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Wu HL, Zhang SL, Feng X, Zhang YQ, Zhou BJ, Cao M, Wang YP, Guo BS, Hou ZX. Possible Mechanism of Sucrose and Trehalose-6-Phosphate in Regulating the Secondary Flower on the Strong Upright Spring Shoots of Blueberry Planted in Greenhouse. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:2350. [PMID: 39273834 PMCID: PMC11397707 DOI: 10.3390/plants13172350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2024] [Revised: 08/16/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024]
Abstract
Secondary flowering is the phenomenon in which a tree blooms twice or more times a year. Along with the development of blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) fruits in spring, a large number of secondary flowers on the strong upright spring shoots were noticed in blueberries planted in the greenhouse. To reveal the cause and possible regulatory mechanism of the phenomenon, we clarified the phenological characteristics of flower bud differentiation and development on the spring shoots by combining phenological phenotype with anatomical observation. Furthermore, the changes in carbohydrates, trehalose-6-phosphate (Tre6P), and the relationship among the key enzyme regulatory genes for Tre6P metabolism and the key regulatory genes for flower formation during the differentiation process of apical buds and axillary buds were investigated. The results showed that the process of flower bud differentiation and flowering of apical and axillary buds was consistent, accompanied by a large amount of carbohydrate consumption. This process was positively correlated with the expression trends of VcTPS1/2, VcSnRK1, VcFT, VcLFY2, VcSPL43, VcAP1, and VcDAM in general, and negatively correlated with that of VcTPP. In addition, there is a certain difference in the differentiation progress of flower buds between the apical and axillary buds. Compared with axillary buds, apical buds had higher contents of sucrose, fructose, glucose, Tre6P, and higher expression levels of VcTPS2, VcFT, VcSPL43, and VcAP1. Moreover, VcTPS1 and VcTPS2 were more closely related to the physiological substances (sucrose and Tre6P) in axillary bud and apical bud differentiation, respectively. It was suggested that sucrose and trehalose-6-phosphate play a crucial role in promoting flower bud differentiation in strong upright spring shoots, and VcTPS1 and VcTPS2 might play a central role in these activities. Our study provided substantial sight for further study on the mechanism of multiple flowering of blueberries and laid a foundation for the regulation and utilization of the phenomenon of multiple flowering in a growing season of perennial woody plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ling Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Blueberry Research & Development Center, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Sui-Lin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Blueberry Research & Development Center, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xin Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Blueberry Research & Development Center, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Ya-Qian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Blueberry Research & Development Center, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Bing-Jie Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Blueberry Research & Development Center, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Man Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Blueberry Research & Development Center, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Ya-Ping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Blueberry Research & Development Center, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Bao-Shi Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Blueberry Research & Development Center, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhi-Xia Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Blueberry Research & Development Center, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
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Qin C, Du T, Zhang R, Wang Q, Liu Y, Wang T, Cao H, Bai Q, Zhang Y, Su S. Integrated transcriptome, metabolome and phytohormone analysis reveals developmental differences between the first and secondary flowering in Castanea mollissima. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1145418. [PMID: 37008486 PMCID: PMC10060901 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1145418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chestnut (Castanea mollissima BL.) is an important woody grain, and its flower formation has a significant impact on fruit yield and quality. Some chestnut species in northern China re-flower in the late summer. On the one hand, the second flowering consumes a lot of nutrients in the tree, weakening the tree and thus affecting flowering in the following year. On the other hand, the number of female flowers on a single bearing branch during the second flowering is significantly higher than that of the first flowering, which can bear fruit in bunches. Therefore, these can be used to study the sex differentiation of chestnut. METHODS In this study, the transcriptomes, metabolomes, and phytohormones of male and female chestnut flowers were determined during spring and late summer. We aimed to understand the developmental differences between the first and secondary flowering stages in chestnuts. We analysed the reasons why the number of female flowers is higher in the secondary flowering than in the first flowering and found ways to increase the number of female flowers or decrease the number of male flowers in chestnuts. RESULTS Transcriptome analysis of male and female flowers in different developmental seasons revealed that EREBP-like mainly affected the development of secondary female flowers and HSP20 mainly affected the development of secondary male flowers. KEGG enrichment analysis showed that 147 common differentially-regulated genes were mainly enriched from circadian rhythm-plant, carotenoid biosynthesis, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, and plant hormone signal transduction pathways. Metabolome analysis showed that the main differentially accumulated metabolites in female flowers were flavonoids and phenolic acids, whereas the main differentially accumulated metabolites in male flowers were lipids, flavonoids, and phenolic acids. These genes and their metabolites are positively correlated with secondary flower formation. Phytohormone analysis showed that abscisic and salicylic acids were negatively correlated with secondary flower formation. MYB305, a candidate gene for sex differentiation in chestnuts, promoted the synthesis of flavonoid substances and thus increased the number of female flowers. DISCUSSION We constructed a regulatory network for secondary flower development in chestnuts, which provides a theoretical basis for the reproductive development mechanism of chestnuts. This study has important practical implications for improving chestnut yield and quality.
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Lu G, Zhang K, Que Y, Li Y. Grapevine double cropping: a magic technology. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1173985. [PMID: 37123867 PMCID: PMC10140338 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1173985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Grapevine is one of the most important fruit trees in the world, but it is often threatened by various biotic and abiotic stresses in production, resulting in decreased yield and quality. Grapevine double cropping in one year is a kind of preparatory and artificial control technology, which can not only save the loss of natural disasters, but also plays an important role in staggering the peak to market, thus increasing yield and improving the quality of grape fruit. This perspective provides a concise discussion of the physiological basis, the main determinants, and their impacts on yield and fruit quality of grapevine double cropping. We also highlight the current challenges around this theme and prospect its application in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilong Lu
- Institute of Vegetables, Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lhasa, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Institute of Vegetables, Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lhasa, China
| | - Youxiong Que
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Youxiong Que, ; Yanfeng Li,
| | - Yanfeng Li
- Institute of Vegetables, Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lhasa, China
- *Correspondence: Youxiong Que, ; Yanfeng Li,
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