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Gros L, Cococcetta C, Coutant T, Gomes E, Hahn H, Huynh M. Ultrasonographic evaluation of the coelomic cavity in Rhode Island Red hybrid hens (Gallus gallus domesticus). Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2022; 63:620-632. [PMID: 35404498 DOI: 10.1111/vru.13092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Backyard chickens are gaining popularity, and so is individual veterinary care for their health and management. Ultrasonography represents an important part of the imaging diagnostic arsenal in veterinary medicine; however, published data on its use in chickens are scarce and mostly focus on the reproductive tract. The objectives of this prospective, reference interval study were to describe a standard protocol for a full coelomic evaluation and the normal ultrasonographic appearance and measurements of the coelomic organs in awake and anesthetized healthy hens. The liver, gallbladder, gonad, gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, and spleen were clearly visualized in 21 Rhode Island Red hybrid hens (8 immatures, 13 adults) included in this study. In all animals, there was a scant amount of coelomic fluid, which was more visible at the cardiac apex. The cysticoenteric duct and hepatoenteric duct were visualized in 57% (12/21) of the hens. Seven hens were anesthetized and placed in dorsal decubitus, as the kidneys were not visualized in the hens while standing. Reference intervals were calculated for the splenic short and long axes, proventricular wall thickness, ventricular wall thickness, and duodenal wall thickness. Reference values were measured for the thickness of the pancreas, gallbladder wall, and kidneys, as well as the diameters of the biliary ducts. Moreover, five hens of different breeds were examined, and the results obtained were comparable to those of previous studies. The results of this study support the use of ultrasonography as a diagnostic tool in Rhode Island Red hybrid hens and provide reference ranges for use in hens with clinical diseases involving coelomic organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucile Gros
- Department of diagnostic imaging of the Centre Hospitalier Vétérinaire Fregis, 43 Avenue Aristide Briand, Arcueil, France
| | - Ciro Cococcetta
- Department of exotic animals of the Centre Hospitalier Vétérinaire Fregis, 43 Avenue Aristide Briand, Arcueil, France
| | - Thomas Coutant
- Department of exotic animals of the Centre Hospitalier Vétérinaire Fregis, 43 Avenue Aristide Briand, Arcueil, France
| | - Eymeric Gomes
- Department of diagnostic imaging of the Centre Hospitalier Vétérinaire Fregis, 43 Avenue Aristide Briand, Arcueil, France
| | - Harriet Hahn
- Department of diagnostic imaging of the Centre Hospitalier Vétérinaire Fregis, 43 Avenue Aristide Briand, Arcueil, France
| | - Minh Huynh
- Department of exotic animals of the Centre Hospitalier Vétérinaire Fregis, 43 Avenue Aristide Briand, Arcueil, France
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Abbasi Bavil E, Doyle MG, Debbaut C, Wald RM, Mertens L, Forbes TL, Amon CH. Calibration of an Electrical Analog Model of Liver Hemodynamics in Fontan Patients. J Biomech Eng 2021; 143:1090593. [PMID: 33170219 DOI: 10.1115/1.4049075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Fontan associated liver disease is a common complication in patients with Fontan circulation, who were born with a single functioning heart ventricle. The hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG) is used to assess liver health and is a surrogate measure of the pressure gradient across the entire liver (portal pressure gradient (PPG)). However, it is thought to be inaccurate in Fontan patients. The main objectives of this study were (1) to apply an existing detailed lumped parameter model (LPM) of the liver to Fontan patients using patient-specific clinical data and (2) to determine whether HVPG is a suitable measurement of PPGs in these patients. An existing LPM of the liver blood circulation was applied and tuned to simulate patient-specific liver hemodynamics. Geometries were collected from seven adult Fontan patients and used to evaluate model parameters. The model was solved and tuned using waveform measurements of flows, inlet and outlet pressures. The predicted ratio of portal to hepatic venous pressures is comparable to in vivo measurements. The results confirmed that HVPG is not suitable for Fontan patients, as it would underestimate the portal pressures gradient by a factor of 3 to 4. Our patient-specific liver model provides an estimate of the pressure drop across the liver, which differs from the clinically used metric HVPG. This work represents a first step toward models suitable to assess liver health in Fontan patients and improve its long-term management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elyar Abbasi Bavil
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Matthew G Doyle
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E2, Canada; Division of Vascular Surgery, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, 200 Elizabeth Street, Eaton North 6-222, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Charlotte Debbaut
- IBiTech-bioMMeda, Department of Electronics and Information Systems, Ghent University, Campus UZ-Blok B-entrance 36, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Rachel M Wald
- Peter Munk Cardiac Centre,Division of Cardiology, University Health Network, University of Toronto, 5N-517, 585 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 2N2, Canada
| | - Luc Mertens
- The Labatt Family Heart Centre,Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada; Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, Division of Cardiology, University Health Network, University of Toronto, 5N-517, 585 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 2N2, Canada
| | - Thomas L Forbes
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, 200 Elizabeth Street, Eaton North 6-222, Toronto, ON M5G 2N2, Canada
| | - Cristina H Amon
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada
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Abstract
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE Abdominal ultrasound plays a vital role in the diagnostic work-up of many cats presenting to general and specialist practitioners. Ultrasound examination of the liver can be key in the diagnosis of diseases such as hepatic lipidosis and hepatic neoplasia. CLINICAL CHALLENGES Despite ultrasonography being a commonly used modality, many practitioners are not comfortable performing an ultrasound examination or interpreting the resulting images. Even differentiating between normal variation and pathological changes can be challenging for all but the most experienced. When assessing the liver via ultrasound, a diffuse alteration in liver echogenicity may be difficult to detect unless the change is marked and, although comparisons can be made with the spleen and kidneys, this relies on these organs being normal. EQUIPMENT Ultrasound facilities are readily available to most practitioners, although use of ultrasonography as a diagnostic tool is highly dependent on operator experience. AIM This review, the first in an occasional series on feline abdominal ultrasonography, discusses ultrasonographic examination of the normal and diseased liver, with focus on the liver parenchyma. It is aimed at general practitioners who wish to improve their knowledge of and confidence in feline abdominal ultrasound and is accompanied by high-resolution images. Ultrasound-guided sampling of the liver is also covered. Future articles will discuss the biliary tree and hepatic vascular anomalies. EVIDENCE BASE Information provided in this article is drawn from the published literature and the author's own clinical experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Griffin
- Radiology Department, Willows Veterinary Centre and Referral Service, Highlands Road, Shirley, Solihull B90 4NH, UK
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Carling U, Barkhatov L, Reims HM, Storås T, Courivaud F, Kazaryan AM, Halvorsen PS, Dorenberg E, Edwin B, Hol PK. Can we ablate liver lesions close to large portal and hepatic veins with MR-guided HIFU? An experimental study in a porcine model. Eur Radiol 2019; 29:5013-5021. [PMID: 30737565 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-018-5996-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Invasive treatment of tumors adjacent to large hepatic vessels is a continuous clinical challenge. The primary aim of this study was to examine the feasibility of ablating liver tissue adjacent to large hepatic and portal veins with magnetic resonance imaging-guided high-intensity focused ultrasound (MRgHIFU). The secondary aim was to compare sonication data for ablations performed adjacent to hepatic veins (HV) versus portal veins (PV). MATERIALS AND METHODS MRgHIFU ablations were performed in six male land swine under general anesthesia. Ablation cells of either 4 or 8 mm diameter were planned in clusters (two/animal) adjacent either to HV (n = 6) or to PV (n = 6), with diameter ≥ 5 mm. Ablations were made using 200 W and 1.2 MHz. Post-procedure evaluation was made on contrast-enhanced MRI (T1w CE-MRI), histopathology, and ablation data from the HIFU system. RESULTS A total of 153 ablations in 81 cells and 12 clusters were performed. There were visible lesions with non-perfused volumes in all animals on T1w CE-MRI images. Histopathology showed hemorrhage and necrosis in all 12 clusters, with a median shortest distance to vessel wall of 0.4 mm (range 0-2.7 mm). Edema and endothelial swelling were observed without vessel wall rupture. In 8-mm ablations (n = 125), heat sink was detected more often for HV (43%) than for PV (19%; p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS Ablations yielding coagulative necrosis of liver tissue can be performed adjacent to large hepatic vessels while keeping the vessel walls intact. This indicates that perivascular tumor ablation in the liver is feasible using MRgHIFU. KEY POINTS • High-intensity focused ultrasound ablation is a non-invasive treatment modality that can be used for treatment of liver tumors. • This study shows that ablations of liver tissue can be performed adjacent to large hepatic vessels in an experimental setting. • Liver tumors close to large vessels can potentially be treated using this modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrik Carling
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Post box 4950, N-0424, Oslo, Norway. .,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Leonid Barkhatov
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.,The Intervention Center, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Henrik M Reims
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tryggve Storås
- The Intervention Center, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Airazat M Kazaryan
- The Intervention Center, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Surgery, Fonna Hospital Trust, Stord, Norway.,Department of Surgery No. 1, Yerevan State Medical University after M. Heratsi, Yerevan, Armenia.,Department of Faculty Surgery No. 2, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Eric Dorenberg
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Post box 4950, N-0424, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bjørn Edwin
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,The Intervention Center, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Per Kristian Hol
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,The Intervention Center, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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Pathologic Intracardiac Bubbles in Patients With Cirrhosis: The Case for an Intestinal Origin. CASE (PHILADELPHIA, PA.) 2018; 3:18-21. [PMID: 30828678 PMCID: PMC6382950 DOI: 10.1016/j.case.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Yeh WC, Jeng YM, Li CH, Lee PH, Li PC. Liver steatosis classification using high-frequency ultrasound. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2005; 31:599-605. [PMID: 15866409 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2005.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2004] [Revised: 01/12/2005] [Accepted: 01/27/2005] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
High-frequency B-mode images of 19 fresh human liver samples were obtained to evaluate their usefulness in determining the steatosis grade. The images were acquired by a mechanically controlled single-crystal probe at 25 MHz. Image features derived from gray-level concurrence and nonseparable wavelet transform were extracted to classify steatosis grade using a classifier known as the support vector machine. A subsequent histologic examination of each liver sample graded the steatosis from 0 to 3. The four grades were then combined into two, three and four classes. The classification results were correlated with histology. The best classification accuracies of the two, three and four classes were 90.5%, 85.8% and 82.6%, respectively, which were markedly better than those at 7 MHz. These results indicate that liver steatosis can be more accurately characterized using high-frequency B-mode ultrasound. Limitations and their potential solutions of applying high-frequency ultrasound to liver imaging are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Chun Yeh
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1 Sec. 4 Roosevelt Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry S Desser
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Mail Code 5621, 300 Pasteur Dr., CA 94305, USA
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Szatmári V, Sótonyi P, Vörös K. Normal duplex Doppler waveforms of major abdominal blood vessels in dogs: a review. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2001; 42:93-107. [PMID: 11327368 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2001.tb00911.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The normal flow velocity profile and duplex Doppler waveform of the major abdominal blood vessels (aorta, caudal vena cava and the portal vein as well as their major branches) were examined by Doppler ultrasound. The flow velocity profile of an artery is largely determined by its diameter. The pulsatility of the waveform is related to the vascular impedance downstream to the point of measurement. Early systolic peak is present in the Doppler pattern of some vessels in some dogs. The waveform of the veins is mainly affected by the pressure conditions of the right atrium and the intrathoracic and intraabdominal pressure changes due to the respiration. Simultaneous electrocardiogram was used to reveal the effect of the heart beats on the Doppler patterns of the veins.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Szatmári
- Department and Clinic of Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Science Budapest, Hungary.
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