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Vasconcelos RO, Bolgan M, Matos AB, Van-Dunem SP, Penim J, Amorim MCP. Characterization of the vocal behavior of the miniature and transparent fish model, Danionella cerebruma). THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2024; 155:781-789. [PMID: 38289152 DOI: 10.1121/10.0024346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Danionella cerebrum has recently been proposed as a promising model to investigate the structure and function of the adult vertebrate brain, including the development of vocal-auditory neural pathways. This genetically tractable and transparent cypriniform is highly vocal, but limited information is available on its acoustic behavior and underlying biological function. Our main goal was to characterize the acoustic repertoire and diel variation in sound production of D. cerebrum, as well as to investigate the relationship between vocal behavior and reproduction. Sound recordings demonstrated high vocal activity, with sounds varying from short sequences of pulses known as "bursts" (comprising up to 15 pulses) to notably longer sounds, termed "long bursts", which extended up to 349 pulses with over 2.7 s. Vocal activity peaked at midday and it was very low at night with only a few bursts. While the number of pulses was higher during the daytime, the interpulse interval was longer at night. In addition, calling time was positively associated with the number of viable eggs, suggesting that acoustic communication is important for reproduction. These preliminary findings reveal the potential of using D. cerebrum to investigate vocal plasticity and the implications for sexual selection and reproduction in a novel vertebrate model for neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel O Vasconcelos
- Institute of Science and Environment, University of Saint Joseph, Macao, Special Administrative Region, China
- Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre/ARNET Aquatic Research Network, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- EPCV - Department of Life Sciences, Lusófona University, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Marta Bolgan
- Ocean Science Consulting Limited, Dunbar, United Kingdom
| | - André B Matos
- Institute of Science and Environment, University of Saint Joseph, Macao, Special Administrative Region, China
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sheila P Van-Dunem
- EPCV - Department of Life Sciences, Lusófona University, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Jorge Penim
- EPCV - Department of Life Sciences, Lusófona University, Lisbon, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - M Clara P Amorim
- Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre/ARNET Aquatic Research Network, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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Mischling E, Ladich F. Sex-specific difference in agonistic sounds depends on size of sonic organs in fishes: Testing the hypothesis in the croaking gourami (Labyrinth fishes). JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY. PART A, ECOLOGICAL AND INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 339:838-852. [PMID: 37522465 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
In most vocal fish species, females possess smaller sound-generating organs and vocalize less than males. In certain cases females lack sonic organs, in others differences between sexes are unknown. This study analyzes in detail the relationship between sexual dimorphism of sonic organs and the characteristics of agonistic behavior and of sounds recorded under the same behavioral conditions in a vocal fish species, the croaking gourami Trichopsis vittata. During agonistic contests both sexes stretch and pluck two enhanced (sonic) tendons when beating pectoral fins alternately, resulting in a series of double-pulsed bursts, termed croaking sound. The following anatomical, behavioral, and acoustic variables were analyzed: diameter of enhanced tendons in each specimen, duration of same-sex dyadic contests, number and duration of lateral display bouts and of sounds, number of single- and double-pulsed bursts, burst period, peak-to-peak amplitudes of pulses, dominant frequency and sound pressure level (SPLrms). Female sonic tendons were approximately one-fifth smaller than male's of the same size. Six out of seven behavioral variables did not differ between sexes. Sound characteristics were similar in both sexes except for SPLs, which were on average 5 dB lower in females. The degree of sexual dimorphisms in sonic organs may explain differences in sound characteristics. Sounds differ only in one sound characteristic (SPLrms) in T. vittata, in contrast with the congeneric Trichopsis pumila which possesses a more pronounced sexual dimorphism in sonic organs and in which agonistic sounds differ in all sound properties between sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elean Mischling
- Department of Behavioral and Cognitive Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Friedrich Ladich
- Department of Behavioral and Cognitive Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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3
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Amorim MCP. The role of acoustic signals in fish reproductiona). THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2023; 154:2959-2973. [PMID: 37947394 DOI: 10.1121/10.0022353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
This paper outlines my research path over three decades while providing a review on the role of fish sounds in mate choice and reproduction. It also intends to provide advice to young scientists and point toward future avenues in this field of research. An overview of studies on different fish model species shows that male mating acoustic signals can inform females and male competitors about their size (dominant frequency, amplitude, and sound pulse rate modulation), body condition (calling activity and sound pulse rate), and readiness to mate (calling rate, number of pulses in a sound). At least in species with parental care, such as toadfishes, gobies, and pomacentrids, calling activity seems to be the main driver of reproductive success. Playback experiments ran on a restricted number of species consistently revealed that females prefer vocal to silent males and select for higher calling rates. This personal synthesis concludes with the suggestion to increase knowledge on fish mating signals, especially considering the emerging use of fish sounds to monitor aquatic environments due to increasing threats, like noise pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Clara P Amorim
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal and MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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Looby A, Bravo S, Juanes F, Rountree R, Riera A, Davies HL, Spriel B, Vela S, Reynolds LK, Martin CW, Cox K. The importance of context in the acoustic behaviors of marine, subtropical fish speciesa). THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2023; 154:3252-3258. [PMID: 37975736 DOI: 10.1121/10.0022412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Despite the importance of acoustic signaling in fishes, the prevalence of the behavioral contexts associated with their active (i.e., intentional) sound production remains unclear. A systematized review was conducted to explore documented acoustic behaviors in marine, subtropical fishes and potential influences affecting their relative pervasiveness. Data were collected on 186 actively soniferous fish species studied across 194 publications, identified based on existing FishSounds and FishBase datasets. Disturbance was the most common behavioral context associated with active sound production-reported for 140 species or 75% of the species studied-and then aggression (n = 46 species, 25%) and reproduction (n = 34 species, 18%). This trend, however, somewhat differed when examined by research effort, study environment, and fish family, such as reproductive sounds being more commonly reported by studies conducted in the wild. The synthesis of fish sound production behaviors was in some ways stymied by the fact that many species' sound production did not have discernible associated behavioral contexts and that some investigations did not clearly identify the study environments in which active sound production was observed. These findings emphasize the importance of context-behavioral or otherwise-when studying acoustic behaviors in fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Looby
- Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
| | - Santiago Bravo
- Instituto Oceanográfico, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-120, Brazil
| | - Francis Juanes
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8P 3E6, Canada
| | - Rodney Rountree
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8P 3E6, Canada
| | - Amalis Riera
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8P 3E6, Canada
| | - Hailey L Davies
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8P 3E6, Canada
| | - Brittnie Spriel
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8P 3E6, Canada
| | - Sarah Vela
- MERIDIAN, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Laura K Reynolds
- Soil, Water, and Ecosystem Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
| | - Charles W Martin
- Nature Coast Biological Station, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Cedar Key, Florida 32625, USA
| | - Kieran Cox
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
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Somogyi NA, Rountree RA. The sound production of Aplodinotus grunniens in the presence of boat sounds. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2023; 154:831-840. [PMID: 37563830 DOI: 10.1121/10.0020542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Archived soundscape data from Lake Champlain, New York, were used to examine the effect of anthropogenic sounds produced by recreational boating on freshwater drum (Aplodinotus grunniens) soniferous behavior. Drum progressed from sporadic calling during the day to calls that increasingly overlapped culminating in a chorus in the late afternoon and evening. The response of drum to boat noise appeared to differ among these states, perhaps reflecting differences in the underlying behaviors. In response to boat noise, freshwater drum spawning choruses occurred later in the day, thus avoiding the noisiest periods. The peak frequency and knock rate of calls also increased in the presence of boat noise. Of the acoustical adjustments observed, the most strongly shown were those which increased the likelihood of signal reception, suggesting a Lombard effect response. Therefore, these data suggest freshwater drum have plasticity in their acoustical behavior, potentially shifting chorusing time, and altering sound characteristics to optimize communication in the presence of anthropogenic noise. However, additional work is needed to further clarify the response of freshwater drum to anthropogenic noise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Somogyi
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
| | - Rodney A Rountree
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, V8P 5C2, Canada
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Amorim MCP, Wanjala JA, Vieira M, Bolgan M, Connaughton MA, Pereira BP, Fonseca PJ, Ribeiro F. Detection of invasive fish species with passive acoustics: Discriminating between native and non-indigenous sciaenids. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 188:106017. [PMID: 37178663 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2023.106017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Invasive alien species have been rising exponentially in the last decades impacting biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. The soniferous weakfish, Cynoscion regalis, is a recent invasive sciaenid species in the Iberian Peninsula and was first reported in the Tagus estuary in 2015. There is concern about its possible impacts on native species, namely the confamiliar meagre, Argyrosomus regius, as there is overlap in their feeding regime, habitat use, and breeding behaviour. Here, we characterised the sciaenid-like sounds recently recorded in the Tagus estuary and showed that they are made by weakfish as they have similar numbers of pulses and pulse periods to the sounds made by captive breeding weakfish. We further demonstrate that breeding grunts from weakfish and the native sciaenid, recorded either in captivity or Tagus estuary, differ markedly in sound duration, number of pulses and pulse period in the two species, but overlap in their spectral features. Importantly, these differences are easily detected through visual and aural inspections of the recordings, making acoustic recognition easy even for the non-trained person. We propose that passive acoustic monitoring can be a cost-effective tool for in situ mapping of weakfish outside its natural distribution and an invaluable tool for early detection and to monitor its expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Clara P Amorim
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre / ARNET - Aquatic Research Network, ISPA-Instituto Universitário, Lisbon, Portugal; Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Joan A Wanjala
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; IMBRSEA Master Programme, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Manuel Vieira
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre / ARNET - Aquatic Research Network, ISPA-Instituto Universitário, Lisbon, Portugal; Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes & CHANGE - Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Marta Bolgan
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre / ARNET - Aquatic Research Network, ISPA-Instituto Universitário, Lisbon, Portugal; Ocean Science Consulting Limited, Dunbar, Scotland, UK
| | | | - Beatriz P Pereira
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre / ARNET - Aquatic Research Network, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Paulo J Fonseca
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes & CHANGE - Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Filipe Ribeiro
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre / ARNET - Aquatic Research Network, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
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Vieira M, Beauchaud M, Amorim MCP, Fonseca PJ. Boat noise affects meagre (Argyrosomus regius) hearing and vocal behaviour. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 172:112824. [PMID: 34391007 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic noise has increased in last decades imposing new constraints on aquatic animals' acoustic communication. Meagre (Argyrosomus regius) produce loud choruses during the breeding season, likely facilitating aggregations and mating, and are thus amenable to being impacted by anthropogenic noise. We assessed the impact of boat noise on this species acoustic communication by: evaluating possible masking effects of boat noise on hearing using Auditory Evoked Potentials (AEP) and inspecting changes in chorus sound levels from free ranging fish upon boat passages. Our results point to a significant masking effect of anthropogenic noise since we observed a reduction of ca. 20 dB on the ability to discriminate conspecific calls when exposed to boat noise. Furthermore, we verified a reduction in chorus energy during ferryboat passages, a behavioural effect that might ultimately impact spawning. This study is one of few addressing the effects of boat noise by combining different methodologies both in the lab and with free ranging animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Vieira
- Departamento de Biologia Animal and cE3c_Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; MARE_Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ISPA, Instituto Universitário, Lisbon, Portugal, and Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Marilyn Beauchaud
- Equipe de Neuro-Ethologie Sensorielle; (ENES/CRNL, CNRS UMR 5292, Inserm UMR S 1028) Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Jean-Monnet de Lyon/Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - M Clara P Amorim
- MARE_Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ISPA, Instituto Universitário, Lisbon, Portugal, and Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Paulo J Fonseca
- Departamento de Biologia Animal and cE3c_Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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Vieira M, Amorim MCP, Fonseca PJ. Vocal rhythms in nesting Lusitanian toadfish, Halobatrachus didactylus. ECOL INFORM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoinf.2021.101281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Bolgan M, Pereira BP, Crucianelli A, Mylonas CC, Pousão-Ferreira P, Parmentier E, Fonseca PJ, Amorim MCP. Vocal repertoire and consistency of call features in the meagre Argyrosomous regius (Asso, 1801). PLoS One 2020; 15:e0241792. [PMID: 33151979 PMCID: PMC7643951 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Passive Acoustic Monitoring (PAM) is a non-intrusive and cost-effective method capable of providing high-resolution, long-term information on the status and health of vocal populations and communities. To successfully monitor the same species over wide geographical and temporal scales, it is necessary to characterise the range of sound variability, as well as the consistency of sound features between populations. The meagre (Argyrosomus regius, Asso 1801) is an interesting case study because recent investigations suggest a wider vocal repertoire than previously described. In this study, meagre vocalizations were recorded and analysed from a variety of settings, ranging from rearing facilities to wild populations to provide a comprehensive characterisation of its vocal repertoire, while investigating the consistency of spawning sound features between populations. All sounds presented a similar acoustic structure in their basic unit (i.e. the pulse), while an important variability was found in the number of pulses; the meagre can emit sounds made of one single pulse or many pulses (up to more than 100). High level of overlap in the Principal Component Analysis made difficult to differentiate sound type clusters. Despite this, two sound types were identifiable: knocks (sounds from 1 to 3 pulses) and long grunts (sounds with more than 29 pulses). Discriminant Analysis carried out on PCA residuals showed that knock had the highest proportion of correct placement (92% of the observations correctly placed) followed by long grunts (80%). All other previously described sound types (intermediate grunt, short grunt and disturbance sounds) could not be separated and presented low levels of correct placement, suggesting that care should be taken when defining these as independent sound types. Finally, acoustic features consistency was found in meagre grunts emitted by different populations during spawning nights; statistical differences could be explained by recording settings and fish conditions. The results of this study provide important information for fostering PAM programs of wild meagre populations, while contributing to the discussion around the definition of fish sound types in vocal fish communities. Studies of this kind, which evaluate both variability and consistency of sound features, are of fundamental importance for maximising PAM efforts in the wild, at both the specific and the community level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Bolgan
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ISPA - Instituto Universitário, Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
- Laboratory of Functional and Evolutionary Morphology (Department of Biology, Ecology & Evolution), FOCUS, AFFISH-RC, Institut de Chimie B6c, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Beatriz P. Pereira
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ISPA - Instituto Universitário, Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Aurora Crucianelli
- Laboratory of Functional and Evolutionary Morphology (Department of Biology, Ecology & Evolution), FOCUS, AFFISH-RC, Institut de Chimie B6c, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Constantinos C. Mylonas
- Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Hellenic Center for Marine Research, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | | | - Eric Parmentier
- Laboratory of Functional and Evolutionary Morphology (Department of Biology, Ecology & Evolution), FOCUS, AFFISH-RC, Institut de Chimie B6c, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Paulo J. Fonseca
- Department of Animal Biology and cE3c- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculty of Science, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - M. Clara P. Amorim
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ISPA - Instituto Universitário, Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
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Mok HK, Wu SC, Sirisuary S, Fine ML. A sciaenid swim bladder with long skinny fingers produces sound with an unusual frequency spectrum. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18619. [PMID: 33122793 PMCID: PMC7596079 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75663-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Swim bladders in sciaenid fishes function in hearing in some and sound production in almost all species. Sciaenid swim bladders vary from simple carrot-shaped to two-chambered to possessing various diverticula. Diverticula that terminate close to the ears improve hearing. Other unusual diverticula heading in a caudal direction have not been studied. The fresh-water Asian species Boesemania microlepis has an unusual swim bladder with a slightly restricted anterior region and 6 long-slender caudally-directed diverticula bilaterally. We hypothesized that these diverticula modify sound spectra. Evening advertisement calls consist of a series of multicycle tonal pulses, but the fundamental frequency and first several harmonics are missing or attenuated, and peak frequencies are high, varying between < 1–2 kHz. The fundamental frequency is reflected in the pulse repetition rate and in ripples on the frequency spectrum but not in the number of cycles within a pulse. We suggest that diverticula function as Helmholz absorbers turning the swim bladder into a high-pass filter responsible for the absence of low frequencies typically present in sciaenid calls. Further, we hypothesize that the multicycle pulses are driven by the stretched aponeuroses (flat tendons that connect the sonic muscles to the swim bladder) in this and other sciaenids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hin-Kiu Mok
- Department of Oceanography, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Lien-hai Rd., Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan, R.O.C.,National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, 2 Houwan Road, Checheng, Pingtung, 944, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Shih-Chia Wu
- Department of Oceanography, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Lien-hai Rd., Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Soranuth Sirisuary
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Rd., Ladyaow Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Michael L Fine
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23284-2012, USA.
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