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Chen Q, Ingram NT, Baudin J, Angueyra JM, Sinha R, Rieke F. Predictably manipulating photoreceptor light responses to reveal their role in downstream visual responses. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.10.20.563304. [PMID: 37961603 PMCID: PMC10634684 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.20.563304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Computation in neural circuits relies on judicious use of nonlinear circuit components. In many cases, multiple nonlinear components work collectively to control circuit outputs. Separating the contributions of these different components is difficult, and this hampers our understanding of the mechanistic basis of many important computations. Here, we introduce a tool that permits the design of light stimuli that predictably alter rod and cone phototransduction currents - including stimuli that compensate for nonlinear properties such as light adaptation. This tool, based on well-established models for the rod and cone phototransduction cascade, permits the separation of nonlinearities in phototransduction from those in downstream circuits. This will allow, for example, direct tests of how adaptation in rod and cone phototransduction affects downstream visual signals and perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Chen
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Norianne T. Ingram
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Jacob Baudin
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | | | | | - Fred Rieke
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
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Krüppel S, Khani MH, Karamanlis D, Erol YC, Zapp SJ, Mietsch M, Protti DA, Rozenblit F, Gollisch T. Diversity of Ganglion Cell Responses to Saccade-Like Image Shifts in the Primate Retina. J Neurosci 2023; 43:5319-5339. [PMID: 37339877 PMCID: PMC10359029 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1561-22.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Saccades are a fundamental part of natural vision. They interrupt fixations of the visual gaze and rapidly shift the image that falls onto the retina. These stimulus dynamics can cause activation or suppression of different retinal ganglion cells, but how they affect the encoding of visual information in different types of ganglion cells is largely unknown. Here, we recorded spiking responses to saccade-like shifts of luminance gratings from ganglion cells in isolated marmoset retinas and investigated how the activity depended on the combination of presaccadic and postsaccadic images. All identified cell types, On and Off parasol and midget cells, as well as a type of Large Off cells, displayed distinct response patterns, including particular sensitivity to either the presaccadic or the postsaccadic image or combinations thereof. In addition, Off parasol and Large Off cells, but not On cells, showed pronounced sensitivity to whether the image changed across the transition. Stimulus sensitivity of On cells could be explained based on their responses to step changes in light intensity, whereas Off cells, in particular, parasol and the Large Off cells, seem to be affected by additional interactions that are not triggered during simple light-intensity flashes. Together, our data show that ganglion cells in the primate retina are sensitive to different combinations of presaccadic and postsaccadic visual stimuli. This contributes to the functional diversity of the output signals of the retina and to asymmetries between On and Off pathways and provides evidence of signal processing beyond what is triggered by isolated steps in light intensity.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Sudden eye movements (saccades) shift our direction of gaze, bringing new images in focus on our retinas. To study how retinal neurons deal with these rapid image transitions, we recorded spiking activity from ganglion cells, the output neurons of the retina, in isolated retinas of marmoset monkeys while shifting a projected image in a saccade-like fashion across the retina. We found that the cells do not just respond to the newly fixated image, but that different types of ganglion cells display different sensitivities to the presaccadic and postsaccadic stimulus patterns. Certain Off cells, for example, are sensitive to changes in the image across transitions, which contributes to differences between On and Off information channels and extends the range of encoded stimulus features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Krüppel
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence "Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells" (MBExC), University of Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mohammad H Khani
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
- International Max Planck Research School for Neurosciences, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dimokratis Karamanlis
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
- International Max Planck Research School for Neurosciences, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Yunus C Erol
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
- International Max Planck Research School for Neurosciences, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sören J Zapp
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Matthias Mietsch
- Laboratory Animal Science Unit, German Primate Center, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dario A Protti
- School of Medical Sciences (Neuroscience), The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Fernando Rozenblit
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tim Gollisch
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence "Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells" (MBExC), University of Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
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Abstract
An ultimate goal in retina science is to understand how the neural circuit of the retina processes natural visual scenes. Yet most studies in laboratories have long been performed with simple, artificial visual stimuli such as full-field illumination, spots of light, or gratings. The underlying assumption is that the features of the retina thus identified carry over to the more complex scenario of natural scenes. As the application of corresponding natural settings is becoming more commonplace in experimental investigations, this assumption is being put to the test and opportunities arise to discover processing features that are triggered by specific aspects of natural scenes. Here, we review how natural stimuli have been used to probe, refine, and complement knowledge accumulated under simplified stimuli, and we discuss challenges and opportunities along the way toward a comprehensive understanding of the encoding of natural scenes. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Vision Science, Volume 8 is September 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimokratis Karamanlis
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,International Max Planck Research School for Neurosciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Helene Marianne Schreyer
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tim Gollisch
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence "Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells" (MBExC), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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