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Price G, Biglin ER, Collins S, Aitkinhead A, Subiel A, Chadwick AL, Cullen DM, Kirkby KJ, Schettino G, Tipping J, Robinson A. An open source heterogeneous 3D printed mouse phantom utilising a novel bone representative thermoplastic. Phys Med Biol 2020; 65:10NT02. [PMID: 32182592 PMCID: PMC10606941 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ab8078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The lack of rigorous quality standards in pre-clinical radiation dosimetry has renewed interest in the development of anthropomorphic phantoms. Using 3D printing customisable phantoms can be created to assess all parts of pre-clinical radiation research: planning, image guidance and treatment delivery. We present the full methodology, including material development and printing designs, for the production of a high spatial resolution, anatomically realistic heterogeneous small animal phantom. A methodology for creating and validating tissue equivalent materials is presented. The technique is demonstrated through the development of a bone-equivalent material. This material is used together with a soft-tissue mimicking ABS plastic filament to reproduce the corresponding structure geometries captured from a CT scan of a nude mouse. Air gaps are used to represent the lungs. Phantom validation was performed through comparison of the geometry and x-ray attenuation of CT images of the phantom and animal images. A 6.6% difference in the attenuation of the bone-equivalent material compared to the reference standard in softer beams (0.5 mm Cu HVL) rapidly decreases as the beam is hardened. CT imaging shows accurate (sub-millimetre) reproduction of the skeleton (Distance-To-Agreement 0.5 mm ± 0.4 mm) and body surface (0.7 mm ± 0.5 mm). Histograms of the voxel intensity profile of the phantom demonstrate suitable similarity to those of both the original mouse image and that of a different animal. We present an approach for the efficient production of an anthropomorphic phantom suitable for the quality assurance of pre-clinical radiotherapy. Our design and full methodology are provided as open source to encourage the pre-clinical radiobiology community to adopt a common QA standard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth Price
- University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, United Kingdom
- Authors contributed equally
- Author to whom any correspondence should be addressed
| | - Emma R Biglin
- University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, United Kingdom
- Authors contributed equally
| | - Sean Collins
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
- Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Stag Hill, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Adam Aitkinhead
- University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Subiel
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | - Amy L Chadwick
- University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, United Kingdom
| | - David, M Cullen
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Karen J Kirkby
- University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, United Kingdom
| | - Giuseppe Schettino
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
- Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Stag Hill, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Jill Tipping
- Christie Medical Physics and Engineering (CMPE), The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Robinson
- University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, United Kingdom
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
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Biglin ER, Price GJ, Chadwick AL, Aitkenhead AH, Williams KJ, Kirkby KJ. Preclinical dosimetry: exploring the use of small animal phantoms. Radiat Oncol 2019; 14:134. [PMID: 31366364 PMCID: PMC6670203 DOI: 10.1186/s13014-019-1343-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Preclinical radiotherapy studies using small animals are an indispensable step in the pathway from in vitro experiments to clinical implementation. As radiotherapy techniques advance in the clinic, it is important that preclinical models evolve to keep in line with these developments. The use of orthotopic tumour sites, the development of tissue-equivalent mice phantoms and the recent introduction of image-guided small animal radiation research platforms has enabled similar precision treatments to be delivered in the laboratory. These technological developments, however, are hindered by a lack of corresponding dosimetry standards and poor reporting of methodologies. Without robust and well documented preclinical radiotherapy quality assurance processes, it is not possible to ensure the accuracy and repeatability of dose measurements between laboratories. As a consequence current RT-based preclinical models are at risk of becoming irrelevant. In this review we explore current standardization initiatives, focusing in particular on recent developments in small animal irradiation equipment, 3D printing technology to create customisable tissue-equivalent dosimetry phantoms and combining these phantoms with commonly used detectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma R Biglin
- Division of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, 3rd floor Proton Beam Therapy Centre, Oak Road, Manchester, M20 4BX, UK.
| | - Gareth J Price
- Division of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, 3rd floor Proton Beam Therapy Centre, Oak Road, Manchester, M20 4BX, UK.,The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Amy L Chadwick
- Division of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, 3rd floor Proton Beam Therapy Centre, Oak Road, Manchester, M20 4BX, UK.,The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Adam H Aitkenhead
- Division of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, 3rd floor Proton Beam Therapy Centre, Oak Road, Manchester, M20 4BX, UK.,The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Kaye J Williams
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Karen J Kirkby
- Division of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, 3rd floor Proton Beam Therapy Centre, Oak Road, Manchester, M20 4BX, UK.,The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
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Zhang H, Hou K, Chen J, Dyer BA, Chen JC, Liu X, Zhang F, Rong Y, Qiu J. Fabrication of an anthropomorphic heterogeneous mouse phantom for multimodality medical imaging. Phys Med Biol 2018; 63:195011. [PMID: 30183686 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/aadf2b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This work presents a comprehensive methodology for constructing a tissue equivalent mouse phantom using image modeling and 3D printing technology. The phantom can be used in multimodality imaging and irradiation experiments, quality control, and management. Computed tomography (CT) images of a mouse were acquired and imported into 3D modeling software. A skeleton and skin shell models were segmented in the modeling software and manufactured using 3D printing technology. The bone model was constructed with VERO-WHITE printing material with additional ingredients, including a photosensitive resin, polyurethane epoxy resin, and acrylate. Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene resin material was used to construct the skin shell. The skin shell was attached to the skeleton and filled with a specially formulated gel to act as a soft tissue substitute. The gel consisted of agarose, micro-pearl powder, sodium chloride, and magnevist solution (gadopentetate dimeglumine). A micro-container filled with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) radioactive tracer was placed in the abdomen for micro and human positron emission tomography (PET)/CT imaging. The mouse phantom had tissue equivalency in dose attenuation with x-rays and relaxation times with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The CT Hounsfield Unit (HU) range for the gel soft tissue material was 31-36 HU. The 3D printed bone mimetic material had equivalent tissue/bone contrast compared with in vivo mouse measurements with a mean value of 130 ± 10 HU. At different magnetic field strengths, the T 1 relaxation time of the soft tissue was 382.75-506.48 ms, and T 2 was 51.11-70.76 ms. 18F-FDG tracer could be clearly observed in PET imaging. The 3D printed mouse phantom was successfully constructed with tissue-equivalent materials. Our model can be used for CT, MRI, and PET as a standard device for small-animal imaging and quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haozhao Zhang
- Medical Engineering and Technology Research Center, Taishan Medical University, Taian, Shandong, 271016, People's Republic of China. HZ and KH contributed equally to this work
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Alam N, Choi M, Ghammraoui B, Dahal E, Badano A. Small-angle x-ray scattering cross-section measurements of imaging materials. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2017. [DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/aa6720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Welch D, Turner L, Speiser M, Randers-Pehrson G, Brenner DJ. Scattered Dose Calculations and Measurements in a Life-Like Mouse Phantom. Radiat Res 2017; 187:433-442. [PMID: 28140787 DOI: 10.1667/rr004cc.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Anatomically accurate phantoms are useful tools for radiation dosimetry studies. In this work, we demonstrate the construction of a new generation of life-like mouse phantoms in which the methods have been generalized to be applicable to the fabrication of any small animal. The mouse phantoms, with built-in density inhomogeneity, exhibit different scattering behavior dependent on where the radiation is delivered. Computer models of the mouse phantoms and a small animal irradiation platform were devised in Monte Carlo N-Particle code (MCNP). A baseline test replicating the irradiation system in a computational model shows minimal differences from experimental results from 50 Gy down to 0.1 Gy. We observe excellent agreement between scattered dose measurements and simulation results from X-ray irradiations focused at either the lung or the abdomen within our phantoms. This study demonstrates the utility of our mouse phantoms as measurement tools with the goal of using our phantoms to verify complex computational models.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Welch
- a Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Leah Turner
- a Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Michael Speiser
- b Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood, New Jersey
| | | | - David J Brenner
- a Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University, New York, New York
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Monjazeb AM, Kent MS, Grossenbacher SK, Mall C, Zamora AE, Mirsoian A, Chen M, Kol A, Shiao SL, Reddy A, Perks JR, T N Culp W, Sparger EE, Canter RJ, Sckisel GD, Murphy WJ. Blocking Indolamine-2,3-Dioxygenase Rebound Immune Suppression Boosts Antitumor Effects of Radio-Immunotherapy in Murine Models and Spontaneous Canine Malignancies. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 22:4328-40. [PMID: 26979392 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-3026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Previous studies demonstrate that intratumoral CpG immunotherapy in combination with radiotherapy acts as an in-situ vaccine inducing antitumor immune responses capable of eradicating systemic disease. Unfortunately, most patients fail to respond. We hypothesized that immunotherapy can paradoxically upregulate immunosuppressive pathways, a phenomenon we term "rebound immune suppression," limiting clinical responses. We further hypothesized that the immunosuppressive enzyme indolamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is a mechanism of rebound immune suppression and that IDO blockade would improve immunotherapy efficacy. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We examined the efficacy and immunologic effects of a novel triple therapy consisting of local radiotherapy, intratumoral CpG, and systemic IDO blockade in murine models and a pilot canine clinical trial. RESULTS In murine models, we observed marked increase in intratumoral IDO expression after treatment with radiotherapy, CpG, or other immunotherapies. The addition of IDO blockade to radiotherapy + CpG decreased IDO activity, reduced tumor growth, and reduced immunosuppressive factors, such as regulatory T cells in the tumor microenvironment. This triple combination induced systemic antitumor effects, decreasing metastases, and improving survival in a CD8(+) T-cell-dependent manner. We evaluated this novel triple therapy in a canine clinical trial, because spontaneous canine malignancies closely reflect human cancer. Mirroring our mouse studies, the therapy was well tolerated, reduced intratumoral immunosuppression, and induced robust systemic antitumor effects. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that IDO maintains immune suppression in the tumor after therapy, and IDO blockade promotes a local antitumor immune response with systemic consequences. The efficacy and limited toxicity of this strategy are attractive for clinical translation. Clin Cancer Res; 22(17); 4328-40. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arta M Monjazeb
- Department of Radiation Oncology, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Sacramento, California.
| | - Michael S Kent
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California
| | | | - Christine Mall
- Department of Dermatology, UC Davis Health Sciences, Sacramento, California
| | - Anthony E Zamora
- Department of Dermatology, UC Davis Health Sciences, Sacramento, California
| | - Annie Mirsoian
- Department of Dermatology, UC Davis Health Sciences, Sacramento, California
| | - Mingyi Chen
- Department of Pathology, UC Davis Health Sciences, Sacramento, California
| | - Amir Kol
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California
| | - Stephen L Shiao
- Departments of Radiation Oncology and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Abhinav Reddy
- Department of Radiation Oncology, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Sacramento, California
| | - Julian R Perks
- Department of Radiation Oncology, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Sacramento, California
| | - William T N Culp
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California
| | - Ellen E Sparger
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California
| | - Robert J Canter
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Sacramento, California
| | - Gail D Sckisel
- Department of Dermatology, UC Davis Health Sciences, Sacramento, California
| | - William J Murphy
- Department of Dermatology, UC Davis Health Sciences, Sacramento, California. Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Sacramento, California
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