TMA) and its N-oxide (TMAO) are ubiquitous in prokaryote and eukaryote organisms as well as in the environment, reflecting their fundamental importance in evolutionary biology, and their diverse biochemical functions. Both metabolites have multiple biological roles including cell-signaling. Much attention has focused on the significance of serum and urinary TMAO in cardiovascular disease risk, yet this is only one of the many facets of a deeper TMA-TMAO partnership that reflects the significance of these metabolites in multiple biological processes spanning animals, plants, bacteria, and fungi. We report on analytical methods for measuring TMA and TMAO and attempt to critically synthesize and map the global functions of TMA and TMAO in a systems biology framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruey Leng Loo
- Centre for Computational and Systems Medicine, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, 5 Robin Warren Drive, Perth, Western Australia 6150, Australia.,The Australian National Phenome Centre, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, 5 Robin Warren Drive, Perth, Western Australia 6150, Australia
| | - Queenie Chan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom.,MRC Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy K Nicholson
- Centre for Computational and Systems Medicine, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, 5 Robin Warren Drive, Perth, Western Australia 6150, Australia.,The Australian National Phenome Centre, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, 5 Robin Warren Drive, Perth, Western Australia 6150, Australia.,Institute of Global Health Innovation, Imperial College London, Level 1, Faculty Building, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2NA, United Kingdom
| | - Elaine Holmes
- Centre for Computational and Systems Medicine, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, 5 Robin Warren Drive, Perth, Western Australia 6150, Australia.,The Australian National Phenome Centre, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, 5 Robin Warren Drive, Perth, Western Australia 6150, Australia.,Nutrition Research, Department of Metabolism, Nutrition and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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20
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Biological Effects of Indole-3-Propionic Acid, a Gut Microbiota-Derived Metabolite, and Its Precursor Tryptophan in Mammals' Health and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031222. [PMID: 35163143 PMCID: PMC8835432 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Actions of symbiotic gut microbiota are in dynamic balance with the host’s organism to maintain homeostasis. Many different factors have an impact on this relationship, including bacterial metabolites. Several substrates for their synthesis have been established, including tryptophan, an exogenous amino acid. Many biological processes are influenced by the action of tryptophan and its endogenous metabolites, serotonin, and melatonin. Recent research findings also provide evidence that gut bacteria-derived metabolites of tryptophan share the biological effects of their precursor. Thus, this review aims to investigate the biological actions of indole-3-propionic acid (IPA), a gut microbiota-derived metabolite of tryptophan. We searched PUBMED and Google Scholar databases to identify pre-clinical and clinical studies evaluating the impact of IPA on the health and pathophysiology of the immune, nervous, gastrointestinal and cardiovascular system in mammals. IPA exhibits a similar impact on the energetic balance and cardiovascular system to its precursor, tryptophan. Additionally, IPA has a positive impact on a cellular level, by preventing oxidative stress injury, lipoperoxidation and inhibiting synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines. Its synthesis can be diminished in the presence of different risk factors of atherosclerosis. On the other hand, protective factors, such as the introduction of a Mediterranean diet, tend to increase its plasma concentration. IPA seems to be a promising new target, linking gut health with the cardiovascular system.
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21
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Jaworska K, Koper M, Ufnal M. Gut microbiota and renin-angiotensin system: a complex interplay at local and systemic levels. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2021; 321:G355-G366. [PMID: 34405730 PMCID: PMC8486428 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00099.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Gut microbiota is a potent biological modulator of many physiological and pathological states. The renin-angiotensin system (RAS), including the local gastrointestinal RAS (GI RAS), emerges as a potential mediator of microbiota-related effects. The RAS is involved in cardiovascular system homeostasis, water-electrolyte balance, intestinal absorption, glycemic control, inflammation, carcinogenesis, and aging-related processes. Ample evidence suggests a bidirectional interaction between the microbiome and RAS. On the one hand, gut bacteria and their metabolites may modulate GI and systemic RAS. On the other hand, changes in the intestinal habitat caused by alterations in RAS may shape microbiota metabolic activity and composition. Notably, the pharmacodynamic effects of the RAS-targeted therapies may be in part mediated by the intestinal RAS and changes in the microbiome. This review summarizes studies on gut microbiota and RAS physiology. Expanding the research on this topic may lay the foundation for new therapeutic paradigms in gastrointestinal diseases and multiple systemic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Jaworska
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mateusz Koper
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Ufnal
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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22
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Chen W, Zhuang YS, Yang CX, Fang ZC, Liu BY, Zheng X, Liao YY. The Protective Role of the Long Pentraxin PTX3 in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats with Heart Failure. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2021; 21:808-819. [PMID: 34173191 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-021-09671-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Pentraxin 3 (PTX3) is synthesized locally and released into the circulation, reflecting local inflammation in the cardiovascular system. Therefore, we conducted a study to explore the effect of PTX3 in spontaneously hypertensive heart failure (SHHF) rats. Sprague Dawley (SD) and SHHF rats were treated with recombinant PTX3 protein, and the blood pressure (BP) and echocardiographic parameters were collected. Radioimmunoassay, enzyme immunoassay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were applied to detect plasma levels of atrial/B-type natriuretic peptide (ANP/BNP) and PTX3. The pathological changes in the myocardial tissues were observed by hematoxylin and eosin (HE) and Masson stainings. The mRNA and protein expressions were detected by quantitative real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and western blotting. Cardiomyocyte apoptosis was evaluated by TUNEL staining and DNA fragmentation test. Increased plasma concentrations of PTX3 were found in SHHF rats compared with SD rats, which was further enhanced by recombinant PTX3 protein. After injection with recombinant PTX3 protein, the heart function was improved in SHHF rats with the decreased systolic and diastolic BP, and the reduced plasma levels of ANP and BNP. Moreover, PTX3 improved the myocardial damage and interstitial fibrosis in SHHF rats with reduced cardiomyocyte apoptosis and decreased mRNA expressions of pro-inflammatory factors in myocardial tissues. PTX3 could decrease the BP and plasma levels of ANP and BNP in SHHF rats, as well as improve the inflammation, cardiomyocyte apoptosis, and pathological changes of myocardial tissues, suggesting it may be a useful intervention in the treatment of SHHF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, Hubei, China
| | - Ya-Se Zhuang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, Hubei, China
| | - Chun-Xia Yang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, Hubei, China
| | - Zhi-Cheng Fang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, Hubei, China
| | - Bo-Yi Liu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, Hubei, China
| | - Xiang Zheng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, Hubei, China
| | - Ying-Ying Liao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, Hubei, China.
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Krueger ES, Lloyd TS, Tessem JS. The Accumulation and Molecular Effects of Trimethylamine N-Oxide on Metabolic Tissues: It's Not All Bad. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13082873. [PMID: 34445033 PMCID: PMC8400152 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Since elevated serum levels of trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) were first associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), TMAO research among chronic diseases has grown exponentially. We now know that serum TMAO accumulation begins with dietary choline metabolism across the microbiome-liver-kidney axis, which is typically dysregulated during pathogenesis. While CVD research links TMAO to atherosclerotic mechanisms in vascular tissue, its molecular effects on metabolic tissues are unclear. Here we report the current standing of TMAO research in metabolic disease contexts across relevant tissues including the liver, kidney, brain, adipose, and muscle. Since poor blood glucose management is a hallmark of metabolic diseases, we also explore the variable TMAO effects on insulin resistance and insulin production. Among metabolic tissues, hepatic TMAO research is the most common, whereas its effects on other tissues including the insulin producing pancreatic β-cells are largely unexplored. Studies on diseases including obesity, diabetes, liver diseases, chronic kidney disease, and cognitive diseases reveal that TMAO effects are unique under pathologic conditions compared to healthy controls. We conclude that molecular TMAO effects are highly context-dependent and call for further research to clarify the deleterious and beneficial molecular effects observed in metabolic disease research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily S. Krueger
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Science, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA; (E.S.K.); (T.S.L.)
| | - Trevor S. Lloyd
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Science, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA; (E.S.K.); (T.S.L.)
- Medical Education Program, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jeffery S. Tessem
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Science, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA; (E.S.K.); (T.S.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-801-422-9082
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24
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He S, Jiang H, Zhuo C, Jiang W. Trimethylamine/Trimethylamine-N-Oxide as a Key Between Diet and Cardiovascular Diseases. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2021; 21:593-604. [PMID: 34003426 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-021-09656-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Trimethylamine (TMA) is a gut microbiota-derived metabolite which comes from diets rich of choline, betaine or L-carnitine and could be further converted to Trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) in the liver. As the function of gut microbiota and its metabolites being explored so far, studies suggest that TMAO may be a potential risk factor of cardiovascular diseases independent of other traditional risk factors. However, the precise role of TMAO is controversial as some converse results were discovered. In recent studies, it is hypothesized that TMA may also participate in the progression of cardiovascular diseases and some cytotoxic effect of TMA has been discovered. Thus, exploring the relationship between TMA, TMAO and CVD may bring a novel insight into the diagnosis and therapy of cardiovascular diseases. In this review, we discussed the factors which influence the TMA/TMAO's process of metabolism in the human body. We have also summarized the pathogenic effect of TMA/TMAO in cardiovascular diseases, as well as the limitation of some controversial discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu He
- West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Jiang
- West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Caili Zhuo
- The Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases, Molecular Medicine Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Jiang
- The Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases, Molecular Medicine Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
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25
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Zhou J, Wang D, Li B, Li X, Lai X, Lei S, Li N, Zhang X. Relationship between Plasma Trimethylamine N-Oxide Levels and Renal Dysfunction in Patients with Hypertension. Kidney Blood Press Res 2021; 46:421-432. [PMID: 34233325 DOI: 10.1159/000513033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) is a metabolite produced by gut bacteria. Although increased TMAO levels have been linked to hypertension (HTN) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) with poor prognosis, no clinical studies have directly addressed the relationship between them. In this study, we investigated the relationship between TMAO and renal dysfunction in hypertensive patients. METHODS We included healthy controls (n = 50), hypertensive patients (n = 46), and hypertensive patients with renal dysfunction (n = 143). Their blood pressure values were taken as the highest measured blood pressure. Renal function was evaluated using the estimated glomerular filtration rate. Plasma TMAO levels were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS We found significant differences in plasma TMAO levels among the 3 groups (p < 0.01). The plasma TMAO of patients with HTN was significantly higher than that of healthy people, and the plasma TMAO of patients with HTN complicated by renal dysfunction was significantly higher than either of the other groups. Patients in the highest TMAO quartile were at a higher risk of developing CKD stage 5 than those in the lowest quartile. In the receiver operating characteristic curve, the area under the curve of TMAO combined with β 2-macroglobulin for predicting renal dysfunction in patients with HTN was 0.85 (95% confidence interval 0.80-0.90). CONCLUSION An elevated TMAO level reflects higher levels of HTN and more severe renal dysfunction. TMAO, combined with β 2-macroglobulin levels, may assist in diagnosing CKD in hypertensive patients. Plasma TMAO has predictive value for early kidney disease in hypertensive patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zhou
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Dingkun Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Bingong Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Xuelian Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Xingjun Lai
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Shufang Lei
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xuting Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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26
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Lombardo M, Aulisa G, Marcon D, Rizzo G, Tarsisano MG, Di Renzo L, Federici M, Caprio M, De Lorenzo A. Association of Urinary and Plasma Levels of Trimethylamine N-Oxide (TMAO) with Foods. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13051426. [PMID: 33922680 PMCID: PMC8145508 DOI: 10.3390/nu13051426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) may play a key mediator role in the relationship between the diet, gut microbiota and cardiovascular diseases, particularly in people with kidney failure. The aim of this review is to evaluate which foods have a greater influence on blood or urinary trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) levels. Methods: 391 language articles were screened, and 27 were analysed and summarized for this review, using the keywords “TMAO” AND “egg” OR “meat” OR “fish” OR “dairy” OR “vegetables” OR “fruit” OR “food” in December 2020. Results: A strong correlation between TMAO and fish consumption, mainly saltwater fish and shellfish, but not freshwater fish, has been demonstrated. Associations of the consumption of eggs, dairy and meat with TMAO are less clear and may depend on other factors such as microbiota or cooking methods. Plant-based foods do not seem to influence TMAO but have been less investigated. Discussion: Consumption of saltwater fish, dark meat fish and shellfish seems to be associated with an increase in urine or plasma TMAO values. Further studies are needed to understand the relationship between increased risk of cardiovascular disease and plasma levels of TMAO due to fish consumption. Interventions coupled with long-term dietary patterns targeting the gut microbiota seem promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Lombardo
- Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Open University, 00166 Rome, Italy; (G.A.); (D.M.); (M.C.)
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00173 Rome, Italy;
- Correspondence:
| | - Giovanni Aulisa
- Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Open University, 00166 Rome, Italy; (G.A.); (D.M.); (M.C.)
| | - Daniele Marcon
- Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Open University, 00166 Rome, Italy; (G.A.); (D.M.); (M.C.)
| | - Gianluca Rizzo
- Independent Researcher, via Venezuela 66, 98121 Messina, Italy;
| | - Maria Grazia Tarsisano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Laura Di Renzo
- Section of Clinical Nutrition and Nutrigenomic, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Tor Vergata, via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (L.D.R.); (A.D.L.)
| | - Massimo Federici
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00173 Rome, Italy;
| | - Massimiliano Caprio
- Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Open University, 00166 Rome, Italy; (G.A.); (D.M.); (M.C.)
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Endocrinology, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonino De Lorenzo
- Section of Clinical Nutrition and Nutrigenomic, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Tor Vergata, via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (L.D.R.); (A.D.L.)
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27
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Li DY, Wang Z, Jia X, Yan D, Shih DM, Hazen SL, Lusis AJ, Tang WHW. Loop Diuretics Inhibit Renal Excretion of Trimethylamine N-Oxide. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2021; 6:103-115. [PMID: 33665512 PMCID: PMC7907536 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2020.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Uremic retention solutes predominantly eliminate through the kidneys largely via specific efflux channels in the proximal renal tubules. For the first time, we demonstrated in vivo that renal tubular excretion of TMAO can be inhibited by concomitant loop diuretic administration via competition at the level of renal transporters. We further observed accumulation of TMAO in the renal parenchyma, which implied differential distributions of TMAO across various tissues and/or systems as a consequence of efflux channel control. Poorer outcomes in patients who receive long-term loop diuretic agents may therefore be associated with metabolic perturbations, such as retention of metabolites like TMAO, beyond impaired glomerular filtration.
This study demonstrates, for the first time, that renal tubular excretion of trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) is inhibited by concomitant loop diuretic administration. The observed marked accumulation in the renal parenchyma, and to lesser extent, plasma, implies differential distributions of TMAO across various tissues and/or systems as a consequence of efflux channel control. A better understanding of TMAO renal clearance and its potential interactions with current and future therapies in patients with heart failure are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Y Li
- Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Department of Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Zeneng Wang
- Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Xun Jia
- Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Di Yan
- Department of Dermatology, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - Diana M Shih
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Stanley L Hazen
- Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart, Vascular and Thoracic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Aldons J Lusis
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - W H Wilson Tang
- Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart, Vascular and Thoracic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Center for Clinical Genomics, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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28
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Videja M, Vilskersts R, Korzh S, Cirule H, Sevostjanovs E, Dambrova M, Makrecka-Kuka M. Microbiota-Derived Metabolite Trimethylamine N-Oxide Protects Mitochondrial Energy Metabolism and Cardiac Functionality in a Rat Model of Right Ventricle Heart Failure. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:622741. [PMID: 33520996 PMCID: PMC7841203 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.622741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) is a gut microbiota-derived metabolite synthesized in host organisms from specific food constituents, such as choline, carnitine and betaine. During the last decade, elevated TMAO levels have been proposed as biomarkers to estimate the risk of cardiometabolic diseases. However, there is still no consensus about the role of TMAO in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease since regular consumption of TMAO-rich seafood (i.e., a Mediterranean diet) is considered to be beneficial for the primary prevention of cardiovascular events. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of long-term TMAO administration on mitochondrial energy metabolism in an experimental model of right ventricle heart failure. Methods: TMAO was administered to rats at a dose of 120 mg/kg in their drinking water for 10 weeks. Then, a single subcutaneous injection of monocrotaline (MCT) (60 mg/kg) was administered to induce right ventricular dysfunction, and treatment with TMAO was continued (experimental groups: Control; TMAO; MCT; TMAO+MCT). After 4 weeks, right ventricle functionality was assessed by echocardiography, mitochondrial function and heart failure-related gene and protein expression was determined. Results: Compared to the control treatment, the administration of TMAO (120 mg/kg) for 14 weeks increased the TMAO concentration in cardiac tissues up to 14 times. MCT treatment led to impaired mitochondrial function and decreased right ventricular functional parameters. Although TMAO treatment itself decreased mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation-dependent respiration, no effect on cardiac functionality was observed. Long-term TMAO administration prevented MCT-impaired mitochondrial energy metabolism by preserving fatty acid oxidation and subsequently decreasing pyruvate metabolism. In the experimental model of right ventricle heart failure, the impact of TMAO on energy metabolism resulted in a tendency to restore right ventricular function, as indicated by echocardiographic parameters and normalized organ-to-body weight indexes. Similarly, the expression of a marker of heart failure severity, brain natriuretic peptide, was substantially increased in the MCT group but tended to be restored to control levels in the TMAO+MCT group. Conclusion: Elevated TMAO levels preserve mitochondrial energy metabolism and cardiac functionality in an experimental model of right ventricular heart failure, suggesting that under specific conditions TMAO promotes metabolic preconditioning-like effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melita Videja
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Riga Stradiṇš University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Reinis Vilskersts
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Riga Stradiṇš University, Riga, Latvia
| | | | - Helena Cirule
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia
| | | | - Maija Dambrova
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Riga Stradiṇš University, Riga, Latvia
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29
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Eyileten C, Jarosz-Popek J, Jakubik D, Gasecka A, Wolska M, Ufnal M, Postula M, Toma A, Lang IM, Siller-Matula JM. Plasma Trimethylamine-N-Oxide Is an Independent Predictor of Long-Term Cardiovascular Mortality in Patients Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for Acute Coronary Syndrome. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:728724. [PMID: 34778397 PMCID: PMC8585769 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.728724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the association of liver metabolite trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) with cardiovascular disease (CV)-related and all-cause mortality in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention. Our prospective observational study enrolled 292 patients with ACS. Plasma concentrations of TMAO were measured during the hospitalization for ACS. Observation period lasted seven yr in median. Adjusted Cox-regression analysis was used for prediction of mortality. ROC curve analysis revealed that increasing concentrations of TMAO levels assessed at the time point of ACS significantly predicted the risk of CV mortality (c-index=0.78, p < 0.001). The cut-off value of >4 μmol/L, labeled as high TMAO level (23% of study population), provided the greatest sum of sensitivity (85%) and specificity (80%) for the prediction of CV mortality and was associated with a positive predictive value of 16% and a negative predictive value of 99%. A multivariate Cox regression model revealed that high TMAO level was a strong and independent predictor of CV death (HR = 11.62, 95% CI: 2.26-59.67; p = 0.003). High TMAO levels as compared with low TMAO levels were associated with the highest risk of CV death in a subpopulation of patients with diabetes mellitus (27.3 vs. 2.6%; p = 0.004). Although increasing TMAO levels were also significantly associated with all-cause mortality, their estimates for diagnostic accuracy were low. High TMAO level is a strong and independent predictor of long-term CV mortality among patients presenting with ACS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceren Eyileten
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology (CEPT), Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Jarosz-Popek
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology (CEPT), Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Daniel Jakubik
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology (CEPT), Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Gasecka
- First Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Wolska
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology (CEPT), Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Ufnal
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Marcin Ufnal
| | - Marek Postula
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology (CEPT), Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aurel Toma
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Irene M. Lang
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jolanta M. Siller-Matula
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology (CEPT), Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- *Correspondence: Jolanta M. Siller-Matula
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30
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Abstract
Fecal microbial community changes are associated with numerous disease states, including cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, such data are merely associative. A causal contribution for gut microbiota in CVD has been further supported by a multitude of more direct experimental evidence. Indeed, gut microbiota transplantation studies, specific gut microbiota-dependent pathways, and downstream metabolites have all been shown to influence host metabolism and CVD, sometimes through specific identified host receptors. Multiple metaorganismal pathways (involving both microbe and host) both impact CVD in animal models and show striking clinical associations in human studies. For example, trimethylamine N-oxide and, more recently, phenylacetylglutamine are gut microbiota-dependent metabolites whose blood levels are associated with incident CVD risks in large-scale clinical studies. Importantly, a causal link to CVD for these and other specific gut microbial metabolites/pathways has been shown through numerous mechanistic animal model studies. Phenylacetylglutamine, for example, was recently shown to promote adverse cardiovascular phenotypes in the host via interaction with multiple ARs (adrenergic receptors)-a class of key receptors that regulate cardiovascular homeostasis. In this review, we summarize recent advances of microbiome research in CVD and related cardiometabolic phenotypes that have helped to move the field forward from associative to causative results. We focus on microbiota and metaorganismal compounds/pathways, with specific attention paid to short-chain fatty acids, secondary bile acids, trimethylamine N-oxide, and phenylacetylglutamine. We also discuss novel therapeutic strategies for directly targeting the gut microbiome to improve cardiovascular outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Witkowski
- From the Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute (M.W., T.L.W., S.L.H.), Cleveland Clinic, OH.,Center for Microbiome and Human Health (M.W., S.L.H.), Cleveland Clinic, OH
| | - Taylor L Weeks
- From the Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute (M.W., T.L.W., S.L.H.), Cleveland Clinic, OH.,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart and Vascular Institute (S.L.H.), Cleveland Clinic, OH
| | - Stanley L Hazen
- From the Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute (M.W., T.L.W., S.L.H.), Cleveland Clinic, OH.,Center for Microbiome and Human Health (M.W., S.L.H.), Cleveland Clinic, OH
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