Shakibfar S, Nyberg F, Li H, Zhao J, Nordeng HME, Sandve GKF, Pavlovic M, Hajiebrahimi M, Andersen M, Sessa M. Artificial intelligence-driven prediction of COVID-19-related hospitalization and death: a systematic review.
Front Public Health 2023;
11:1183725. [PMID:
37408750 PMCID:
PMC10319067 DOI:
10.3389/fpubh.2023.1183725]
[Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim
To perform a systematic review on the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques for predicting COVID-19 hospitalization and mortality using primary and secondary data sources.
Study eligibility criteria
Cohort, clinical trials, meta-analyses, and observational studies investigating COVID-19 hospitalization or mortality using artificial intelligence techniques were eligible. Articles without a full text available in the English language were excluded.
Data sources
Articles recorded in Ovid MEDLINE from 01/01/2019 to 22/08/2022 were screened.
Data extraction
We extracted information on data sources, AI models, and epidemiological aspects of retrieved studies.
Bias assessment
A bias assessment of AI models was done using PROBAST.
Participants
Patients tested positive for COVID-19.
Results
We included 39 studies related to AI-based prediction of hospitalization and death related to COVID-19. The articles were published in the period 2019-2022, and mostly used Random Forest as the model with the best performance. AI models were trained using cohorts of individuals sampled from populations of European and non-European countries, mostly with cohort sample size <5,000. Data collection generally included information on demographics, clinical records, laboratory results, and pharmacological treatments (i.e., high-dimensional datasets). In most studies, the models were internally validated with cross-validation, but the majority of studies lacked external validation and calibration. Covariates were not prioritized using ensemble approaches in most of the studies, however, models still showed moderately good performances with Area under the Receiver operating characteristic Curve (AUC) values >0.7. According to the assessment with PROBAST, all models had a high risk of bias and/or concern regarding applicability.
Conclusions
A broad range of AI techniques have been used to predict COVID-19 hospitalization and mortality. The studies reported good prediction performance of AI models, however, high risk of bias and/or concern regarding applicability were detected.
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