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Mulenga M, Monde C, Johnson T, Ouma KO, Syampungani S. Advances in the integration of microalgal communities for biomonitoring of metal pollution in aquatic ecosystems of sub-Saharan Africa. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024:10.1007/s11356-024-33781-1. [PMID: 38822177 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33781-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
This review elucidated the recent advances in integrating microalgal communities in monitoring metal pollution in aquatic ecosystems of sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). It also highlighted the potential of incorporating microalgae as bioindicators in emerging technologies, identified research gaps, and suggested directions for further research in biomonitoring of metal pollution. Reputable online scholarly databases were used to identify research articles published between January 2000 and June 2023 for synthesis. Results indicated that microalgae were integrated either individually or combined with other bioindicators, mainly macroinvertebrates, macrophytes, and fish, alongside physicochemical monitoring. There was a significantly low level of integration (< 1%) of microalgae for biomonitoring aquatic metal pollution in SSA compared to other geographical regions. Microalgal communities were employed to assess compliance (76%), in diagnosis (38%), and as early-warning systems (38%) of aquatic ecological health status. About 14% of biomonitoring studies integrated microalgal eDNA, while other technologies, such as remote sensing, artificial intelligence, and biosensors, are yet to be significantly incorporated. Nevertheless, there is potential for the aforementioned emerging technologies for monitoring aquatic metal pollution in SSA. Future monitoring in the region should also consider the standardisation and synchronisation of integrative biomonitoring and embrace the "Citizen Science" concept at national and regional scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Mulenga
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Mathematics & Natural Sciences, Copperbelt University, P. O. Box 21692, Kitwe, Zambia.
- Chair-Environment & Development, Oliver R Tambo Africa Research Chair Initiative (ORTARChI), Copperbelt University, P. O. Box 21692, Kitwe, Zambia.
| | - Concillia Monde
- Department of Zoology & Aquatic Sciences, School of Natural Resources, Copperbelt University, P. O. Box 21692, Kitwe, Zambia
- Chair-Environment & Development, Oliver R Tambo Africa Research Chair Initiative (ORTARChI), Copperbelt University, P. O. Box 21692, Kitwe, Zambia
| | - Todd Johnson
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Mathematics & Natural Sciences, Copperbelt University, P. O. Box 21692, Kitwe, Zambia
| | - Kennedy O Ouma
- Department of Zoology & Aquatic Sciences, School of Natural Resources, Copperbelt University, P. O. Box 21692, Kitwe, Zambia
| | - Stephen Syampungani
- Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, School of Natural Resources, Copperbelt University, P. O. Box 21692, Kitwe, Zambia
- Chair-Environment & Development, Oliver R Tambo Africa Research Chair Initiative (ORTARChI), Copperbelt University, P. O. Box 21692, Kitwe, Zambia
- Forest Science Postgraduate Program, Department of Plant & Soil Sciences, Plant Sciences Complex, University of Pretoria, Private Bag x20, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa
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Dossou Etui IM, Stylo M, Davis K, Evers DC, Vera IS, Wood C, Burton MEH. Artisanal and small-scale gold mining and biodiversity: a global literature review. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2024:10.1007/s10646-024-02748-w. [PMID: 38713425 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-024-02748-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) is crucial to the livelihoods of close to 20 million people in over 80 countries, including 4-5 million women, mainly in rural areas with limited alternative economic prospects, particularly in developing countries. ASGM is largely informal, which can add to the challenge of addressing negative social and environmental effects including impacts on biodiversity. However, with proper guidance, ASGM can operate in a responsible manner, using cleaner production methods that minimize impacts on human health and the environment. This study presents and analyzes the interactions between ASGM and biodiversity based on new findings from 27 ASGM National Action Plans (NAPs) developed within the framework of Article 7 and Annex C of the Minamata Convention on Mercury, as well as a global literature review of more than 100 publications. In terms of key findings according to the literature reviewed, alongside other human occupation such as agriculture and industrial activities, ASGM also has an impact on the environment and biodiversity. The interrelationship between ASGM and biodiversity, including protected areas, is pervasive at every stage of ASGM operations, from extraction to mine closure, and generates significant impacts on the surrounding ecosystems. These impacts include, in descending order of most reported impacts: deforestation, soil degradation, chemical contamination of aquatic and terrestrial systems, and changes to the turbidity of watercourses. Tropical regions and key species such as amphibians and freshwater fish are among the most affected. Singly or combined, these environmental stressors lead to loss or deterioration of habitat and, by extension, indigenous biodiversity and ecosystem services. In addition, legal, institutional, and regulatory frameworks and related measures, inadequate or non-existent in some cases, may not necessarily support sustainable practices, often resulting in exploited sites abandoned without remediation, reclamation, rehabilitation, or restoration measures. To mitigate such impacts a key recommendation arising from the literature review is to strengthen the integration of the interrelationship between ASGM and biodiversity in the implementation of existing relevant national strategies, including those developed under the NAPs. The global literature review also highlights the importance of a multi-stakeholder, systemic approach combining the use of geospatial analysis, scientific and local knowledge, as well as the adaptation of the relevant frameworks, capacity building, and awareness raising. This approach can inform decision making with a view to developing sustainable initiatives that prevent and reduce the impacts of artisanal and small-scale gold mining on ecosystems, and that preserve biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imelda M Dossou Etui
- United Nations Environment Programme, 8-14 Avenue de la Paix CH-1211, Geneva, 10, Switzerland.
- University of Geneva, Faculty of Sciences, Earth and Environment Sciences, Department F.-A. Forel for Environmental and Aquatic Sciences, Environmental Biogeochemistry and Ecotoxicology, 66 Blvd Carl-Vogt, CH 1211, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Malgorzata Stylo
- United Nations Environment Programme, 8-14 Avenue de la Paix CH-1211, Geneva, 10, Switzerland
| | - Kenneth Davis
- United Nations Environment Programme, 8-14 Avenue de la Paix CH-1211, Geneva, 10, Switzerland
| | - David C Evers
- Biodiversity Research Institute, 276 Canco Road, Portland, ME, 04103, USA.
| | - I Slaveykova Vera
- University of Geneva, Faculty of Sciences, Earth and Environment Sciences, Department F.-A. Forel for Environmental and Aquatic Sciences, Environmental Biogeochemistry and Ecotoxicology, 66 Blvd Carl-Vogt, CH 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - C Wood
- United Nations Environment Programme, 8-14 Avenue de la Paix CH-1211, Geneva, 10, Switzerland
| | - Mark E H Burton
- Biodiversity Research Institute, 276 Canco Road, Portland, ME, 04103, USA
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Nuwamanya E, Byamugisha D, Nakiguli CK, Angiro C, Khanakwa AV, Omara T, Ocakacon S, Onen P, Omoding D, Opio B, Nimusiima D, Ntambi E. Exposure and Health Risks Posed by Potentially Toxic Elements in Soils of Metal Fabrication Workshops in Mbarara City, Uganda. J Xenobiot 2024; 14:176-192. [PMID: 38390991 PMCID: PMC10885048 DOI: 10.3390/jox14010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Metal fabrication workshops (MFWs) are common businesses in Ugandan cities, and especially those producing metallic security gates, window and door frames (burglar-proof), and balcony and staircase rails. The objective of this study was to comparatively assess the pollution levels and potential health risks of manganese (Mn), chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pd) and nickel (Ni) in pooled surface soil samples from four 5-, 7-, 8-, and 10-year-old MFWs (n = 28) and a control site (n = 8) in Mbarara City, Uganda. The concentration of the potentially toxic elements (PTEs) was determined using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry. Contamination, ecological, and human health risk assessment indices and models were used to identify any risks that the PTEs could pose to the pristine environment and humans. Our results showed that PTE pollution of soils is occuring in the MFWs than at the control site. The mean concentrations of the PTEs (mg kg-1) in the samples were: Mn (2012.75 ± 0.23-3377.14 ± 0.31), Cr (237.55 ± 0.29-424.93 ± 0.31), Cd (0.73 ± 0.13-1.29 ± 0.02), Pb (107.80 ± 0.23-262.01 ± 0.19), and Ni (74.85 ± 0.25-211.37 ± 0.14). These results indicate that the PTEs could plausibly derive from the fabrication activities in these workshops, which is supported by the high values of contamination factors, index of geoaccumulation, and the overall increase in pollution load indices with the number of years of operation of the MFWs. Human health risk assessment showed that there are non-carcinogenic health risks that could be experienced by children who ingest PTEs in the soils from the 7-, 8- and 10-year-old MFWs. The incremental life cancer risk assessment suggested that there are potential cancerous health effects of Cd and Ni that could be experienced in children (who ingest soils from all the four MFWs) and adults (ingesting soils from the 8- and 10-year-old MFWs). This study underscores the need to implement regulatory guidelines on the operation and location of MFWs in Uganda. Further research should be undertaken to investigate the emission of the PTEs during welding operations in the MFWs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunice Nuwamanya
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara P.O. Box 1410, Uganda
| | - Denis Byamugisha
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara P.O. Box 1410, Uganda
| | - Caroline K Nakiguli
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara P.O. Box 1410, Uganda
| | - Christopher Angiro
- Centre for Water, Environment and Development, School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK
| | - Alice V Khanakwa
- Department of Environmental Health and Disease Prevention, Faculty of Public Health, Lira University, Lira P.O. Box 1035, Uganda
| | - Timothy Omara
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala P.O. Box 7062, Uganda
| | - Simon Ocakacon
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Design, Art and Technology, Makerere University, Kampala P.O. Box 7062, Uganda
| | - Patrick Onen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram 695581, India
| | - Daniel Omoding
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Lucknow, Lucknow 226007, India
| | - Boniface Opio
- Department of Science and Vocational Education, Lira University, Lira P.O. Box 1035, Uganda
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam 530003, India
| | - Daniel Nimusiima
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara P.O. Box 1410, Uganda
| | - Emmanuel Ntambi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara P.O. Box 1410, Uganda
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Onen P, Akemkwene R, Nakiguli CK, Nimusiima D, Ruma DH, Khanakwa AV, Angiro C, Bamanya G, Opio B, Gonzaga A, Omara T. Health Risks from Intake and Contact with Toxic Metal-Contaminated Water from Pager River, Uganda. J Xenobiot 2023; 13:544-559. [PMID: 37873812 PMCID: PMC10594420 DOI: 10.3390/jox13040035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Pollution of water resources is one of the major impediments to the realization of Sustainable Development Goals, especially in developing countries. The aim of this study was to investigate the physicochemical quality and potentially toxic element (lead and cadmium) concentrations in surface water sampled from Pager River, a tributary of the Nile River in Northern Uganda. Water samples (n = 18) were taken from six different points upstream (A, B, and C) and downstream (D, E, and F) of the river and analyzed following standard methods for their physiochemical properties. Atomic absorption spectroscopy was used to quantify lead and cadmium concentrations. Human health risks from ingestion and dermal contact with potentially toxic metal-contaminated water were calculated. The results obtained indicated that the mean temperature (27.7 ± 0.5-29.5 ± 0.8 °C), turbidity (40.7 ± 2.1-50.1 ± 1.1 NTU), lead (0.296 ± 0.030-0.576 ± 0.163 mg/L) and cadmium (0.278 ± 0.040-0.524 ± 0.040 mg/L) occurred at levels that surpassed their permissible limits as per World Health Organization guidelines for drinking water. Human health risk assessment showed that there are potential non-cancer risks from the ingestion of water from Pager River by adults, as the total hazard quotients were greater than one. These results emphasize the urgency to restrict the dumping of wastes into the river to minimize chances of impacting the Nile River, which flows northwards to the Mediterranean Sea. Further studies should perform routine monitoring of the river during both dry and wet seasons to establish the spatiotemporal variations of physicochemical, microbial, and trace metal profiles of the river and the associated health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Onen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram 695581, India
| | - Robin Akemkwene
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Education and Humanities, Gulu University, Gulu P.O. Box 166, Uganda
| | - Caroline K. Nakiguli
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara P.O. Box 1410, Uganda
| | - Daniel Nimusiima
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara P.O. Box 1410, Uganda
| | - Daniel Hendry Ruma
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Kyambogo University, Kampala P.O. Box 1, Uganda
| | - Alice V. Khanakwa
- Department of Environmental Health and Disease Prevention, Faculty of Public Health, Lira University, Lira P.O. Box 1035, Uganda
| | - Christopher Angiro
- School of Water, Energy and Environment, Water Science Institute, Cranfield University, College Road, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK
| | - Gadson Bamanya
- Department of Physical Sciences, Kampala International University, Kampala P.O. Box 20000, Uganda
| | - Boniface Opio
- Department of Science and Vocational Education, Lira University, Lira P.O. Box 1035, Uganda
| | - Allan Gonzaga
- Department of Physical Sciences, Kampala International University, Kampala P.O. Box 20000, Uganda
| | - Timothy Omara
- Chemistry Division, Testing Department, Uganda National Bureau of Standards, Kampala P.O. Box 6329, Uganda
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Mugume HK, Byamugisha D, Omara T, Ntambi E. Deposition, Dietary Exposure and Human Health Risks of Heavy Metals in Mechanically Milled Maize Flours in Mbarara City, Uganda. J Xenobiot 2023; 13:298-311. [PMID: 37489335 PMCID: PMC10366738 DOI: 10.3390/jox13030022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Consumption of maize and maize-based products contributes a significant percentage to the total food energy intake in Uganda. However, the production of maize-derived foodstuffs is performed traditionally or by small- and medium-scale processors using different processing techniques. This can lead to differences in the quality of these products from processors, raising food safety concerns. In this study, the effects of mechanical processing (milling) methods on deposition of heavy metals into milled maize flour and the associated consumption health risks were assessed. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry was used to quantitatively establish the concentration of iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), cobalt (Co) and nickel (Ni) in 100 samples of maize milled using a wooden mortar (n = 2), a metallic mortar (n = 2), diesel engine-powered mills (n = 48) and electric motor-powered mills (n = 48). Results showed that the mean concentrations of heavy metals in mg/kg were Fe (11.60-34.45), Cu (0.50-8.10), Ni (0.50-1.60), Mn (0.70-25.40), Zn (4.40-15.90), Pb (0.53-10.20), Cd (0.51-0.85), Cr (0.50-1.53) and Co (0.50-1.51). The highest concentrations were found in flour milled using a traditional metallic mortar while the lowest levels were in those samples milled using a wooden mortar. The Fe, Pb and Cd contents of flours produced using the metallic mortar and some commercial mills was found to be higher than the permissible limits set by WHO/FAO. Human health risk assessment showed that there are potential carcinogenic health risks from adults' intake of heavy metals in maize flour milled using a metallic mortar. Therefore, processing of maize flour needs to be monitored by the relevant statutory bodies in Uganda to minimize the possibility of heavy metal contamination of food products and animal feeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert Kariitu Mugume
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara P.O. Box 1410, Uganda
| | - Denis Byamugisha
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara P.O. Box 1410, Uganda
| | - Timothy Omara
- Food Safety Laboratories, Chemistry Division, Testing Department, Standards Directorate, Uganda National Bureau of Standards, Bweyogerere Industrial and Business Park, Kampala P.O. Box 6329, Uganda
- Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Emmanuel Ntambi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara P.O. Box 1410, Uganda
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Vergara-Murillo F, González-Ospino S, Cepeda-Ortega N, Pomares-Herrera F, Johnson-Restrepo B. Adverse Health Effects and Mercury Exposure in a Colombian Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining Community. TOXICS 2022; 10:723. [PMID: 36548556 PMCID: PMC9782122 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10120723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was, first of all, to associate the mercury (Hg) concentrations and respiratory functions of the gold miners in the artisanal small-scale gold mining (ASGM) environment in San Martín de Loba, Colombia. We carried out a cross-sectional study using a survey whereby we collected basic demographic information, occupational medical history, and applied two validated questionnaires (Q16 and SF36). We measured Hg levels in all volunteers using direct thermal decomposition-atomic absorption spectrometry. Univariate and bivariate statistical analyses were carried out for all variables, performing logistic regression to assess the effect of ASGM on health outcomes. Volunteers enrolled (n = 124) were between the ages of 20 and 84 years (84% miners and 79% males). No changes were found in the systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and heart rate from the ASGM miners, in crude and adjusted statistical analyses. ASGM miners increased 8.91 (95% confidence interval, 1.55-95.70) times the risk of having these than of having neurotoxic effects. Concentrations of total whole blood mercury (T-Hg) in all participants ranged from 0.6 to 82.5 with a median of 6.0 μg/L. Miners had higher T-Hg concentrations than non-miners (p-value = 0.011). Normal and abnormal respiratory spirometry patterns showed significant differences with the physical role and physical function of quality-of-life scales (the (p-value was 0.012 and 0.004, respectively). The spirometry test was carried out in 87 male miners, with 25% of these miners reporting abnormalities. Out of these, 73% presented a restrictive spirometry pattern, and 27%, an obstructive spirometry pattern. The ASGM population had higher Hg concentrations and worse neurotoxic symptomatology than non-miners of the same community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredy Vergara-Murillo
- Environmental Chemistry Research Group, School of Exact and Natural Sciences, University Campus of San Pablo, University of Cartagena, Zaragocilla, Carrera 50 No. 24-99, Cartagena 130015, Colombia
- School of Medicine, University of Cartagena, Zaragocilla, Carrera 50 No. 24-99, Cartagena 130015, Colombia
| | | | - Nazly Cepeda-Ortega
- Environmental Chemistry Research Group, School of Exact and Natural Sciences, University Campus of San Pablo, University of Cartagena, Zaragocilla, Carrera 50 No. 24-99, Cartagena 130015, Colombia
| | - Fredy Pomares-Herrera
- School of Medicine, University of Cartagena, Zaragocilla, Carrera 50 No. 24-99, Cartagena 130015, Colombia
| | - Boris Johnson-Restrepo
- Environmental Chemistry Research Group, School of Exact and Natural Sciences, University Campus of San Pablo, University of Cartagena, Zaragocilla, Carrera 50 No. 24-99, Cartagena 130015, Colombia
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Basooma A, Teunen L, Semwanga N, Bervoets L. Trace metal concentrations in the abiotic and biotic components of River Rwizi ecosystem in western Uganda, and the risks to human health. Heliyon 2021; 7:e08327. [PMID: 34816035 PMCID: PMC8593446 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The distribution of metals in the Rwizi River ecosystem was investigated and human health risks were assessed. Samples of water, sediment, damselfly larvae (Ceriagrion glabrum) and fish species (Brycinus sadleri and Barbus altianalis), were collected at six sites. In all samples the trace elements As, Al, Au, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Pb, Zn, were quantified. Sediment samples near the gold mine had significantly higher concentrations of Hg, Fe and Al although all the concentrations were below the probable effect concentrations (PEC). The dissolved concentrations of trace metals were within the European standards and WHO drinking water guidelines. However, Fe and Mn concentrations exceeded the standards at three sites. The damselfly larvae were good indicators of local metal pollution. The fish species accumulated metal levels in the order gills > liver > muscle for most metals except for Hg. Multiple regressions between accumulated metals in damselfly with environmental metal levels showed only for Au and Cd significant positive relationships. Relating environmental metal levels and physicochemical characteristics to the levels in the invertebrates, only for Cu and Pb significant relationships were found. With respect to the measured metals, the fish were safe for human consumption in most cases although Brycinus sadleri posed a potential health risk due to a As hazard quotient (HQ) of 2.2 that exceeded the critical value of 1. Similarly, the maximum edible risk-free quantity (Q) for As in Brycinus sadleri was 1.5 g (95 % CI), less than the minimum risk free quantity of 31.5 g. In conclusion, the river water was safe for drinking but the extraction of gold using Hg should be replaced with an environmentally friendly method or an effective wastewater treatment should be instituted. People should be cautioned from consuming Brycinus sadler i to avoid potential health hazards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Basooma
- Department of Biology, Laboratory of Systemic, Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan, 171 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
- Capture Fisheries & Biodiversity Conservation Program, National Fisheries Resources Research Institute, P.O. Box, 343, Jinja, Uganda
| | - Lies Teunen
- Department of Biology, Laboratory of Systemic, Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan, 171 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Nathan Semwanga
- Department of Zoology, Entomology & Fisheries Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Lieven Bervoets
- Department of Biology, Laboratory of Systemic, Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan, 171 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
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Orellana Mendoza E, Cuadrado W, Yallico L, Zárate R, Quispe-Melgar HR, Limaymanta CH, Sarapura V, Bao-Cóndor D. Heavy metals in soils and edible tissues of Lepidium meyenii (maca) and health risk assessment in areas influenced by mining activity in the Central region of Peru. Toxicol Rep 2021; 8:1461-1470. [PMID: 34401355 PMCID: PMC8353470 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Heavy metal contamination of soil and agricultural products is an environmental problem, has an adverse effect on the quality of food crops, and is a danger to food security and public health. The concentration of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) in surface soils and edible hypocotyls tissues of two ecotypes of Lepidium meyenii Walpers (maca) was evaluated in three districts of the Junín province, Peru. In addition, the risk to human health due to exposure to heavy metals from maca consumption was evaluated. Soil samples and maca hypocotyls were collected in areas influenced by mining and metallurgical activity. The mean concentration of Cd (0.32 ± 0.23 mg/kg) and Pb (0.20 ± 0.12 mg/kg) in maca samples exceeded the values established by the Food and Agriculture Organization and the World Health Organization. The bioconcentration factor was less than 1. The estimated daily intake of each metal was below the oral reference dose. The hazard quotient and hazard index were less than 1, it is unlikely to cause non-cancer adverse health outcome. The cancer risk for As and Cd was higher than the tolerable limit (1 × 10-6) in children and adults. In the district of Ondores, the cancer risk for As in children was higher than the acceptable limit (1 × 10-4). Residents of the Ondores district would be more exposed to As and Cd from consumption of maca hypocotyls. It is very important to carry out continuous monitoring of other toxic metals in different ecotypes of maca (red, black, yellow, purple, creamy white, pink) in order to evaluate the variation in the accumulation of heavy metals and the level of toxicity of each metal between ecotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith Orellana Mendoza
- Faculty of Forestry and Environmental Sciences, Universidad Nacional del Centro del Perú, Av. Mariscal Castilla 3909–4089, Huancayo, Huancayo 12006, Peru
| | - Walter Cuadrado
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universidad Nacional del Centro del Perú, Av. Mariscal Castilla 3909–4089, Huancayo, Huancayo 12006, Peru
| | - Luz Yallico
- Faculty of Nursing, Universidad Nacional del Centro del Perú, Av. Mariscal Castilla 3909–4089, Huancayo, Huancayo 12006, Peru
| | - Rosa Zárate
- Faculty of Forestry and Environmental Sciences, Universidad Nacional del Centro del Perú, Av. Mariscal Castilla 3909–4089, Huancayo, Huancayo 12006, Peru
| | | | - Cesar H. Limaymanta
- Department of Library and Information Science, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Av. Universitaria with Av. Venezuela, Lima, Lima District 15081, Peru
- Department of Science, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Peru
| | - Vicky Sarapura
- Faculty of Forestry and Environmental Sciences, Universidad Nacional del Centro del Perú, Av. Mariscal Castilla 3909–4089, Huancayo, Huancayo 12006, Peru
| | - Diana Bao-Cóndor
- Faculty of Forestry and Environmental Sciences, Universidad Nacional del Centro del Perú, Av. Mariscal Castilla 3909–4089, Huancayo, Huancayo 12006, Peru
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Nanyanzi DR, Ocen GG, Omara T, Bwire F, Matovu D, Semwogerere T. Design and assembly of a domestic water temperature, pH and turbidity monitoring system. BMC Res Notes 2021; 14:161. [PMID: 33931125 PMCID: PMC8086135 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-021-05578-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The aim of this study was to design a domestic water temperature, pH and turbidity monitoring system that could constantly log temperature, pH and turbidity of water and give alerts in case the parameters are outside the acceptable limits for potable water. Results The system was designed, assembled and performed as expected. The study indicates that the proposed and designed system outperforms the existing manual monitoring system as it can constantly track and store changes in water quality. This could be used to prepare better treatment processes as well as identify problems in the water distribution system early enough. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13104-021-05578-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Rita Nanyanzi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Busitema University, P.O. Box 236, Tororo, Uganda
| | - Gilbert Gilibrays Ocen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Busitema University, P.O. Box 236, Tororo, Uganda.
| | - Timothy Omara
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Sciences and Aerospace Studies, Moi University, Uasin Gishu County, P.O. Box 3900-30100, Eldoret, Kenya.,Africa Center of Excellence II in Phytochemicals, Textiles and Renewable Energy (ACE II PTRE), Moi University, Uasin Gishu County, P.O. Box 3900-30100, Eldoret, Kenya.,Department of Quality Control and Quality Assurance, AgroWays Uganda Limited, Plot 34-60, Kyabazinga Way, P.O. Box 1924, Jinja, Uganda
| | - Felix Bwire
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Busitema University, P.O. Box 236, Tororo, Uganda
| | - Davis Matovu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Busitema University, P.O. Box 236, Tororo, Uganda
| | - Twaibu Semwogerere
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Busitema University, P.O. Box 236, Tororo, Uganda
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Abstract
Aflatoxins are endemic in Kenya. The 2004 outbreak of acute aflatoxicosis in the country was one of the unprecedented epidemics of human aflatoxin poisoning recorded in mycotoxin history. In this study, an elaborate review was performed to synthesize Kenya’s major findings in relation to aflatoxins, their prevalence, detection, quantification, exposure assessment, prevention, and management in various matrices. Data retrieved indicate that the toxins are primarily biosynthesized by Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus, with the eastern part of the country reportedly more aflatoxin-prone. Aflatoxins have been reported in maize and maize products (Busaa, chan’gaa, githeri, irio, muthokoi, uji, and ugali), peanuts and its products, rice, cassava, sorghum, millet, yams, beers, dried fish, animal feeds, dairy and herbal products, and sometimes in tandem with other mycotoxins. The highest total aflatoxin concentration of 58,000 μg/kg has been reported in maize. At least 500 acute human illnesses and 200 deaths due to aflatoxins have been reported. The causes and prevalence of aflatoxins have been grossly ascribed to poor agronomic practices, low education levels, and inadequate statutory regulation and sensitization. Low diet diversity has aggravated exposure to aflatoxins in Kenya because maize as a dietetic staple is aflatoxin-prone. Detection and surveillance are only barely adequate, though some exposure assessments have been conducted. There is a need to widen diet diversity as a measure of reducing exposure due to consumption of aflatoxin-contaminated foods.
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Nkurunziza G, Omara T, Kiwanuka Nakiguli C, Mukasa P, Byamugisha D, Ntambi E. Physicochemical Quality of Water from Chuho Springs, Kisoro District, Uganda. FRENCH-UKRAINIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.17721/fujcv9i2p12-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the current study, water from Chuho springs used as the main water source in Kisoro municipality, Uganda were assessed for their suitability as drinking water. The temperature, turbidity, conductivity, total dissolved solids, dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand, total hardness, total alkalinity, calcium, magnesium, phosphates, iron, copper, arsenic, chlorides and the fluoride content of the water samples were determined. Not all the parameters met World Health Organizations’ guidelines for drinking water. Temperature, dissolved oxygen and fluorides were outside the recommended limits of 15 ℃, 10-12 mg/L and 1.5 mg/L, respectively. Further studies should assess the microbiological and sanitary profile of the springs.
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Angiro C, Abila PP, Omara T. Effects of industrial effluents on the quality of water in Namanve stream, Kampala Industrial and Business Park, Uganda. BMC Res Notes 2020; 13:220. [PMID: 32299487 PMCID: PMC7164339 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-020-05061-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Kampala Industrial and Business Park (KIBP) is one of the premier and the most successful Ugandan industrial complexes that impact the inner Murchison bay of Lake Victoria. The current study aimed at evaluating the effect of industrial effluents on the physicochemical and microbiological quality of water taken from four different sites along Namanve stream in KIBP, Wakiso district, Uganda. Results All the water quality parameters were below WHO maximum permissible limits except turbidity, electrical conductivity and Escherichia coli count. Mean values of the monitored water quality parameters increased from the point of effluent discharge downstream of Namanve stream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Angiro
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kyambogo University, P. O. Box 1, Kyambogo, Kampala, Uganda.,National Livestock Resources Research Institute, National Agricultural Research Organization (NARO), P. O. Box 5704, Nakyesasa, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Patrick P'Odyek Abila
- National Livestock Resources Research Institute, National Agricultural Research Organization (NARO), P. O. Box 5704, Nakyesasa, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Timothy Omara
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Biological and Physical Sciences, Moi University, Uasin Gishu County, P.O. Box 3900-30100, Eldoret, Kenya. .,Department of Quality Control and Quality Assurance, Product Development Directory, AgroWays Uganda Limited, Plot 34-60, Kyabazinga Way, P.O. Box 1924, Jinja, Uganda. .,Africa Center of Excellence II in Phytochemicals, Textiles and Renewable Energy (ACE II PTRE), Moi University, Uasin Gishu County, P.O. Box 3900-30100, Eldoret, Kenya.
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Medicinal Plants Used in Traditional Management of Cancer in Uganda: A Review of Ethnobotanical Surveys, Phytochemistry, and Anticancer Studies. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:3529081. [PMID: 32256639 PMCID: PMC7102457 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3529081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The burden of neoplastic diseases is a significant global health challenge accounting for thousands of deaths. In Uganda, about 32,617 cancer cases were reported in 2018, accompanied by 21,829 deaths. In a view to identify some potential anticancer plant candidates for possible drug development, the current study was designed to compile the inventory of plants with reported anticancer activity used in rural Uganda and the evidences supporting their use in cancer therapy. An electronic survey in multidisciplinary databases revealed that 29 plant species belonging to 28 genera distributed among 24 families have been reported to be used in the management of cancer in Uganda. Anticancer plants were majorly from the families Bignoniaceae (7%), Caricaceae (7%), Fabaceae (7%), Moraceae (7%), and Rutaceae (7%). Most species occur in the wild (52%), though some are cultivated (48%). The growth habit of the plants is as trees (55%) or herbs (45%). Anticancer extracts are usually prepared from leaves (29%), bark (24%), roots (21%), and fruits (13%) through decoctions (53%), as food spices (23%) or pounded to produce ointments that are applied topically (10%). Prunus africana (Hook.f.) Kalkman, Opuntia species, Albizia coriaria (Welw. ex Oliver), Daucus carota L., Cyperus alatus (Nees) F. Muell., Markhamia lutea (Benth.) K. Schum., and Oxalis corniculata L. were the most frequently encountered species. As per global reports, Allium sativum L., Annona muricata L., Carica papaya L., Moringa oleifera Lam., Opuntia species, Prunus africana (Hook.f.) Kalkman, and Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don. are the most studied species, with the latter having vincristine and vinblastine anticancer drugs developed from it. Prostate, cervical, breast, and skin cancers are the top traditionally treated malignancies. There is a need to isolate and evaluate the anticancer potential of the bioactive compounds in the unstudied claimed plants, such as Cyperus alatus (Nees) F. Muell., Ficus dawei Hutch., Ficus natalensis Hochst., and Lovoa trichilioides Harms, and elucidate their mechanism of anticancer activity.
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Omara T, Nteziyaremye P, Akaganyira S, Opio DW, Karanja LN, Nyangena DM, Kiptui BJ, Ogwang R, Epiaka SM, Jepchirchir A, Maiyo A. Physicochemical quality of water and health risks associated with consumption of African lung fish (Protopterus annectens) from Nyabarongo and Nyabugogo rivers, Rwanda. BMC Res Notes 2020; 13:66. [PMID: 32041650 PMCID: PMC7011521 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-020-4939-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To determine the quality of water, heavy metal content of edible muscles of a piscivorous fish (Protopterus annectens) and assess the health risks associated with using water and consumption of P. annectens from Nyabarongo and Nyabugogo rivers of Rwanda. Results All the water quality parameters were within World Health Organization’s acceptable limits except total nitrogen, iron, manganese and lead levels. Edible muscles of Protopterus annectens contained 272.8 ± 0.36, 292.2 ± 0.25, 8.8 ± 0.36, 135.2 ± 0.15, 148.0 ± 0.21 and 432. 0 ± 0.50 mg/kg of iron, manganese, copper, zinc, chromium and lead at Ruliba station and 336.0 ± 0.70, 302.6 ± 1.22, 6.4 ± 0.26, 44.7 ± 0.20, 138.2 ± 0.17 and 302.4 ± 1.50 mg/kg of iron, manganese, copper, zinc, chromium and lead at Kirinda bridge of Nyabarongo river. Health risk assessments indicated that though ingestion and dermal contact with heavy metals in water from the rivers may not cause obvious health effects, consumption of Protopterus annectens from Nyabarongo river may lead to deleterious health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Omara
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Biological and Physical Sciences, Moi University, Uasin Gishu County, P.O. Box 3900-30100, Eldoret, Kenya. .,Department of Quality Control and Quality Assurance, Product Development Directory, AgroWays Uganda Limited, Plot 34-60, Kyabazinga Way, P.O. Box 1924, Jinja, Uganda. .,Africa Center of Excellence II in Phytochemicals, Textiles and Renewable Energy, Moi University, Uasin Gishu County, P.O. Box 3900-30100, Eldoret, Kenya.
| | - Papias Nteziyaremye
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Biological and Physical Sciences, Moi University, Uasin Gishu County, P.O. Box 3900-30100, Eldoret, Kenya.,Africa Center of Excellence II in Phytochemicals, Textiles and Renewable Energy, Moi University, Uasin Gishu County, P.O. Box 3900-30100, Eldoret, Kenya.,Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Technology, University of Rwanda, P.O. Box 3900, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Solomon Akaganyira
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, American University of Beirut, P.O. Box 11-0236, Riad El-Solh, 1107 2020, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Dickens Waswa Opio
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kyambogo University, P.O. Box 1, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Lucy Nyambura Karanja
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Biological and Physical Sciences, Moi University, Uasin Gishu County, P.O. Box 3900-30100, Eldoret, Kenya.,Africa Center of Excellence II in Phytochemicals, Textiles and Renewable Energy, Moi University, Uasin Gishu County, P.O. Box 3900-30100, Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Decrah Moraa Nyangena
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Biological and Physical Sciences, Moi University, Uasin Gishu County, P.O. Box 3900-30100, Eldoret, Kenya.,Africa Center of Excellence II in Phytochemicals, Textiles and Renewable Energy, Moi University, Uasin Gishu County, P.O. Box 3900-30100, Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Betty Jematia Kiptui
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Biological and Physical Sciences, Moi University, Uasin Gishu County, P.O. Box 3900-30100, Eldoret, Kenya.,Africa Center of Excellence II in Phytochemicals, Textiles and Renewable Energy, Moi University, Uasin Gishu County, P.O. Box 3900-30100, Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Remish Ogwang
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kyambogo University, P.O. Box 1, Kampala, Uganda.,Department of Quality Control and Quality Assurance, Rene Industries Limited, P.O. Box 6034, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Stephen Mark Epiaka
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kyambogo University, P.O. Box 1, Kampala, Uganda.,Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Abigael Jepchirchir
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Biological and Physical Sciences, Moi University, Uasin Gishu County, P.O. Box 3900-30100, Eldoret, Kenya.,Africa Center of Excellence II in Phytochemicals, Textiles and Renewable Energy, Moi University, Uasin Gishu County, P.O. Box 3900-30100, Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Alfayo Maiyo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Biological and Physical Sciences, Moi University, Uasin Gishu County, P.O. Box 3900-30100, Eldoret, Kenya.,Africa Center of Excellence II in Phytochemicals, Textiles and Renewable Energy, Moi University, Uasin Gishu County, P.O. Box 3900-30100, Eldoret, Kenya
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Nyangena DM, Arasa JO, Omara T. Occurrence of priority trace metals in tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.) from some areas of Uasin Gishu County, Kenya. FRENCH-UKRAINIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.17721/fujcv8i2p83-92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study determined the concentration of zinc, lead and cadmium in tomatoes consumed in some areas of Uasin Gishu, Kenya. Samples were taken in quintuplicate from Huruma and Bahati estates (Eldoret) and Chebaiywo (Kesses) and their metalliferous content were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy. All samples had detectable levels of trace metals, with lead recording the highest concentration of 43.20 ± 0.31 mg/kg. Zinc concentrations were below WHO guidelines. Daily intakes ranged from 8.25 × to 2.59 × mg/kg/day. Though there are no probable cancer risks, hazard quotients indicated that deleterious health effects could arise from daily consumption of tomatoes.
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Nakiguli CK, Omara T, Ntambi E. Effects of sewage sludge biosolid amendments on the potential of maize (Zea mays L.) in phytoremediation of trace metals in chromated copper arsenate contaminated soils. FRENCH-UKRAINIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.17721/fujcv8i2p113-125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of sewage sludge amendment (5-25% w/w) on the potential of maize (MM3 variety) to phytoextract trace metals from chromated copper arsenate (CCA) contaminated soils was investigated. The metal content of fresh soils, and soils, maize roots and shoots after 80 days of planting were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy. The concentrations of chromium, copper and arsenic in fresh CCA soils were 365.8 ± 6.18, 109.72 ± 14.04 and 28.22 ± 3.8 mg/kg respectively. The MM3 maize variety could be used to phytoextract or phytostabilize the trace metals in the CCA contaminated soils without or with 5-25% sewage sludge amendment.
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