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Kazek M, Chodáková L, Lehr K, Strych L, Nedbalová P, McMullen E, Bajgar A, Opekar S, Šimek P, Moos M, Doležal T. Glucose and trehalose metabolism through the cyclic pentose phosphate pathway shapes pathogen resistance and host protection in Drosophila. PLoS Biol 2024; 22:e3002299. [PMID: 38713712 PMCID: PMC11101078 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Activation of immune cells requires the remodeling of cell metabolism in order to support immune function. We study these metabolic changes through the infection of Drosophila larvae by parasitoid wasp. The parasitoid egg is neutralized by differentiating lamellocytes, which encapsulate the egg. A melanization cascade is initiated, producing toxic molecules to destroy the egg while the capsule also protects the host from the toxic reaction. We combined transcriptomics and metabolomics, including 13C-labeled glucose and trehalose tracing, as well as genetic manipulation of sugar metabolism to study changes in metabolism, specifically in Drosophila hemocytes. We found that hemocytes increase the expression of several carbohydrate transporters and accordingly uptake more sugar during infection. These carbohydrates are metabolized by increased glycolysis, associated with lactate production, and cyclic pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), in which glucose-6-phosphate is re-oxidized to maximize NADPH yield. Oxidative PPP is required for lamellocyte differentiation and resistance, as is systemic trehalose metabolism. In addition, fully differentiated lamellocytes use a cytoplasmic form of trehalase to cleave trehalose to glucose and fuel cyclic PPP. Intracellular trehalose metabolism is not required for lamellocyte differentiation, but its down-regulation elevates levels of reactive oxygen species, associated with increased resistance and reduced fitness. Our results suggest that sugar metabolism, and specifically cyclic PPP, within immune cells is important not only to fight infection but also to protect the host from its own immune response and for ensuring fitness of the survivor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michalina Kazek
- Department of molecular biology and genetics, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Chodáková
- Department of molecular biology and genetics, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Katharina Lehr
- Department of molecular biology and genetics, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Strych
- Department of molecular biology and genetics, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Nedbalová
- Department of molecular biology and genetics, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Ellen McMullen
- Department of molecular biology and genetics, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Adam Bajgar
- Department of molecular biology and genetics, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Stanislav Opekar
- Laboratory of Analytical Biochemistry and Metabolomics, Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Šimek
- Laboratory of Analytical Biochemistry and Metabolomics, Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Moos
- Laboratory of Analytical Biochemistry and Metabolomics, Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Doležal
- Department of molecular biology and genetics, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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2
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Akiyama T, Raftery LA, Wharton KA. Bone morphogenetic protein signaling: the pathway and its regulation. Genetics 2024; 226:iyad200. [PMID: 38124338 PMCID: PMC10847725 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyad200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In the mid-1960s, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) were first identified in the extracts of bone to have the remarkable ability to induce heterotopic bone. When the Drosophila gene decapentaplegic (dpp) was first identified to share sequence similarity with mammalian BMP2/BMP4 in the late-1980s, it became clear that secreted BMP ligands can mediate processes other than bone formation. Following this discovery, collaborative efforts between Drosophila geneticists and mammalian biochemists made use of the strengths of their respective model systems to identify BMP signaling components and delineate the pathway. The ability to conduct genetic modifier screens in Drosophila with relative ease was critical in identifying the intracellular signal transducers for BMP signaling and the related transforming growth factor-beta/activin signaling pathway. Such screens also revealed a host of genes that encode other core signaling components and regulators of the pathway. In this review, we provide a historical account of this exciting time of gene discovery and discuss how the field has advanced over the past 30 years. We have learned that while the core BMP pathway is quite simple, composed of 3 components (ligand, receptor, and signal transducer), behind the versatility of this pathway lies multiple layers of regulation that ensures precise tissue-specific signaling output. We provide a sampling of these discoveries and highlight many questions that remain to be answered to fully understand the complexity of BMP signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Akiyama
- Department of Biology, Rich and Robin Porter Cancer Research Center, The Center for Genomic Advocacy, Indiana State University, Terre Haute, IN 47809, USA
| | - Laurel A Raftery
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA
| | - Kristi A Wharton
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
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3
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Yan P, Liu J, Li Z, Wang J, Zhu Z, Wang L, Yu G. Glycolysis Reprogramming in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: Unveiling the Mystery of Lactate in the Lung. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:315. [PMID: 38203486 PMCID: PMC10779333 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic and progressive lung disease characterized by excessive deposition of fibrotic connective tissue in the lungs. Emerging evidence suggests that metabolic alterations, particularly glycolysis reprogramming, play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of IPF. Lactate, once considered a metabolic waste product, is now recognized as a signaling molecule involved in various cellular processes. In the context of IPF, lactate has been shown to promote fibroblast activation, myofibroblast differentiation, and extracellular matrix remodeling. Furthermore, lactate can modulate immune responses and contribute to the pro-inflammatory microenvironment observed in IPF. In addition, lactate has been implicated in the crosstalk between different cell types involved in IPF; it can influence cell-cell communication, cytokine production, and the activation of profibrotic signaling pathways. This review aims to summarize the current research progress on the role of glycolytic reprogramming and lactate in IPF and its potential implications to clarify the role of lactate in IPF and to provide a reference and direction for future research. In conclusion, elucidating the intricate interplay between lactate metabolism and fibrotic processes may lead to the development of innovative therapeutic strategies for IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Lan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Regulation, Henan Center for Outstanding Overseas Scientists of Organ Fibrosis, Pingyuan Laboratory, College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China; (P.Y.); (J.L.); (Z.L.); (J.W.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Guoying Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Regulation, Henan Center for Outstanding Overseas Scientists of Organ Fibrosis, Pingyuan Laboratory, College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China; (P.Y.); (J.L.); (Z.L.); (J.W.); (Z.Z.)
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4
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Ju L, Glastad KM, Sheng L, Gospocic J, Kingwell CJ, Davidson SM, Kocher SD, Bonasio R, Berger SL. Hormonal gatekeeping via the blood-brain barrier governs caste-specific behavior in ants. Cell 2023; 186:4289-4309.e23. [PMID: 37683635 PMCID: PMC10807403 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Here, we reveal an unanticipated role of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in regulating complex social behavior in ants. Using scRNA-seq, we find localization in the BBB of a key hormone-degrading enzyme called juvenile hormone esterase (Jhe), and we show that this localization governs the level of juvenile hormone (JH3) entering the brain. Manipulation of the Jhe level reprograms the brain transcriptome between ant castes. Although ant Jhe is retained and functions intracellularly within the BBB, we show that Drosophila Jhe is naturally extracellular. Heterologous expression of ant Jhe into the Drosophila BBB alters behavior in fly to mimic what is seen in ants. Most strikingly, manipulation of Jhe levels in ants reprograms complex behavior between worker castes. Our study thus uncovers a remarkable, potentially conserved role of the BBB serving as a molecular gatekeeper for a neurohormonal pathway that regulates social behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linyang Ju
- Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Epigenetics Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Karl M Glastad
- Epigenetics Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Lihong Sheng
- Epigenetics Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Janko Gospocic
- Epigenetics Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Urology and Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Callum J Kingwell
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Shawn M Davidson
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Sarah D Kocher
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; Lewis-Sigler Institute for Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Roberto Bonasio
- Epigenetics Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Shelley L Berger
- Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Epigenetics Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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5
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Wang M, Ho MS. Profiling neurotransmitter-evoked glial responses by RNA-sequencing analysis. Front Neural Circuits 2023; 17:1252759. [PMID: 37645568 PMCID: PMC10461064 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2023.1252759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Fundamental properties of neurons and glia are distinctively different. Neurons are excitable cells that transmit information, whereas glia have long been considered as passive bystanders. Recently, the concept of tripartite synapse is proposed that glia are structurally and functionally incorporated into the synapse, the basic unit of information processing in the brains. It has then become intriguing how glia actively communicate with the presynaptic and postsynaptic compartments to influence the signal transmission. Here we present a thorough analysis at the transcriptional level on how glia respond to different types of neurotransmitters. Adult fly glia were purified from brains incubated with different types of neurotransmitters ex vivo. Subsequent RNA-sequencing analyses reveal distinct and overlapping patterns for these transcriptomes. Whereas Acetylcholine (ACh) and Glutamate (Glu) more vigorously activate glial gene expression, GABA retains its inhibitory effect. All neurotransmitters fail to trigger a significant change in the expression of their synthesis enzymes, yet Glu triggers increased expression of neurotransmitter receptors including its own and nAChRs. Expressions of transporters for GABA and Glutamate are under diverse controls from DA, GABA, and Glu, suggesting that the evoked intracellular pathways by these neurotransmitters are interconnected. Furthermore, changes in the expression of genes involved in calcium signaling also functionally predict the change in the glial activity. Finally, neurotransmitters also trigger a general metabolic suppression in glia except the DA, which upregulates a number of genes involved in transporting nutrients and amino acids. Our findings fundamentally dissect the transcriptional change in glia facing neuronal challenges; these results provide insights on how glia and neurons crosstalk in a synaptic context and underlie the mechanism of brain function and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Margaret S. Ho
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
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6
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Contreras EG, Klämbt C. The Drosophila blood-brain barrier emerges as a model for understanding human brain diseases. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 180:106071. [PMID: 36898613 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The accurate regulation of the microenvironment within the nervous system is one of the key features characterizing complex organisms. To this end, neural tissue has to be physically separated from circulation, but at the same time, mechanisms must be in place to allow controlled transport of nutrients and macromolecules into and out of the brain. These roles are executed by cells of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) found at the interface of circulation and neural tissue. BBB dysfunction is observed in several neurological diseases in human. Although this can be considered as a consequence of diseases, strong evidence supports the notion that BBB dysfunction can promote the progression of brain disorders. In this review, we compile the recent evidence describing the contribution of the Drosophila BBB to the further understanding of brain disease features in human patients. We discuss the function of the Drosophila BBB during infection and inflammation, drug clearance and addictions, sleep, chronic neurodegenerative disorders and epilepsy. In summary, this evidence suggests that the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, can be successfully employed as a model to disentangle mechanisms underlying human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban G Contreras
- University of Münster, Institute of Neuro- and Behavioral Biology, Badestr. 9, Münster, Germany.
| | - Christian Klämbt
- University of Münster, Institute of Neuro- and Behavioral Biology, Badestr. 9, Münster, Germany.
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7
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De Backer JF, Grunwald Kadow IC. A role for glia in cellular and systemic metabolism: insights from the fly. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2022; 53:100947. [PMID: 35772690 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2022.100947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Excitability and synaptic transmission make neurons high-energy consumers. However, neurons do not store carbohydrates or lipids. Instead, they need support cells to fuel their metabolic demands. This role is assumed by glia, both in vertebrates and invertebrates. Many questions remain regarding the coupling between neuronal activity and energy demand on the one hand, and nutrient supply by glia on the other hand. Here, we review recent advances showing that fly glia, similar to their role in vertebrates, fuel neurons in times of high energetic demand, such as during memory formation and long-term storage. Vertebrate glia also play a role in the modulation of neurons, their communication, and behavior, including food search and feeding. We discuss recent literature pointing to similar roles of fly glia in behavior and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François De Backer
- Technical University of Munich, School of Life Sciences, Liesel-Beckmann-Str. 4, 85354 Freising, Germany; University of Bonn, Faculty of Medicine, UKB, Institute of Physiology II, Nussallee 11, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Ilona C Grunwald Kadow
- Technical University of Munich, School of Life Sciences, Liesel-Beckmann-Str. 4, 85354 Freising, Germany; University of Bonn, Faculty of Medicine, UKB, Institute of Physiology II, Nussallee 11, 53115 Bonn, Germany.
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8
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Atis M, Akcan U, Altunsu D, Ayvaz E, Uğur Yılmaz C, Sarıkaya D, Temizyürek A, Ahıshalı B, Girouard H, Kaya M. Targeting the blood-brain barrier disruption in hypertension by ALK5/TGF-Β type I receptor inhibitor SB-431542 and dynamin inhibitor dynasore. Brain Res 2022; 1794:148071. [PMID: 36058283 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2022.148071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In this study, we aimed to target two molecules, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) and dynamin to explore their roles in blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption in hypertension. METHODS For this purpose, angiotensin (ANG) II-induced hypertensive mice were treated with SB-431542, an inhibitor of the ALK5/TGF-β type I receptor, and dynasore, an inhibitor of dynamin. Albumin-Alexa fluor 594 was used to assess BBB permeability. The alterations in the expression of claudin-5, caveolin (Cav)-1, glucose transporter (Glut)-1, and SMAD4 in the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus were evaluated by quantification of immunofluorescence staining intensity. RESULTS ANG II infusion increased BBB permeability to albumin-Alexa fluor 594 which was reduced by SB-431542 (P < 0.01), but not by dynasore. In hypertensive animals treated with dynasore, claudin-5 immunofluorescence intensity increased in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus while it decreased in the cerebral cortex of SB-431542 treated hypertensive mice (P < 0.01). Both dynasore and SB-431542 prevented the increased Cav-1 immunofluorescence intensity in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of hypertensive animals (P < 0.01). SB-431542 and dynasore decreased Glut-1 immunofluorescence intensity in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of mice receiving ANG II (P < 0.01). SB-431542 increased SMAD4 immunofluorescence intensity in the cerebral cortex of hypertensive animals, while in the hippocampus a significant decrease was noted by both SB-431542 and dynasore (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION Our data suggest that inhibition of the TGFβ type I receptor prevents BBB disruption under hypertensive conditions. These results emphasize the therapeutic potential of targeting TGFβ signaling as a novel treatment modality to protect the brain of hypertensive patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muge Atis
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Koç University, 34450 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Uğur Akcan
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Koç University, 34450 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Deniz Altunsu
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Koç University, 34450 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ecem Ayvaz
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Koç University, 34450 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Canan Uğur Yılmaz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Bioscience, Biomedical Centrum, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Deniz Sarıkaya
- Department of Physiology, Koç University School of Medicine, 34450 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Arzu Temizyürek
- Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine, 34450 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Bülent Ahıshalı
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Koç University School of Medicine, 34450, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hélène Girouard
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Montreal University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Mehmet Kaya
- Department of Physiology, Koç University School of Medicine, 34450 Istanbul, Turkey; Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine, 34450 Istanbul, Turkey.
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Nguyen PK, Cheng LY. Non-autonomous regulation of neurogenesis by extrinsic cues: a Drosophila perspective. OXFORD OPEN NEUROSCIENCE 2022; 1:kvac004. [PMID: 38596708 PMCID: PMC10913833 DOI: 10.1093/oons/kvac004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
The formation of a functional circuitry in the central nervous system (CNS) requires the correct number and subtypes of neural cells. In the developing brain, neural stem cells (NSCs) self-renew while giving rise to progenitors that in turn generate differentiated progeny. As such, the size and the diversity of cells that make up the functional CNS depend on the proliferative properties of NSCs. In the fruit fly Drosophila, where the process of neurogenesis has been extensively investigated, extrinsic factors such as the microenvironment of NSCs, nutrients, oxygen levels and systemic signals have been identified as regulators of NSC proliferation. Here, we review decades of work that explores how extrinsic signals non-autonomously regulate key NSC characteristics such as quiescence, proliferation and termination in the fly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuong-Khanh Nguyen
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Louise Y Cheng
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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10
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McMullen E, Hertenstein H, Müller S, Schirmeier S. Genetically Encoded Sensors to Study Metabolism in Drosophila. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2540:401-414. [PMID: 35980591 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2541-5_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The rather recent development of genetically encoded metabolite sensors has changed the way we can study metabolism in living cells, ex vivo tissues, and in vivo immensely. In recent years, these sensors have also been adapted for use in Drosophila tissues. Here, we describe a standard protocol to image such sensors in ex vivo Drosophila larval brains using the glucose sensor FLII12Pglu-700μδ6. The protocol, however, can be adapted for the use of other sensors, tissues, and can even be used in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen McMullen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Helen Hertenstein
- Department of Biology, Institute of Zoology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stephan Müller
- Department of Biology, Institute of Zoology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefanie Schirmeier
- Department of Biology, Institute of Zoology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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11
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Contreras EG, Sierralta J. The Fly Blood-Brain Barrier Fights Against Nutritional Stress. Neurosci Insights 2022; 17:26331055221120252. [PMID: 36225749 PMCID: PMC9549514 DOI: 10.1177/26331055221120252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the wild, animals face different challenges including multiple events of food
scarcity. How they overcome these conditions is essential for survival. Thus,
adaptation mechanisms evolved to allow the development and survival of an
organism during nutrient restriction periods. Given the high energy demand of
the nervous system, the molecular mechanisms of adaptation to malnutrition are
of great relevance to fuel the brain. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is the
interface between the central nervous system (CNS) and the circulatory system.
The BBB mediates the transport of macromolecules in and out of the CNS, and
therefore, it can buffer changes in nutrient availability. In this review, we
collect the current evidence using the fruit fly, Drosophila
melanogaster, as a model of the role of the BBB in the adaptation
to starvation. We discuss the role of the Drosophila BBB during
nutrient deprivation as a potential sensor for circulating nutrients, and
transient nutrient storage as a regulator of the CNS neurogenic niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban G Contreras
- Institute of Neuro- and Behavioral Biology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Jimena Sierralta
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute and Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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12
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Dunton AD, Göpel T, Ho DH, Burggren W. Form and Function of the Vertebrate and Invertebrate Blood-Brain Barriers. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212111. [PMID: 34829989 PMCID: PMC8618301 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The need to protect neural tissue from toxins or other substances is as old as neural tissue itself. Early recognition of this need has led to more than a century of investigation of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Many aspects of this important neuroprotective barrier have now been well established, including its cellular architecture and barrier and transport functions. Unsurprisingly, most research has had a human orientation, using mammalian and other animal models to develop translational research findings. However, cell layers forming a barrier between vascular spaces and neural tissues are found broadly throughout the invertebrates as well as in all vertebrates. Unfortunately, previous scenarios for the evolution of the BBB typically adopt a classic, now discredited 'scala naturae' approach, which inaccurately describes a putative evolutionary progression of the mammalian BBB from simple invertebrates to mammals. In fact, BBB-like structures have evolved independently numerous times, complicating simplistic views of the evolution of the BBB as a linear process. Here, we review BBBs in their various forms in both invertebrates and vertebrates, with an emphasis on the function, evolution, and conditional relevance of popular animal models such as the fruit fly and the zebrafish to mammalian BBB research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia D. Dunton
- Developmental Integrative Biology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA; (T.G.); (W.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Torben Göpel
- Developmental Integrative Biology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA; (T.G.); (W.B.)
| | - Dao H. Ho
- Department of Clinical Investigation, Tripler Army Medical Center, Honolulu, HI 96859, USA;
| | - Warren Burggren
- Developmental Integrative Biology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA; (T.G.); (W.B.)
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Prince E, Kretzschmar J, Trautenberg LC, Broschk S, Brankatschk M. DIlp7-Producing Neurons Regulate Insulin-Producing Cells in Drosophila. Front Physiol 2021; 12:630390. [PMID: 34385929 PMCID: PMC8353279 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.630390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular Insulin signaling shows a remarkable high molecular and functional conservation. Insulin-producing cells respond directly to nutritional cues in circulation and receive modulatory input from connected neuronal networks. Neuronal control integrates a wide range of variables including dietary change or environmental temperature. Although it is shown that neuronal input is sufficient to regulate Insulin-producing cells, the physiological relevance of this network remains elusive. In Drosophila melanogaster, Insulin-like peptide7-producing neurons are wired with Insulin-producing cells. We found that the former cells regulate the latter to facilitate larval development at high temperatures, and to regulate systemic Insulin signaling in adults feeding on calorie-rich food lacking dietary yeast. Our results demonstrate a role for neuronal innervation of Insulin-producing cells important for fruit flies to survive unfavorable environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Prince
- Biotechnologisches Zentrum, Dresden, Germany.,CNRS UMR 7277, Inserm U1091, UNS - Bâtiment Centre de Biochimie, Faculté des Sciences, iBV - Institut de Biologie Valrose, Nice, France
| | | | | | - Susanne Broschk
- Applied Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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