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Dziki-Michalska K, Tajchman K, Kowalik S, Wójcik M. The Levels of Cortisol and Selected Biochemical Parameters in Red Deer Harvested during Stalking Hunts. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1108. [PMID: 38612347 PMCID: PMC11010865 DOI: 10.3390/ani14071108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
As a reactive species, the red deer is sensitive to both negative exogenous and endogenous stimuli. An intensive hunting period may have a particularly negative impact on game animals. The aim of this study was to determine the plasma cortisol level and biochemical parameters in 25 wild red deer (Cervus elaphus) harvested during stalking hunts in correlation with the sex and age of the animals. The mean cortisol concentrations in the stags and hinds analyzed in this study were similar (20.2 and 21.5 ng/mL, respectively). Higher HDL cholesterol values were found in the blood of the hinds than in stags (p < 0.05). Similarly, the mean levels of LDL cholesterol, lactate dehydrogenase, and alanine aminotransferase were higher by 21%, 16%, and 42%, respectively, in the blood of the hinds. In contrast, the levels of alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin, and aspartate aminotransferase were higher in the stags (by 30%, 49%, and 36%, respectively). There was a negative correlation of the cortisol concentration with urea and bilirubin and a positive correlation between cortisol and aspartate aminotransferase in the stags (p < 0.05). In turn, a negative correlation was found between the cortisol and urea levels in the hinds (p < 0.05). In summary, the stress caused by stalking hunts and the characteristic behavior of red deer during the mating season had an impact on chosen biochemical parameters. The increased concentration of cortisol resulted in a decrease in the carcass mass, which may lead to the deterioration of the physical condition of animals on hunting grounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Dziki-Michalska
- Department of Animal Ethology and Wildlife Management, Faculty of Animal Sciences and Bioeconomy, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13, 20-950 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Katarzyna Tajchman
- Department of Animal Ethology and Wildlife Management, Faculty of Animal Sciences and Bioeconomy, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13, 20-950 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Sylwester Kowalik
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 12, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Maciej Wójcik
- Regional Directorate of the State Forests in Lublin, Czechowska 4, 20-950 Lublin, Poland;
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Nurmi H, Laaksonen S, Häätylä T, Valros A, Sauvala M, Hänninen L. The impact of clamp castration on the behaviour and body temperature of reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) – effects of local anesthesia and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2022.105719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Nurmi H, Laaksonen S, Raekallio M, Hänninen L. Wintertime pharmacokinetics of intravenously and orally administered meloxicam in semidomesticated reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus). Vet Anaesth Analg 2022; 49:423-428. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2022.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Cortisol response of wild ungulates to trauma situations: hunting is not necessarily the worst stressor. EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10344-018-1171-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Laaksonen S, Jokelainen P, Pusenius J, Oksanen A. Is transport distance correlated with animal welfare and carcass quality of reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus)? Acta Vet Scand 2017; 59:17. [PMID: 28298228 PMCID: PMC5353846 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-017-0286-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Slaughter reindeer are exposed to stress caused by gathering, handling, loading and unloading, and by conditions in vehicles during transport. These stress factors can lead to compromised welfare and trauma such as bruises or fractures, aspiration of rumen content, and abnormal odour in carcasses, and causing condemnations in meat inspection and lower meat quality. We investigated the statistical association of slaughter transport distance with these indices using meat inspection data from years 2004–2016, including inspection of 669,738 reindeer originating from Finnish reindeer herding areas. Results Increased stress and decreased welfare of reindeer, as indicated by higher incidence of carcass condemnation due to bruises or fractures, aspiration of rumen content, or abnormal odour, were positively associated with systems involving shorter transport distances to abattoirs. Significant differences in incidence of condemnations were also detected between abattoirs and reindeer herding cooperatives. Conclusions This study indicates that in particular the short-distance transports of reindeer merit more attention. While the results suggest that factors associated with long distance transport, such as driver education, truck design, veterinary supervision, and specialist equipment, may be favourable to reducing pre-slaughter stress in reindeer when compared with short distance transport systems, which occur in a variety of vehicle types and may be done by untrained handlers. Further work is required to elucidate the causal factors to the current results. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13028-017-0286-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Omsjoe EH, Stien A, Irvine J, Albon SD, Dahl E, Thoresen SI, Rustad E, Ropstad E. Evaluating capture stress and its effects on reproductive success in Svalbard reindeer. CAN J ZOOL 2009. [DOI: 10.1139/z08-139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Although many ecological studies of wild animal populations rely on capturing individuals at least once, few have investigated either the immediate stress responses of capture, restraint, and handling, or the longer term consequences on reproductive success. In this paper, we assume that the degree of stress increase with the time taken to capture and process an animal prior to release. The influence of time since onset of capture on body temperature and blood chemistry indicators of stress was investigated in 137 adult female Svalbard reindeer ( Rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus Vrolik, 1829) and 63 calves of both sexes captured by net in late-winter 2004 and 2005. In addition, we looked for evidence of negative effects of capture stress on reproductive success in marked animals over the period from 1995 to 2006. Body temperature increased with both chase time and the time the animals were restrained. In the latter case, body temperature increased twice as fast in nonpregnant animals (0.13 °C/min) compared with pregnant animals. Cortisol, glutamate dehydrogenase, and γ-glutamyltransferase all increased with time from onset of capture. However, the relationship for glucose with time since onset of capture increased initially before declining again. We found no evidence of a lower calving success in animals captured the previous winter when compared with animals that had not been captured the previous winter. Likewise, there was no relationship between the strength of the acute stress response (measured as cortisol concentrations) and the probability of pregnant females having a calf at foot the subsequent summer.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. H. Omsjoe
- Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, P.O. Box 8146, 0033 Oslo, Norway
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, NO-9296 Tromsø, Norway
- Macaulay Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, United Kingdom
| | - A. Stien
- Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, P.O. Box 8146, 0033 Oslo, Norway
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, NO-9296 Tromsø, Norway
- Macaulay Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, United Kingdom
| | - J. Irvine
- Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, P.O. Box 8146, 0033 Oslo, Norway
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, NO-9296 Tromsø, Norway
- Macaulay Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, United Kingdom
| | - S. D. Albon
- Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, P.O. Box 8146, 0033 Oslo, Norway
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, NO-9296 Tromsø, Norway
- Macaulay Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, United Kingdom
| | - E. Dahl
- Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, P.O. Box 8146, 0033 Oslo, Norway
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, NO-9296 Tromsø, Norway
- Macaulay Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, United Kingdom
| | - S. I. Thoresen
- Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, P.O. Box 8146, 0033 Oslo, Norway
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, NO-9296 Tromsø, Norway
- Macaulay Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, United Kingdom
| | - E. Rustad
- Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, P.O. Box 8146, 0033 Oslo, Norway
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, NO-9296 Tromsø, Norway
- Macaulay Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, United Kingdom
| | - E. Ropstad
- Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, P.O. Box 8146, 0033 Oslo, Norway
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, NO-9296 Tromsø, Norway
- Macaulay Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, United Kingdom
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Waters WR, Palmer MV, Thacker TC, Orloski K, Nol P, Harrington NP, Olsen SC, Nonnecke BJ. Blood culture and stimulation conditions for the diagnosis of tuberculosis in cervids by the Cervigam assay. Vet Rec 2008; 162:203-8. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.162.7.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - K. Orloski
- National Tuberculosis Eradication Program; Veterinary Services
| | - P. Nol
- National Wildlife Research Center; Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), USDA; Fort Collins CO 80521 USA
| | - N. P. Harrington
- Ottawa Laboratory Fallowfield; Canadian Food Inspection Agency; Ottawa Ontario K2H 8P9 Canada
| | | | - B. J. Nonnecke
- Periparturient Diseases of Cattle Research Project; National Animal Disease Center; Agricultural Research Service; United States Department of Agriculture (USDA); Ames Iowa 50010 USA
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Josefsen TD, Sørensen KK, Mørk T, Mathiesen SD, Ryeng KA. Fatal inanition in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus): pathological findings in completely emaciated carcasses. Acta Vet Scand 2007; 49:27. [PMID: 17903247 PMCID: PMC2104532 DOI: 10.1186/1751-0147-49-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2006] [Accepted: 09/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In a project to determine the causes of winter mortality in reindeer in Finnmark County, northern Norway, the most frequent diagnosis turned out to be complete emaciation, despite several of the reindeer having been given silage for up to 4 weeks before they died. The present paper describes autopsy results and other findings in these animals. Methods Autopsies were made of 32 reindeer carcasses, and 28 of these were diagnosed as completely emaciated based on lack of visible fat and serous atrophy of subepicardial and bone marrow fat. Other investigations of the carcasses included histology, bacteriology, parasitology (counting of macro parasites and faecal egg counting), analysis of vitamin E and selenium in liver, chemical and botanical analysis of rumen content, analysis of lipid content in femur bone marrow and estimation of muscle atrophy by use of a muscle index. Results Main findings were: Low carcass weight, severe muscle atrophy, hemosiderosis in liver and spleen, subcutaneous oedema (18%) and effusions to body cavities (18%). Two types of lipofuscin granula were identified in the liver: One type occurred in liver endothelial cells of all carcasses, while the other type occurred in hepatocytes, and prevailed in adult animals. Abomasal haemorrhages, consistent with previously described stress lesions, was present in 68% of the carcasses. Diarrhoea occurred in 2 cases, and loose faecal consistency was associated with silage feeding. Rumen content was low in crude protein. Grass dominated rumen content in silage-fed carcasses, while reindeer on natural pastures had mainly woody plants, mosses and litter in rumen. Stem dominated the grass fraction in rumens with high grass content, indicating ruminal indigestion as a cause of emaciation in silage fed animals. Some cases had heavy infestation of parasites such as warble fly larvae (Hypoderma tarandi), throat bot larvae (Cephenemyiae trompe) and lung nematodes. Conclusion Lack of appropriate amounts and/or appropriate quality of feed has been the main cause of emaciation, though heavy infestation of parasites may have contributed to the emaciation in some cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terje D Josefsen
- National Veterinary Institute Tromsø, Stakkevollvn. 23b, NO-9292 Tromsø, Norway
- Section of Arctic Veterinary Medicine, Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, The Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, PO Box 6204, NO-9292 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Karen K Sørensen
- National Veterinary Institute Tromsø, Stakkevollvn. 23b, NO-9292 Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Institute of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Torill Mørk
- National Veterinary Institute Tromsø, Stakkevollvn. 23b, NO-9292 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Svein D Mathiesen
- Section of Arctic Veterinary Medicine, Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, The Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, PO Box 6204, NO-9292 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Kathrine A Ryeng
- Section of Arctic Veterinary Medicine, Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, The Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, PO Box 6204, NO-9292 Tromsø, Norway
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Säkkinen H, Tornberg J, Goddard PJ, Eloranta E, Dahl E, Ropstad E, Saarela S. Adrenal responsiveness of reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) to intravenously administered ACTH. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1079/asc41870399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
AbstractPlasma cortisol concentrations were determined from the blood of eight mature female reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) after an intravenous injection of either saline (control) or 100, 250 or 500 μg of synthetic ACTH. Blood samples were collected at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 120, 150, and 180 min after the injections. The aims were to determine the appropriate dose of ACTH for adrenal stimulation tests, to define the dose level of ACTH which elicited a maximal cortisol response and to describe the range of blood cortisol concentrations for reference when evaluating the stress responses of reindeer.The mean plasma cortisol concentrations (s.e.) at the zero sample times (t0) of the control and the ACTH treatments varied between 93·4 (11·8) and 132·5 (18·1) nmol/l. The total plasma cortisol response (area under curve, AUC, nmol/l × min) increased with increasing dose of ACTH (P < 0·001). The AUC of the control treatment was significantly smaller than of the ACTH treatments (P < 0·001). The highest dose of ACTH (500 μg) gave a significantly bigger AUC than the lowest dose (100 μg) (P = 0·008). The maximal plasma cortisol concentrations (CMAX) were achieved within 60 min of the ACTH injections. The ranges of individual CMAX were 59·0 to 136·8 nmol/l for the control treatment, and 110·0 to 252·0, 152·0 to 247·5 and 135·1 to 257·1 nmol/l for 100, 250 and 500 μg ACTH, respectively. The difference in CMAX was significant between the control treatment and the ACTH treatments (P < 0·001) but not between the different doses of ACTH. The plasma cortisol concentrations at the end of the observation period at t180 were not significantly affected by the ACTH treatment (P > 0·05).In conclusion, the 100-μg dose of ACTH was sufficient to produce a significant cortisol response compared with the control treatment. Increasing the dose did not increase the maximal response, but tended to elongate the response profile. The blood sampling frequency used in the study was found suitable for detection of the cortisol response in reindeer.
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Säkkinen H, Tornbeg J, Goddard PJ, Eloranta E, Ropstad E, Saarela S. The effect of blood sampling method on indicators of physiological stress in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus). Domest Anim Endocrinol 2004; 26:87-98. [PMID: 14757182 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2003.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The effects of manual blood sampling and remote blood sampling using automatic blood sampling equipment (ABSE) on plasma cortisol and catecholamine concentrations were studied on eight adult female reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus). Contemporary body temperatures and heart rates were also recorded to determine their utility as other possible stress indicators. The animals were blood sampled once every hour with ABSE on 9-10 May and then by manual blood sampling on 13-14 May. Animals were also fitted with equipment to record heart rate and body temperature. Heart rate and body temperature were also recorded continuously without blood sampling on 17-18 May in undisturbed control conditions. Plasma cortisol concentrations were five-to-six fold greater during manual blood sampling compared to sampling with ABSE (F(1,3) = 13.34, P < 0.05). Plasma noradrenaline concentrations were significantly higher (F(1,3) = 22.98, P < 0.05) during manual blood sampling compared to sampling with ABSE, whereas plasma adrenaline concentrations did not differ. Heart rate was higher during manual blood sampling compared to control values. Body temperature was significantly higher during manual sampling compared to values recorded without blood sampling (F(1,4)= 31.65, P < 0.01). In conclusion, plasma cortisol concentration provides an excellent indicator of handling stress in reindeer. The use of ABSE for blood sampling enables measurements of plasma cortisol levels close to basal concentrations that may be used for reference values in studies where indicators of physiological stress are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Säkkinen
- Department of Biology, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, FIN-90014, Oulu, Finland.
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Wiklund E, Johansson L, Malmfors G. Sensory meat quality, ultimate pH values, blood parameters and carcass characteristics in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus L.) grazed on natural pastures or fed a commercial feed mixture. Food Qual Prefer 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0950-3293(02)00151-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Wiklund E, Andersson A, Malmfors G, Lundström K. Muscle glycogen levels and blood metabolites in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus L.) after transport and lairage. Meat Sci 1996; 42:133-44. [DOI: 10.1016/0309-1740(95)00035-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/1995] [Revised: 06/14/1995] [Accepted: 06/21/1995] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Haussen I, Kyrkjebø A, Opstad PK, Prøsch R. Physiological responses and effects on meat quality in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) transported on lorries. Acta Vet Scand 1984. [PMID: 6464919 DOI: 10.1186/bf03547286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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