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Jobbins M, Rücklin M, Sánchez Villagra MR, Lelièvre H, Grogan E, Szrek P, Klug C. Extreme lower jaw elongation in a placoderm reflects high disparity and modularity in early vertebrate evolution. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2024; 11:231747. [PMID: 38298398 PMCID: PMC10827443 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.231747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Jaws are a key vertebrate feature that arose early in our evolution. Placoderms are among the first jawed vertebrates; their fossils yield essential knowledge about the early diversification of gnathostome feeding strategies, diets and modularity. Modularity can be expressed through disproportional lengths of lower and upper jaws as in swordfish or halfbeaks. Alienacanthus malkowskii is an arthrodire from the Famennian of Morocco and Poland, whose most remarkable feature is its lower jaw, which is twice as long as the skull. This is the oldest record of such extreme jaw elongation and modularity in vertebrates. The gnathal plates of Alienacanthus possess sharp, posteriorly recurved teeth that continue anterior of the occlusion in the inferognathals. The dentition suggests a catching and trapping live prey function, and the jaw occlusion is unique among placoderms. This armoured 'fish' expands the morphological and ecological diversity during one of the first radiations of jawed vertebrates with a combination of features so far unrecorded for arthrodires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melina Jobbins
- Department of Palaeontology, University of Zurich, Karl-Schmid-Strasse 4, 8004 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Rücklin
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwinweg 2, 2333 Leiden, The Netherlands
- University of Leiden, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Hervé Lelièvre
- 101 Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Eileen Grogan
- Department of Biology, Saint Joseph's University, 5600 City Avenue, 19131 Pennsylvania, PA, USA
| | - Piotr Szrek
- Polish Geological Institute–National Research Institute, Rakowiecka 4, 00-975 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Christian Klug
- Department of Palaeontology, University of Zurich, Karl-Schmid-Strasse 4, 8004 Zurich, Switzerland
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Tseng KC, Crump JG. Craniofacial developmental biology in the single-cell era. Development 2023; 150:dev202077. [PMID: 37812056 PMCID: PMC10617621 DOI: 10.1242/dev.202077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of a unique craniofacial complex in vertebrates made possible new ways of breathing, eating, communicating and sensing the environment. The head and face develop through interactions of all three germ layers, the endoderm, ectoderm and mesoderm, as well as the so-called fourth germ layer, the cranial neural crest. Over a century of experimental embryology and genetics have revealed an incredible diversity of cell types derived from each germ layer, signaling pathways and genes that coordinate craniofacial development, and how changes to these underlie human disease and vertebrate evolution. Yet for many diseases and congenital anomalies, we have an incomplete picture of the causative genomic changes, in particular how alterations to the non-coding genome might affect craniofacial gene expression. Emerging genomics and single-cell technologies provide an opportunity to obtain a more holistic view of the genes and gene regulatory elements orchestrating craniofacial development across vertebrates. These single-cell studies generate novel hypotheses that can be experimentally validated in vivo. In this Review, we highlight recent advances in single-cell studies of diverse craniofacial structures, as well as potential pitfalls and the need for extensive in vivo validation. We discuss how these studies inform the developmental sources and regulation of head structures, bringing new insights into the etiology of structural birth anomalies that affect the vertebrate head.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Chang Tseng
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - J. Gage Crump
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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Ning B, Huang J, Xu H, Lou Y, Wang W, Mu F, Yan X, Li H, Wang N. Genomic organization, intragenic tandem duplication, and expression analysis of chicken TGFBR2 gene. Poult Sci 2022; 101:102169. [PMID: 36201879 PMCID: PMC9535321 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta receptor Ⅱ (TGFBR2), a core member of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling pathway. To date, chicken TGFBR2 (cTGFBR2) genomic structure has not been fully explored. Here, the complete sequences of cTGFBR2 transcript isoforms were determined by 5′ and 3′ rapid amplification of cDNA ends (5′ & 3′ RACE) and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR); the tissue expression profiling of cTGFBR2 transcript isoforms was performed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The results showed that cTGFBR2 gene produced 3 transcript isoforms though alternative transcription initiation, splicing, and polyadenylation, which were designated as cTGFBR2-1, cTGFBR2-2, and cTGFBR2-3, respectively. These 3 cTGFBR2 transcript isoforms encoded 3 protein isoforms: cTGFBR2-1, cTGFBR2-2, and cTGFBR2-3. Duplication analysis revealed that, unlike other animal species, cTGFBR2 gene harbored a 5.5-kb intragenic tandem duplication. Tissue expression profiling in the 4-wk-old Arbor Acres (AA) broiler chickens showed that cTGFBR2-1 was ubiquitously expressed, with high expression in abdominal fat, subcutaneous fat, lung, gizzard, and muscle; cTGFBR2-2 was highly expressed in heart, kidney, gizzard, and muscle; cTGFBR2-3 was weakly expressed in all the tested chicken tissues. Tissue expression profiling in the 7-wk-old broiler chickens of the fat and lean lines of Northeast Agricultural University broiler lines divergently selected for abdominal fat content (NEAUHLF) showed that cTGFBR2-1 was significantly differentially expressed in all the tested tissues except heart, cTGFBR2-2 was significantly differentially expressed in all the tested tissues except subcutaneous fat and liver, and cTGFBR2-3 was significantly differentially expressed in all the tested tissues between the lean and fat lines. Intriguingly, in the fat line, the 3 cTGFBR2 transcript isoforms were expressed to varying degrees in all the 3 tested fat tissues, while in the lean line, only cTGFBR2-1 was expressed in all the 3 tested fat tissues. This is the first report of intragenic tandem duplication within TGFBR2 gene. Our findings pave the way for further studies on the functions and regulation of cTGFBR2 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bolin Ning
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin 150030, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin 150030, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Jiaxin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin 150030, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin 150030, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Haidong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin 150030, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin 150030, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yuqi Lou
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin 150030, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin 150030, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Weishi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin 150030, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin 150030, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Fang Mu
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin 150030, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin 150030, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Xiaohong Yan
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin 150030, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin 150030, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Hui Li
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin 150030, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin 150030, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin 150030, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin 150030, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
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