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Song A, Cho GW, Vijayakumar KA, Moon C, Ang MJ, Kim J, Park I, Jang CH. Neuroprotective Effect of Valproic Acid on Salicylate-Induced Tinnitus. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010023. [PMID: 35008469 PMCID: PMC8744959 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
High-dose salicylate induces temporary moderate hearing loss and the perception of a high-pitched tinnitus in humans and animals. Previous studies demonstrated that high doses of salicylate increase N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor levels, resulting in a rise in Ca2+ influx and induction of excitotoxicity. Glutamate excitotoxicity is associated with failure in the maintenance of calcium homeostasis, mitochondrial dysfunction, and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Valproic acid (VPA) is widely used for the management of bipolar disorder, epilepsy, and migraine headaches, and is known to regulate NMDA receptor activity. In this study, we examined the beneficial effects of VPA in a salicylate-induced tinnitus model in vitro and in vivo. Cells were pretreated with VPA followed by salicylate treatment. The expression levels of NMDA receptor subunit NR2B, phosphorylated cAMP response element-binding protein—an apoptosis marker, and intracellular levels of ROS were measured using several biochemical techniques. We observed increased expression of NR2B and its related genes TNFα and ARC, increased intracellular ROS levels, and induced expression of cleaved caspase-3. These salicylate-induced changes were attenuated in the neuronal cell line SH-SY5Y and rat cortical neurons after VPA pretreatment. Together, these results provide evidence of the beneficial effects of VPA in a salicylate-induced temporary hearing loss and tinnitus model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anji Song
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Science, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea; (A.S.); (G.-W.C.); (K.A.V.)
- BK21 FOUR Education Research Group for Age-Associated Disorder Control Technology, Department of Integrative Biological Science, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea
| | - Gwang-Won Cho
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Science, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea; (A.S.); (G.-W.C.); (K.A.V.)
- BK21 FOUR Education Research Group for Age-Associated Disorder Control Technology, Department of Integrative Biological Science, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea
| | - Karthikeyan A. Vijayakumar
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Science, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea; (A.S.); (G.-W.C.); (K.A.V.)
- BK21 FOUR Education Research Group for Age-Associated Disorder Control Technology, Department of Integrative Biological Science, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea
| | - Changjong Moon
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 FOUR Program, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea;
- Correspondence: (C.M.); (C.H.J.); Tel.: +82-62-220-6774 (C.H.J.)
| | - Mary Jasmin Ang
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 FOUR Program, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea;
| | - Jahae Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju 61469, Korea;
| | - Ilyong Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea;
| | - Chul Ho Jang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Korea
- Correspondence: (C.M.); (C.H.J.); Tel.: +82-62-220-6774 (C.H.J.)
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Li ZC, Fang BX, Yuan LX, Zheng K, Wu SX, Zhong N, Zeng XL. Analysis of Studies in Tinnitus-Related Gene Research. Noise Health 2021; 23:95-107. [PMID: 34975125 PMCID: PMC8772442 DOI: 10.4103/nah.nah_57_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Summarize and analyze the current research results of tinnitus-related genes, explore the potential links between the results of each study, and provide reference for subsequent studies. Methods Collect and sort out the research literature related to tinnitus genes included in PubMed, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and Wanfang Data Knowledge Service Platform before December 31, 2019. Then the relevant contents of the literature were sorted out and summarized. Results Fifty-one articles were finally selected for analysis: 31 articles (60.8%) were classified as researches on animal models of tinnitus, and 20 (39.2%) as researches on tinnitus patients. Existing studies have shown that genes related to oxidative stress, inflammatory response, nerve excitation/inhibition, and nerve growth are differentially expressed in tinnitus patients or animal models, and have presented the potential links between genes or proteins in the occurrence and development of tinnitus. Conclusion The research on tinnitus-related genes is still in the exploratory stage, and further high-quality research evidence is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Cheng Li
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bi-Xing Fang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou; Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, China
| | - Lian-Xiong Yuan
- Department of Science and Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ke Zheng
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shi-Xin Wu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nanbert Zhong
- Department of Human Genetics, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, New York, USA
| | - Xiang-Li Zeng
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Barth SW, Lehner MD, Dietz GPH, Schulze H. Pharmacologic treatments in preclinical tinnitus models with special focus on Ginkgo biloba leaf extract EGb 761®. Mol Cell Neurosci 2021; 116:103669. [PMID: 34560255 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2021.103669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Tinnitus is defined as the perception of sound in the absence of external acoustic stimuli. Frequent comorbidities or associated factors are depression, anxiety, concentration problems, insomnia, resignation, helplessness, headache, bruxism, or social isolation, just to name a few. Although many therapeutic approaches have already been tested with varying success, there still is no cure available for tinnitus. The search for an effective treatment has been hampered by the fact that the mechanisms of tinnitus development are still not fully understood, although several models are available and discussed in this review. Our review will give a brief overview about preclinical models, presenting the heterogeneity of tinnitus sub-types depending on the different inner ear and brain structures involved in tinnitus etiology and pathogenesis. Based on these models we introduce the different target structures and transmitter systems implicated in tinnitus development and provide an extensive overview on preclinical drug-based therapeutic approaches that have been explored in various animal models. As the special extract from Ginkgo biloba leaves EGb 761® has been the most widely tested drug in both non-clinical tinnitus models as well as in clinical trials, a special focus will be given to EGb 761®. The efficacy of terpene lactones, flavone glycosides and proanthocyanidines with their distinct contribution to the overall efficacy profile of the multi-constituent drug EGb 761® will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan W Barth
- Department of Global Medical Affairs, Dr. Willmar Schwabe GmbH & Co. KG, Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Martin D Lehner
- Department of Preclinical Research & Development, Dr. Willmar Schwabe GmbH & Co. KG, Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Gunnar P H Dietz
- Department of Global Medical Affairs, Dr. Willmar Schwabe GmbH & Co. KG, Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Holger Schulze
- Experimental Otolaryngology, ENT-Hospital, Head and Neck Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.
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Jang CH, Lee S, Park IY, Song A, Moon C, Cho GW. Memantine Attenuates Salicylate-induced Tinnitus Possibly by Reducing NR2B Expression in Auditory Cortex of Rat. Exp Neurobiol 2019; 28:495-503. [PMID: 31495078 PMCID: PMC6751868 DOI: 10.5607/en.2019.28.4.495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Memantine, a noncompetitive antagonist of the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, suppresses the release of excessive levels of glutamate that may induce neuronal excitation. Here we investigated the effects of memantine on salicylate-induced tinnitus model. The expressions of the activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein (ARC) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) genes; as well as the NMDA receptor subunit 2B (NR2B) gene and protein, were examined in the SH-SY5Y cells and the animal model. We also used gap-prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle reflex (GPIAS) and noise burst prepulse inhibition of acoustic startle, and the auditory brainstem level (electrophysiological recordings of auditory brainstem responses, ABR) and NR2B expression level in the auditory cortex to evaluate whether memantine could reduce salicylate-mediated behavioral disturbances. NR2B was significantly upregulated in salicylate-treated cells, but downregulated after memantine treatment. Similarly, expression of the inflammatory cytokine genes TNFα and immediate-early gene ARC was significantly increased in the salicylate-treated cells, and decreased when the cells were treated with memantine. These results were confirmed by NR2B immunocytochemistry. GPIAS was attenuated to a significantly lesser extent in rats treated with a combination of salicylate and memantine than in those treated with salicylate only. The mean ABR threshold in both groups was not significant different before and 1 day after the end of treatment. Additionally, NR2B protein expression in the auditory cortex was markedly increased in the salicylate-treated group, whereas it was reduced in the memantine-treated group. These results indicate that memantine is useful for the treatment of salicylate-induced tinnitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chul Ho Jang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Korea
| | - Sueun Lee
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Medical Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Il Yong Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - Anji Song
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Science, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea.,Department of Life Science, BK21-Plus Research Team for Bioactive Control Technology, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea
| | - Changjong Moon
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Medical Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Goang-Won Cho
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Science, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea.,Department of Life Science, BK21-Plus Research Team for Bioactive Control Technology, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea
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Zhao J, Wang B, Wang X, Shang X. Up-regulation of Ca 2+/CaMKII/CREB signaling in salicylate-induced tinnitus in rats. Mol Cell Biochem 2018; 448:71-76. [PMID: 29427172 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-018-3314-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to investigate the changes of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases II (CaMKII)/cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) signaling pathway in a rat tinnitus model. Eighteen Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups: normal control (NC), normal saline (NS), and tinnitus model (TM) groups. Tinnitus model was induced by intraperitoneal injection of salicylate. The concentration of intracellular calcium level in auditory cortex cells was determined using Fura-2 acetoxymethyl ester (Fura-2 AM) method with fluorospectrophotometer. Expressions of calmodulin (CaM), N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor 2B subunit (NR2B), calcium-calmodulin kinase II (CaMKII), and cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) were detected with Western blot. Tinnitus model was successfully established by the intraperitoneal administration of salicylate in rats. Compared with rats in NC and NS groups, salicylate administration significantly elevated CaM, NR2B, phospho-CaMKII and phospho-CREB expression in auditory cortex from tinnitus model group (p < 0.05), and the free intracellular Ca2+ concentrations (p < 0.05). Our data reveal that salicylate administration causes tinnitus symptoms and elevates Ca2+/CaMKII/CREB signaling pathway in auditory cortex cells. Our study likely provides a new understanding of the development of tinnitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiuhan Zhao
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Biao Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Xiuli Shang
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, China.
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