The Effects of Tirzepatide on Lipid Profile: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Lipid saturation modulates the interaction of anastrozole with biointerfaces

The interaction of anastrozole, an anticancer drug, with lipid biointerfaces was investigated using Langmuir monolayers of DPPS (saturated lipid) and POPS (unsaturated lipid) to model different membrane environments. Surface pressure-area isotherms revealed that anastrozole induced a slight condensation in DPPS monolayers, while significantly condensing POPS at higher surface pressures, indicating attractive interactions with the unsaturated lipid. The surface dilatational modulus remained largely unaffected for DPPS but decreased for POPS, highlighting a reduction in the surface elasticity. Brewster Angle Microscopy (BAM) images showed the formation of domains in anastrozole-POPS monolayers, whereas DPPS monolayers retained a homogeneous morphology. Infrared spectroscopy indicated that anastrozole increased the conformational order of DPPS alkyl chains while decreasing order in POPS, further supporting the lipid-specific effects of the drug. These findings suggest that lipid saturation plays a critical role in modulating drug-lipid interactions, with anastrozole exhibiting a higher affinity for unsaturated lipids, potentially influencing its bioavailability and mechanism of action at biomembrane interfaces. The results provide insights into the physicochemical behavior of anastrozole in lipid-rich environments, which may be relevant for drug delivery and therapeutic applications.

Exploring the Protective Effects of Traditional Antidiabetic Medications and Novel Antihyperglycemic Agents in Diabetic Rodent Models

Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) is a complex metabolic disorder that affects multiple organs, leading to severe complications in the pancreas, kidneys, liver, and heart. Prolonged hyperglycemia, along with oxidative stress and chronic inflammation, plays a crucial role in accelerating tissue damage, significantly increasing the risk of diabetic complications such as nephropathy, hepatopathy, and cardiovascular disease. This review evaluates the protective effects of various antidiabetic treatments on organ tissues affected by T2D, based on findings from experimental animal models. Metformin, a first-line antidiabetic agent, has been widely recognized for its ability to reduce inflammation and oxidative stress, thereby mitigating diabetes-induced organ damage. Its protective role extends beyond glucose regulation, offering benefits such as improved mitochondrial function and reduced fibrosis in affected tissues. In addition to traditional therapies, new classes of antidiabetic drugs, including sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists not only improve glycemic control but also exhibit nephroprotective and cardioprotective properties by reducing glomerular hyperfiltration, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Similarly, GLP-1 receptor agonists have been associated with reduced hepatic steatosis and enhanced cardiovascular function. Preclinical studies suggest that tirzepatide, a dual GLP-1/gastric inhibitory polypeptide receptor agonist may offer superior metabolic benefits compared to conventional GLP-1 agonists by improving β-cell function, enhancing insulin sensitivity, and reducing fatty liver progression. Despite promising preclinical results, differences between animal models and human physiology pose a challenge. Further clinical research is needed to confirm these effects and refine treatment strategies. Future T2D management aims to go beyond glycemic control, emphasizing organ protection and long-term disease prevention.